Verbenaceae

Citharexylum L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 January 2021

Citharexylum spinosum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 625. Distribution: America. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, MINDORO (photos). Notes: Grown in the Philippines for ornamental purposes. Naturalized.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 January 2021

Duranta erecta L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 637. = Duranta repens L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 637; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 399; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 381. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Bataan, Camarines Sur, Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (photos). Notes: Widely grown in the Philippines for ornamental purposes. Naturalized.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 16 November 2024

Lantana camara L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 627; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 398; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 380; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 420; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439. Distribution: Caribbean. HOMONHON, LUZON: Bataan (photos), Batangas (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Invasive species (CABI 2017). 1050m (photos). Naturalized.

Petrea volubilis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 626; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 400; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 381. Distribution: Neotropics. Notes: Cultivated in the Philippines for ornamental purposes but not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 2 July 2025

Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, Pittonia 4 (1899) 46; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 421; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 990; ≡ Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 2 (1803) 15; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 398; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 381; ≡ Verbena nodiflora L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 20. Distribution: BATAN, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan (photos), Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Maguindanao del Sur, PANAY, SAMAR (photos), SIARGAO. Notes: Widely distributed in the warmer regions of the World. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Cryptogenic.
- var. nodiflora. Notes: Throughout the Philippines, possibly represented by native and naturalized lineages (Gross et al. 2017). Low and medium elevations, common weed in open waste places. Cryptogenic.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 November 2017

Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 2 (1806) 139; ≡ Verbena lappulacea L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 19. Distribution: America. BOHOL. Notes: Possibly naturalized. Reported from photos by Danilo Tandang. Naturalized.

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 August 2022

Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 1 (1804) 208; ≡ Verbena cayennensis Rich., Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1 (1792) 105. = ? Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims, Bot. Mag. 43 (1816) t.1848; Chandler et al., Telopea 16 (2014) 84. Distribution: Neotropics. Naturalized.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 1 (1804) 206; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 399; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 381; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 424; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 990; ≡ Verbena jamaicensis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 19. Distribution: Neotropics. HOMONHON, LUZON: Cagayan (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SIARGAO. Notes: Widely distributed in the warmer regions of the world. 0m. Naturalized.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 May 2025

Verbena incompta P.W.Michael, Telopea 6 (1995) 181; Ford, New Zealand J. Bot. 61 (2022) 38. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Abra (photos). Notes: Along road side, 890m (photos). Naturalized.
Verbena officinalis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 627; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 380; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 425. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Europe, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, W Asia. LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Weedy in open waste places in and about towns. (?-)800m. Native.
- var. africana (R.Fern. & Verdc.) Munir, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 20 (2002) 82; ≡ Verbena officinalis ssp. africana R.Fern. & Verdc., Bol. Soc. Brot., 2nd Sér. 62 (1989) 305. Distribution: Africa, Australia, China, Europe, Japan, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand. Native.
- var. officinalis. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Europe, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, W Asia. Native.

CABI Invasive Species Compendium
Chandler, GT, JO Westaway & BJ Conn. 2014. Taxonomic uncertainty of Stachytarpheta (Verbenaceae) in the Asia-Pacific and implications for invasive weed recognition and management. Telopea 16: 83-88, 93
De Kok, RPJ & DJ Mabberley. 1999. The genus Faradaya (Labiatae). Blumea 44: 321-342
Ford, M. 2022. Verbena incompta P.W.Michael: an overlooked name for an old weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 61: 38-48.
Gross, CL, M Fatemi, M Julien, H McPherson & R van Klinken. 2017. The phylogeny and biogeography of Phyla nodiflora (Verbenaceae) reveals native and invasive lineages throughout the World. Diversity 9: 20
Kochummen, KM. 1978. Verbenaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya 3: 297-313.
Kostermans, AJGH. 1951. Reinwardtia 1: 75-106.
Lam, HJ & RC Bakhuizen van den Brink. 1921. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique du Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3: 1-116.
O'Leary, N & ME Múlgura. 2012. A taxonomic revision of the genus Phyla (Verbenaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 98: 578-596.