Violaceae

Afrohybanthus Flicker

1. Afrohybanthus enneaspermus (L.) Flicker, Phytotaxa 230 (2015) 47; ≡ Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell., Fragm. (Mueller) 10 (1876) 81; ≡ Ionidium enneaspermum (L.) Vent., Jard. Malmaison (1803) t.27; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 106; ≡ Viola enneasperma L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 937. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, ?Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Middle East, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. AMBIL, GOLO, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, MINDANAO: Cotabato. Notes: (?-)750(-1200)m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Rinorea Aubl.

1. Rinorea bengalensis (Wall.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891) 42; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 91; ≡ Alsodeia bengalensis Wall., Trans. Med. Soc. Calcutta 7 (1835) 224. = Rinorea fasciculata (Turcz.) Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 286; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 104; ≡ Alsodeia fasciculata (Turcz.) Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36 (1863) 559; ≡ Pentaloba fasciculata Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27 (1854) 342. = Rinorea glandulosa (Elmer) Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 286; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 104; ≡ Gelonium glandulosum Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 918; Type: Elmer 12315, Sibuyan: Mt Giting-Giting, Apr-1910. = Gelonium trifidum Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 918. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU, DINAGAT, LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
2. Rinorea horneri (Korth.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891) 42; ≡ Alsodeia horneri Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1 (1848) 360. = Rinorea acuminata Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 201; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 103. = Rinorea copelandii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 45; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 103. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, CEBU, MINDANAO: Davao, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-600(-1500)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
3. Rinorea javanica (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891) 42; ≡ Alsodeia javanica (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 117; ≡ Prosthesia javanica Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 867. = Rinorea formicaria (Elmer) Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 286; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 104; ≡ Alsodeia formicaria Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1850; Type: Elmer 12886 (A, BM, K, NSW, P, U, US), Palawan: Mt Pulgar, Mar-1911. Distribution: Indochina, Java, Malaysia, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
4. Rinorea macrophylla (Decne.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891) 42; ≡ Alsodeia macrophylla Decne., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3 (1834) 428. = Rinorea palawanensis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 210; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 104; Type: BS 252 Bermejos (K, US), Palawan, Dec-1905. = Rinorea palawanensis var. mollis Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 104. Distribution: Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. CEBU, CULION, GUIMARAS, JOLO, PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: 0-600m. Native.
5. Rinorea niccolifera Fernando, PhytoKeys 37 (2014) 4; Romeroso et al., Biodiversitas 22 (2021) 501; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 13; Type: Fernando 3016 (LBC, holo; CAHUP, K, PNH, SING, iso), Luzon: Zambales, Sta. Cruz, Lucapon, 330m, 1-Apr-2012. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE (photos), DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LUZON: Zambales, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Ultramafic soils. 320-825m. DAO category: Endangered. Native.

Viola L.

1. Viola arcuata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 58; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 104. = Viola semilunaris var. philippinarum W.Becker, Beih. Bot. Centralbl., 2nd Abt. 34 (1916) 231; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 106. = Viola toppingii Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 504. Distribution: China, India, Indochina, Java, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya (photos). Notes: 1000-3000m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
2. Viola betonicifolia Sm., Cycl. 37 (1817) n.7. Distribution: Australia, China, Himalayas, India, Indochina, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, MINDORO. Notes: (650-)980-2100(-2700)m. Native.
   • ssp. betonicifolia. = Viola betonicifolia ssp. napaulensis (Ging.) W.Becker, Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 120 (1917) 120; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 105, as 'nepalensis'; ≡ Viola patrinii var. napaulensis Ging., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 293. Notes: Distribution as the species. Native.
   • ssp. nova-guineensis D.M.Moore, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 68 (1963) 82. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Native.
3. Viola diffusa Ging., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 293; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 105. Distribution: China, Himalayas, Indochina, Japan, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Quezon (photos), MINDANAO: Cotabato (photos), Davao, Davao del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: 1400-2500m. Native.
   • ssp. diffusa. = Viola diffusa ssp. tenuis (Benth.) W.Becker, PJS 19 (1921) 714; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 105; ≡ Viola tenuis Benth., London J. Bot. 1 (1842) 482. Distribution: China, Himalayas, Indochina, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Mountain Province. Native.
   • ssp. apoensis (Elmer) D.M.Moore, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 7 (1971) 202; ≡ Viola apoensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2878; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 105. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur. Native.
4. Viola inconspicua Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 57; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 105. Distribution: China, Himalayas, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao. Notes: 500-1700m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
5. Viola mearnsii Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 201; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 105. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, NEGROS. Notes: 2200m. Native.
6. Viola merrilliana W.Becker, Beih. Bot. Centralbl., 2nd Abt. 34 (1916) 234; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 105. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: 1550m (photos) to 2100m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
7. Viola philippica Cav., Icon. (Cavanilles) 6 (1800) 19. = Viola edanoi W.Becker, PJS 19 (1921) 722; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 105. Distribution: China, Himalayas, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Benguet, Kalinga, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: 250-1700m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
8. Viola rupicola Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 324; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 106. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: 2000-2500m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Incertae sedis

1. Viola ramosiana W.Becker, PJS 19 (1921) 716; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 106. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Holotype lost. Isotype in US not agreeing with the original description and may be referable to Viola philippica which also occurs in the type locality of BS 37548. Native.