Solanaceae

Brugmansia Pers. (Not native)

1. Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Sweet, Hort. Suburb. Lond. (1818) 41; ≡ Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2 (1822) 386. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Laguna (photos), Mountain Province (photos), Quezon (photos), MINDANAO: Cotabato (photos). Notes: Widely cultivated. 1800m (photos). Naturalized.

Brunfelsia Plumier (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Brunfelsia americana L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 191; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 431; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 431. Distribution: Neotropics. Notes: In the Philippines occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes but nowhere spontaneous. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Brunfelsia brasiliensis (Spreng.) L.B.Sm. & Downs, Fl. Ilustr. Catarin. 1 (1966) 303; ≡ Gerardia brasiliensis Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 2 (1825) 806. = Brunfelsia acuminata (Pohl) Benth., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 10 (1846) 199; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 414; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 431; ≡ Franciscea acuminata Pohl, Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1 (1826) 4. Distribution: Neotropics. Notes: In the Philippines, occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes but nowhere spontaneous. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Capsicum L. (Not native)

1. Capsicum frutescens L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 271; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 418; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 424; Barboza et al., PhytoKeys 200 (2022) 194; Type: from India. = Capsicum minimum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 261, nom. illeg., non Mill.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 133. Distribution: Neotropics. BALABAC, CULION, LUZON: Camarines Norte (photos). Notes: Cultivated for its edible fruits. Naturalized in open waste places in settled areas. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Capsicum annuum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 188; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 418; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 423; D’Arcy & C.I Peng, Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed., 4 (1998) 550; Barboza et al., PhytoKeys 200 (2022) 72. = Capsicum grossum L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 47. Distribution: Neotropics. Notes: Cultivated for its edible fruits. Not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Cestrum L. (Not native)

1. Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl., Linnaea 19 (1846) 261; ≡ Habrothamnus elegans Brongn., Ann. Fl. Pomone (1844) 118. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Mountain Province (photos). Notes: Naturalized in Mountain Prov. (Mt Data). Naturalized.
2. Cestrum nocturnum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 191; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 414; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 430. Distribution: Neotropics. CEBU (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Lanao del Sur (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), NEGROS (photos). Notes: Widely cultivated in the Philippines for its flowers, which are very fragrant at night. Naturalized.

Datura L. (Not native)

1. Datura metel L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 179; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 430; D’Arcy & C.I Peng, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 552. Distribution: ?Neotropics. Notes: Now pantropically distributed. Open waste places in and about settlements, sometimes planted (the double-flowered form). Naturalized.

Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassl.

1. Lycianthes banahaensis (Elmer) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 509; Knapp, PhytoKeys 245 (2024) 24; ≡ Solanum banahaense Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 341; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 425; Type: Elmer 7492 (A, lecto; CAL, E, G, K, L, LAE, LE, NY, US, W, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, forest understorey, 900m, May-1906. = Lycianthes lagunensis (Elmer) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 511; ≡ Solanum lagunense Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 341; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 426; Type: Elmer 9425 (K, lecto; E, K, LAE, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños, Apr-1906. = Lycianthes banahaensis ssp. manucaling (Elmer) Bitter, Lycianthes (1919) 510; ≡ Solanum manucaling Elmer, LPB 2 (1910) 732; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 427; Type: Elmer 10489 (BISH, lecto; A, BM, CAL, E, G, GH, HBG, K, L, LE, MO, NY, US, W, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Todaya (Mt Apo), May-1909. = Lycianthes anisophylla Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 512; Type: Elmer 13887 (A, lecto; BISH, BM, CAL, E, G, GH, K, L, LAE, LE, MICH, NY, P, U, US, W, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, among boulders along streamlet near Catangan River, 3000ft, Sep-1912. = Lycianthes anisophylla (Elmer) Bitter var. masbatensis Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 513; Type: Merrill 3046 (B, holo, lost; US, lecto; B, K, NY, isolecto), Masbate: Aug-1903. ≠ Solanum anisophyllum auct. non Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.; Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2830. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi. ALABAT, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, TABLAS. Notes: Forested ravines along streams, 50-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Knapp 2024). Native.
2. Lycianthes biflora (Lour.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 461; Knapp, PhytoKeys 245 (2024) 29; ≡ Solanum biflorum Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 129; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 425; Type: from China. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan. BASILAN, BATAN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: 0-2300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Knapp 2024). Native.
3. Lycianthes laevis (Dunal) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 484; Knapp, PhytoKeys 245 (2024) 43; ≡ Solanum laeve Dunal, Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 3 (1814) 751; Type: from Java. = Solanum mindanaense Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2832; Type: Elmer 13828 (E, syn), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Sep-1912. = Solanum crassipetalum Wall., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 256; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 425; Type: from Nepal. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, ?Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, NCR, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos). Notes: (90-)500-2100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Knapp 2024). Native.
4. Lycianthes parasitica (Blume) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 504; Knapp, PhytoKeys 245 (2024) 63; ≡ Solanum parasiticum Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 55; Merrill, PJS 2c (1907) 299; Type: from Java. = Lycianthes parasitica ssp. epiphytica (Merr.) Bitter, Lycianthes (1919) 506; ≡ Solanum epiphyticum Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 350; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 426; Type: Cuming 837 (BM, lecto; G, K, LAE, isolecto), Luzon: Albay, 1841. = Lycianthes parasitica var. angatii (Elmer) Bitter, Lycianthes (1919) 507; ≡ Solanum angatii Elmer, LPB 2 (1910) 731; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 424; Type: Elmer 10762 (US, lecto; BISH, BM, CAL, E, F, G, HBG, K, L, LAE, LE, MO, NY, W, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), May-1909. = Lycianthes parasitica var. plurifolia Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18 (1922) 321; Type: Wenzel 500 (G, holo; BM, F, MO, iso), Leyte: 19-Sep-1919. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Camarines Norte (photos), Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sarangani, Surigao, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In most islands and provinces, epiphytic in damp primary forests at low and medium elevation. 100-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Knapp 2024). Native.
5. Lycianthes schizocalyx (Merr.) Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 471; Knapp, PhytoKeys 245 (2024) 72; ≡ Solanum schizocalyx Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 383; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 428; Type: Merrill 4548 (US, lecto; K, L, NY, P, isolecto), Luzon: Lepanto, Mt Data, Nov-1905. = Lycianthes laevis var. glabratula Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 488; Type: McGregor 8393 (US, lecto; B, isolecto, lost), Luzon: Benguet, Pauai, 2100m, Jun-1910. = Lycianthes laevis ssp. luzonensis Bitter, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 24 (1920) 489; Type: Curran 5029 (US, lecto; B lost, CAL, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Santo Tomas, Aug-1906. Distribution: Java, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Kalinga, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: Damp ravines and in the mossy forest. (100-)1000-2500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Knapp 2024). Native.

Nicotiana L. (Not native)

1. Nicotiana tabacum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 180; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 415; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 430. Distribution: America. Notes: Planted in all warm countries. Cultivated throughout the Philippines, in some provinces (e.g. Ilocos provinces, Isabela) as a major cash crop. Tobacco. Naturalized.

Physalis L. (Not native)

1. Physalis angulata L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 183; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 419; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 423; D’Arcy & C.I Peng, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 560; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439. Distribution: America. HOMONHON, LUZON: Pampanga (photos), MINDANAO. Notes: N Luzon to Mindanao; widely scattered in open waste places in and near settlements. Naturalized.
   • var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterf., Rhodora 60 (1958) 163; ≡ Physalis lanceifolia Nees, Linnaea 6 (1831) 473; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 423. Naturalized.
2. Physalis lagascae Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 4 (1819) 679; Raju et al., Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 45 (2007) 241. ≠ Physalis minima auct. non L.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 419; EPFP 3 (1923) 423. Distribution: Pantropic. BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines; common weed in open waste places at low elevation, ascending to 1600m. Naturalized.
3. Physalis peruviana L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1763) 1670; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 423; D’Arcy & C.I Peng, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 562. Distribution: America. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Weed in temperate vegetable gardens and open waste places, up to 2200m. Invasive species (CABI 2017). Naturalized.

Solanum L.

1. Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict., 8th Ed. (1768) n.5; Edmonds, Kew Bull. 27 (1972) 103; Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4 (1981) 37; Särkinen et al., PhytoKeys 106 (2018) 51; Type: from North America. ≠ Solanum nigrum auct. non L.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 416; EPFP 3 (1923) 427. Distribution: ?America. BALABAC, BATAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province (photos), NCR, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Probably native to the Americas (Särkinen et al. 2018). Widespread in the tropics. Part of the Solanum nigrum complex. Throughout the Philippines in open waste places, recently disturbed soil, etc., 0-2000m. Naturalized.
2. Solanum capsicoides All., Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Hort. Regii Taur. (1773) 64; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 55. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Benguet (photos), NEGROS. Naturalized.
3. Solanum cyanocarphium Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 700; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 247; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 64; Type: from Java. = Solanum sparsiflorum Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1836, nom. illeg., non Dammer; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 428; Type: Elmer 13157 (GH, lecto; BISH, BM, CAL, E, F, G, HBG, K, L, LAE, LE, MO, NY, P, W, U, US, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, along the trail to Napuan, on sticky soil in thickets bordering dense forest, 500-750ft, May-1911. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam. BASILAN, BOHOL, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Maguindanao, Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Thickets near lowland forests, 150-230m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Native.
4. Solanum diphyllum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 184; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 425. Distribution: C America. LUZON: Aurora (photos), NCR, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), NEGROS (photos). Notes: Lowland waste places. Naturalized.
5. Solanum erianthum D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 96; Roe, Taxon 17 (1968) 176-178; Symon, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 4 (1981) 93; Hepper, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6 (1987) 370. ≠ Solanum verbascifolium auct. non L.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 416; EPFP 3 (1923) 429, pro parte; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 471. Distribution: S America. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Benguet (photos), Rizal (photos). Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low and medium elevation thickets and secondary forests. Naturalized.
6. Solanum insanum L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 46; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 95; Type: from India. = Solanum undatum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2 (1794) 22; Type: from Mauritius. = Solanum cumingii Dunal, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 13(1) (1852) 363; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 416; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 425; Type: Cuming 443 (G, lecto; BM, E, G, K, L, LE, ME, P, W, isolecto), Philippines. Distribution: China, Hong Kong, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BATANES, BUSUANGA, DALUPIRI, LUZON: Bataan, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low and medium elevation waste places. Note by P.B. Pelser (26-Jul-19): this is the wild progenitor of common eggplant (Solanum melongena; Ranil et al. 2017). Conservation status: Least Concern (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Native.
7. Solanum jamaicense Mill., Gard. Dict., 8th Ed. (1768) n.17; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 106; Type: from Jamaica. Distribution: C & S America, Caribbean. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Sporadically adventive (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Naturalized.
8. Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum (1813) 222; D’Arcy & C.I Peng, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 567; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 111; Type: from India. = Solanum zeylanicum Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 136, nom. illeg., non Scop.; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 465 (A, neo; CAL, K, P, isoneo), Luzon: Benguet, May-1914. ≠ Solanum ferox auct. non L.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 426. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BOHOL, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte (photos), Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Disturbed sites such as forest clearings, second-growth thickets, roadsides and wastelands. (?-)2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Native.
9. Solanum mammosum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 187; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 427; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 117; Type: from Barbados. Distribution: Neotropics. JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, MINDANAO: Lanao, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga. Notes: Lowlands, in thickets and waste places. Invasive species (CABI 2017). Naturalized.
10. Solanum mauritianum Scop., Delic. Fl. Faun. Insubr. 3 (1788) 16; Hepper, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6 (1987) 369. ≠ Solanum verbascifolium auct. non L.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 416; EPFP 3 (1923) 429, pro parte. Distribution: LUZON: Isabela (photos). Notes: Argentina. Native of Argentina and introduced into Mauritius (from where it was described) and many tropical countries; open dry lands, thickets, secondary forest. Naturalized.
11. Solanum miyakojimense T.Yamaz. & A.Takushi, J. Jap. Bot. 66 (1991) 46; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 129; Type: from Ryukyu Isls. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. BATAN, DALUPIRI, IVUHOS. Conservation status: Endangered (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Native.
12. Solanum nigrum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 186; Särkinen et al., PhytoKeys 106 (2018) 92; Type: from Middle East. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, China, Eurasia, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato. Naturalized.
13. Solanum opacum A.Braun & C.D.Bouché, Index Seminum (Berlin) 1853 (1853) 18; Särkinen et al., PhytoKeys 106 (2018) 112; Type: cultivated from Australia. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Represented by Jacobs 7173 (K) from Mt Pulag. Native.
14. Solanum pseudocapsicum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 184; D’Arcy & C.I Peng, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 575. Distribution: C & S America. Notes: Widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, often escaping. Naturalized.
15. Solanum pseudosaponaceum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 702; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 155; Type: from Java. = Solanum inaequilaterale Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 236; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 426; Type: Merrill 4807 (US, lecto; K, NY, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Suyse to Panai, Oct-1905. Distribution: Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan, ?Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Montane thickets, chiefly in or near mossy cloud forests, 1300-2400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Native.
16. Solanum retrorsum Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 342; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 428; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 166; Type: Elmer 8719 (K, lecto; A, E, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. = Solanum luzoniense Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 58; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 427; D’Arcy & C.I Peng, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 567; Type: BS 26487 Ramos & Edaño (K, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon: Pangasinan, Mt Umingan, Aug-1910. = Solanum luzoniense Merr. var. glabrum Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 59; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 427; Type: Merrill 4237 (K, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon: Bulacan, Calumpit, Sep-1905. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi, ?Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: In thickets and waste places. Conservation status: Near Threatened (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Native.
17. Solanum schefferi F.Muell., Descr. Notes Papuan Pl. 1 (1876) 44; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 177; Type: from New Guinea. = Solanum lianoides Elmer, LPB 2 (1910) 733; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 427; Type: Elmer 10752 (BM, lecto; A, BISH, CAL, E, F, G, GH, HBG, K, LE, MO, NY, US, isolecto), Sibyuan: May-1910. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Davao, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, SIBUYAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests, ascending to 1100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Native.
18. Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, Bot. Repos. 8 (1808) t.504. Distribution: S America. MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental, MINDORO. Naturalized.
19. Solanum spirale Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 247; Hort. Beng. 16 (1814) 16, nom. inval., nom. nud. = Solanum apoense Elmer, LPB 2 (1910) 730; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 425; Type: Elmer 11599. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Java, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Damp forested ravines, c. 1500m. Native.
20. Solanum torvoideum Merr. & L.M.Perry, J. Arnold Arbor. 30 (1949) 47; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 183; Type: from New Guinea. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan. BASILAN, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Conservation status: Least Concern (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Native.
21. Solanum torvum Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 47; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 417; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 428; D’Arcy & C.I Peng, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 576; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 186. = Solanum macaonense Dunal, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 13(1) (1852) 264; D’Arcy & C.I Peng, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 569; Type: from China. Distribution: C America, Caribbean. BALABAC, BILIRAN, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela (photos), NCR, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO (photos), NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low and medium elevation, in open waste places. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Solanum lycopersicum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 185. = Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., Gard. Dict., 8th Ed. (1768) n.2; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 418; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 429. Notes: Distributed worldwide, but is really known only from cultivation, specimens collected from natural habitats are, in our opinion, feral escapes and not truly wild populations. Tomato; kamatis. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Solanum melongena L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 186; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 416; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 427; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 119. Notes: Cultivated in all warm countries. Cultivated throughout the Philippines for its edible fruit, but nowhere spontaneous. Eggplant; talong. Cultivated, not naturalized.
3. Solanum trilobatum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 188; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 189; Type: from India. ≠ Solanum athroanthum auct. non Dunal; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 417; EPFP 3 (1923) 425. Distribution: India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam. LUZON: NCR. Cultivated, not naturalized.
4. Solanum tuberosum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 185; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 428. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON. Notes: In the Philippines cultivated at higher elevation, especially the Cordillera highlands of N Luzon. Potato; patatas. Cultivated, not naturalized.
5. Solanum violaceum Ortega, Nov. Rar. Pl. Descr. Dec. (1798) 56; D’Arcy & C.I Peng in Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 578; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 183; Type: from India. ≠ Solanum indicum auct. non L.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 426. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Middle East, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: NCR, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao. Notes: Not naturalized, only cultivated in the Philippines (Aubriot & Knapp 2022). Cultivated, not naturalized.
6. Solanum wrightii Benth., Fl. Hongk. (1861) 243; Aubriot & Knapp, PhytoKeys 198 (2022) 213; Type: from Hong Kong. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Laguna. Notes: Planted at UP Los Baños. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Tubocapsicum Makino

1. Tubocapsicum anomalum (Franch. & Sav.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22 (1908) 19; D’Arcy & C.I Peng in Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 580; ≡ Capsicum anomalum Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2 (1879) 452; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 424. = Solanum philippinense Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 351; Type: Williams 1275, Luzon: Benguet, Mt Tonglon (Santo Tomas), 1-Jul-1904. Distribution: China, Japan, Java, Korea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Apayao, Benguet, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN. Notes: In Benguet in mossy montane forests, 1800-2200m. In other regions along streams in shaded ravines at low and medium elevation. Native.