Sapotaceae

Abebaia Baehni

1. Abebaia fasciculata (Warb.) Baehni, Arch. Sci. 17 (1964) 78; ≡ Manilkara fasciculata (Warb.) H.J.Lam & Maas Geest., Blumea 4 (1941) 335; ≡ Mimusops fasciculata Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13 (1891) 401. = Manilkara calophylloides H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 240; ≡ Mimusops calophylloides Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 337, nom. illeg., non (Bojer) Baill.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 288; ≡ Manilkara merrilliana H.J.Lam, Blumea 4 (1941) 334, nom. illeg.; Type: FB 22834 Ponce (L, lecto; BM, K, NY, P, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Surigao, Cadyangao, rather dense forest at about sea level, 20-Aug-1914. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Aurora, Quezon, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation forests, coastal forest on limestone. Conservation status: Vulnerable A2cd (Armstrong 2013). Native.

Burckella Pierre

1. Burckella coi Fernando, Telopea 30 (2026) 71; Type: Fernando 6411 (PNH, holo; LBC, SING, iso), Luzon: Isabela, Dinapigue, 387m, 7-Apr-2025. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela. Notes: 0-387m. Conservation status: Endangered (Fernando et al. 2026). Native.

Chrysophyllum L. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Chrysophyllum cainito L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 192; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 288; Vink, Blumea 9 (1958) 26. Distribution: C America, Caribbean. Notes: Cultivated pantropically for its edible fruit. Not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Chrysophyllum oliviforme L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 937; Vink, Blumea 9 (1958) 27. Distribution: Neotropics. Notes: Occasionally cultivated at low elevation in the Philippines. Not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.

Diploknema Pierre

1. Diploknema ramiflora (Merr.) H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 184; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; Royen, Blumea 9 (1958) 78; ≡ Madhuca ramiflora (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 278; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; ≡ Illipe ramiflora Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 42; Type: FB 189 Barnes. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Zambales. Notes: Low elevation primary forests. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Donella Pierre ex Baill.

1. Donella lanceolata (Blume) Aubrév., Fl. Cambodge Laos Vietnam 3 (1963) 64; ≡ Chrysophyllum lanceolatum (Blume) A.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 8 (1844) 162, nom. illeg., non Casar.; Vink, Blumea 9 (1958) 28; ≡ Nycterisition lanceolatum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 676; Type: from Java. = Chrysophyllum roxburghii G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 33; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 287; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 187. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Cagayan, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation primary forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Madhuca Buch.-Ham. ex J.F.Gmel.

1. Madhuca betis (Blanco) J.F.Macbr., Contr. Gray Herb. 53 (1918) 18; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 276; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 161, pro parte; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 39; ≡ Azaola betis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 402. = Madhuca philippinensis Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 430; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 278; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 166; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 447. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Isabela, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, MINDORO. Notes: Primary Lowland rainforests. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
2. Madhuca burckiana (Koord.) H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 172; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 453; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 68; ≡ Illipe burckiana Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19 (1898) 518. = Madhuca fusicarpa (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 276; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; ≡ Payena fusicarpa Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2820. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BOHOL (photos), CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, LUZON: Cagayan, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Surigao, NEGROS (photos). Notes: Primary lowland forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Madhuca coriacea (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 276; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 180, 264; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 462; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 107; ≡ Illipe coriacea Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 41. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland primary rainforests. Native.
4. Madhuca lanceolata (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 276; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 182; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 462; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 110; ≡ Payena lanceolata Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 42; Type: Ahern 493 (NY, US), Dinagat, 1902. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Notes: Probably in lowland forest. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
5. Madhuca mindanaensis (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 277; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 175, 264; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 455; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 19; ≡ Bassia mindanaensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 58; Type: FB 17977 Miranda, Mindanao: Misamis [Lanao del Norte], Mt Catmon, 21-Feb-1913. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte. Notes: Lowland primary forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Madhuca mirandae (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 277; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 174; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 460; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 90; ≡ Bassia mirandae Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 324. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Forested ridge, c.100m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Madhuca monticola (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 277; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; ≡ Bassia monticola Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 56; ≡ Ganua monticola (Merr.) H.J.Lam, Blumea 7 (1953) 379; H.J.Lam, Blumea 8 (1957) 511. ≠ Ganua boerlageana auct. non (Burck) Pierre ex Dubard; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 427. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forested peaks and ridges, up to 550m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
8. Madhuca multiflora (Merr.) J.F.Macbr., Contr. Gray Herb. 53 (1918) 18; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 65; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 449; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 65; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 13; ≡ Illipe multiflora Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 41. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ?HOMONHON, LUZON: Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao, Lanao del Sur, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: Lowland primary rainforests. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
9. Madhuca oblongifolia (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 277; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 166; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 447; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 105; ≡ Bassia oblongifolia Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 323. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Quezon. Notes: Lowland primary forests. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
10. Madhuca obovatifolia (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 277; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1925) 180; ≡ Bassia obovatifolia Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 57; ≡ Ganua obovatifolia (Merr.) Assem, Blumea 7 (1953) 390. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Quezon. Notes: Low elevation primary forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
11. Madhuca platyphylla (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 278; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 167; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 449; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 65; ≡ Bassia platyphylla Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 58. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: 70m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

1. Madhuca palembanica (Miq.) Forman, Checkl. Fl. Pl. Gymnosp. Brunei Darussalam (1997) 439; ≡ Ganua palembanica (Miq.) Assem & Kosterm., Blumea 7 (1954) 482; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995); ≡ Podocarpus palembanicus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 589. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Notes: Known from Mt Beaufort (Soejarto et al. 7100, F, PNH), but this specimen might represent Paratropis glabra or Madhuca burkiana instead (Jayson Mansibang, 11-Jul-25). Native.

Manilkara Adans.

1. Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard, Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, 3rd Sér. 3 (1915) 9; Royen, Blumea 7 (1953) 405; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1925) 239; ≡ Mimusops kauki L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 349; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 288. Distribution: Australia, Cambodia, Java, Malaysia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. JOLO, LUZON: Laguna, SITANGKAI (photos). Notes: Lowland or coastal forest, occasionally montane forest, area of origin unknown. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Cryptogenic.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen, Blumea 7 (1953) 410; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1925) 218; ≡ Achras zapota L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1190; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 363; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 283. Notes: Introduced from the Neotropics, now pantropical in cultivation for its edible fruits. Grown in the lowlands. Not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Mimusops L.

1. Mimusops elengi L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 349; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 368; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 288; Royen, Blumea 6 (1952) 594; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 37. = Mimusops latericia Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2816. = Mimusops parvifolia R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 531; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 288. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. GUIMARAS (photos), LAGEN, LUZON, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SILLON, TAMLANGON, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Cultivated for fragrant flowers. 3m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Palaquium Blanco

1. Palaquium abundantiflorum H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 61; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 457. ≠ Palaquium barnesii auct. non Merr.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 278. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, MINDORO. Notes: Fl. Jan. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Palaquium barnesii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 6 (1904) 13; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 7 (1925) 67; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 401; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 484. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, MASBATE. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Fl. Jan. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Palaquium bataanense Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 44; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 37; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 395; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 527. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, BATANES, BORACAY (photos), CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Camarines, MINDANAO: Lanao, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Dry hill forests at low elevation. Recorded at 700-850m in Lanao. Fl. Jan, Mar, Oct; fr. Mar, May, Jun. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
4. Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre ex Burck, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 5 (1886) 28; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 52; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 558; ≡ Isonandra calophylla Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27 (1864) 35. = Palaquium calophyllum var. philippinense H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 8 (1927) 398. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Palaquium cuprifolium Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2817; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 279; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 77; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 407; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 479. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Misamis Occidental, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Humus-covered clay of forested ridges at 300m. Fr. Jul. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Palaquium dubardii Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 868; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 279; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 38; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 395; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 583. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LAGEN, LUZON: Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAL, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests, 200-600m, on red soil with gravelly subsoil on wooded banks. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 46; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 253; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 412; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 490. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal, POLILLO. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Palaquium elongatum Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 257; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 279; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 61; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 400; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 551; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 37. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, SAMAR. Notes: In primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
9. Palaquium formosanum Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1) (1911) 184; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 280; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 472. = Palaquium polyandrum Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1) (1911) 185, nom. illeg., non C.B.Rob. = Palaquium paucivenosum H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 101; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 412; Type: BS 4101 Fenix, Camiguin (SING). Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, BATANES, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, ITBAYAT, LUZON. Notes: Known from Luzon from Haenke 434, NY. Native.
10. Palaquium foxworthyi Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 50; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 280; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 98; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 411; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 530. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU (photos by Pelser & Barcelona), LUZON: Bataan, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Zambales. Notes: Primary forests, ascending to 300m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
11. Palaquium gigantifolium Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 6 (1904) 14; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 280; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 75; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 407; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 477. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Norte (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Recorded at 1000m in Laguna. Fl. Apr; fr. May. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
12. Palaquium glabrifolium Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 446; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 280; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 46; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 398; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 583. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: Fl. Apr-May. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
13. Palaquium glabrum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 61; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 102; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 412; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 531. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Rizal. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
14. Palaquium globosum H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 76; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 407; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 478. ≠ Palaquium retusum auct. non Becc.; Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 256; EPFP 3 (1923) 283; EPFP 4 (1925) 245. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Isabela, Pangasinan. Notes: In forests and forested ravines, 300-1200m. Fl. Mar, Nov-Dec; fr. Nov. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
15. Palaquium heterosepalum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 61; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 280; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 38; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 395. = Palaquium cuneifolium Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 279; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 35, 254; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 391; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 585. ≠ Palaquium cuneatum auct. non (Blume) S.Vidal; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 279; Van Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 586. Distribution: ?Borneo, Philippines. CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Batangas, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: Presence in Borneo: see Van Royen (1960); in primary and secondary forests, or in swamps, 200-1200m. Fl. Dec-Jan; fr. Dec-Mar. Native.
16. Palaquium lanceolatum Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 403; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 103; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 412; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 541. = Madhuca pacifica Baehni, Boissiera 11 (1965) 36; Type: BS 75240 Ramos & Edaño (SING, holo), Catanduanes, Jul/Sep-1928. = Palaquium pacificum Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 280. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon. Notes: Lowland rainforests. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
17. Palaquium loheri Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 47; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 253; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 413; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 525; Type: Loher 13396 (K, lecto). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
18. Palaquium luzoniense (Fern.-Vill.) S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 176; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 400; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 400; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 526; ≡ Dichopsis luzoniensis Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 125. = Palaquium ahernianum Merr., Bull. Bur. Forest. Philipp. Islands 1 (1903) 46; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 278. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Fl. Aug-Jan. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
19. Palaquium merrillii Dubard, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 15 (1909) 381; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 96; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 411; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 534. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Native.
20. Palaquium mindanaense Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 6 (1904) 15; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 281; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 105; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 413; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 524; Type: Ahern 837 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; US, isolecto). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Lanao. Notes: Lowland primary rainforests. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
21. Palaquium montanum Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3102; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 281; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 59; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 400; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 463. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Laguna, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, NEGROS (photos). Notes: In forest, c. 1100m. Fl. Jun-Jul. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
22. Palaquium obovatum (Griff.) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 12 (1890) 511; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; ≡ Isonandra obovata Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4 (1854) 293. Distribution: India to Malesia. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental (photos), MINDORO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. orientale H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 84; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 455. = Palaquium celebicum Burck, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 5 (1885) 32; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 279; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245. = Palaquium theoideum Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 868; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 283. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forested ridges, 1000-1300m. Native.
23. Palaquium obtusifolium Burck, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 5 (1886) 33; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 100; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 515. = Palaquium negrosense Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 63; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 281; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 99; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 411. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, NEGROS. Notes: Lowland primary forests. Native.
24. Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 304; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 59, 255; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 400; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 466; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3975; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2440; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 38; ≡ Chrysophyllum philippense Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1825) 109. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Common in lowland and medium elevation primary forests. Fl. Aug-Sep. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
25. Palaquium pinnatinervium Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2819; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 282; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 55; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 399; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 487. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao. Notes: Primary forests up to 900m. Fr. Sep. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
26. Palaquium polyandrum C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 212; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 282; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 76; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 407; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 485. = Palaquium lepidotum C.B.Rob., ined. = Palaquium wenzelii Merr., ined. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, Zamboanga, PANAY, SAMAR. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
27. Palaquium pseudorostratum H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 8 (1927) 393; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 586. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. Notes: Record for Philippines: Lay s.n., BM. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
28. Palaquium ridleyi King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74 (1906) 196. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon. Notes: Van Royen (1960) mentioned Oro 30872 (SING, NY) from Kagascas, Tayabas prov. (=Quezon) and Escritor 11852 (K) from Mt Makiling, Laguna prov. Native.
29. Palaquium sorsogonense Elmer ex H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 65; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 401; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 283; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 468; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 13. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Quezon, Sorsogon, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland primary forests, swampy habitats, riverine forests, etc. Fl. Dec. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
30. Palaquium tenuipetiolatum Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 45; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 283; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 95; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 410; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 529. = Palaquium vulcanicum Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 283. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte, Misamis, Zamboanga, MINDORO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Common in primary forests and dry hill forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
31. Palaquium vidalii Pierre ex Dubard, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 15 (1909) 381; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 283; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 106; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 8 (1927) 413; Royen, Blumea 10 (1960) 598; Type: Vidal 9 (P, ?lost). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Notes: Known only from original description. Best considered as a species distinct from Palaquium obovatum (Jayson Mansibang, 11-Jul-25). Native.
32. Palaquium xanthochymum (de Vriese) Pierre ex Burck, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 5 (1885) 30; ≡ Isonandra xanthochyma de Vriese, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 21 (1860) 311. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Camarines Sur. Notes: Van Royen (1960) mentioned Edaño 75985 (NY) from Mt Potianay, Camarines Sur. Also represented by Edaño s.n. (SYS), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Madooy, Nov-1928. Native.
    • var. xanthochymum. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Camarines Sur. Native.

Possibly present

1. Palaquium pseudocuneatum H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 8 (1927) 391; Slik, Plants of Southeast Asia (2009 onwards); Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, ?Philippines. Notes: Note by John Edward Matulina Villasis (30-Aug-24): The specimen by Ridsdale, Baquiran et al. ISU440 (L) represent Palaquium pseudorostratum, a species that is often confused with Palaquium pseudocuneatum both in the field and from sterile specimens, but it is not impossible that Palaquium pseudocuneatum and many more or less clearly intermediate forms between the two species are present in parts of the country closer to Borneo.

Payena A.DC.

1. Payena leerii (Teijsm. & Binn.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 40(2) (1871) 69; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 7 (1925) 137, 261; Brugg, Blumea 9 (1958) 121; ≡ Madhuca leerii (Teijsm. & Binn.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 277; ≡ Azaola leerii Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 6 (1854) 116. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Davao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Low elevation primary forests. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Planchonella Pierre

1. Planchonella chartacea (F.Muell. ex Benth.) H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 217; ≡ Achras chartacea F.Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 4 (1868) 281. = Planchonella linggensis (Burck) Pierre, Notes Bot. Sapot. (1890) 35; Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 384; ≡ Sideroxylon linggense Burck, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 5 (1885) 15. = Planchonella oxyedra Dubard, Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, 2nd Sér. 10 (1912) 50; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 246. = Sideroxylon pittosporifolium Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 873; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 286. = Pouteria linggensis (Burck) Baehni, Boissiera 11 (1965) 57; ≡ Sideroxylon linggense Burck, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 5 (1885) 15. Distribution: Malesia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. CEBU, LUZON: Batangas, Camarines, Laguna, MINDANAO: Surigao, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUTU, SIBUYAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f., Blumea 12 (1963) 62; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Pouteria duclitan (Blanco) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 283; ≡ Sideroxylon duclitan Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 129; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 285; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245. = Planchonella nitida (Blume) Dubard, Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, 2nd Sér. 10 (1912) 62; Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 362; ≡ Sideroxylon nitidum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 675. = Sideroxylon balitbitan Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 130. = Sideroxylon ramiflorum Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 43. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, CALAYAN, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao del Norte, ?Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Sea level and low and medium elevation forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Planchonella macrantha (Merr.) Swenson, Taxon 62 (2013) 762; ≡ Pouteria macrantha (Merr.) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 328; Herrman-Erlee & Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 485; ≡ Lucuma macrantha (Merr.) H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 225; ≡ Sideroxylon macranthum Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 56; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 286; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 246; ≡ Bureavella macrantha (Merr.) Aubrév., Adansonia, 2nd Sér. 3 (1963) 331; Type: T.E. Borden 21736 (FB 2741) (PNH, holo, lost; BO, K, SING, US, iso), Luzon, Bataan, Lamoa River, Mt Mariveles, Mar-1905. = Lucuma dolichosperma H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 223. = Sideroxylon stenophyllum Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 258; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 287. Distribution: Philippines to Moluccas. BALABAC, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, TICAO. Notes: Low elevation primary forests, to c. 600 in Mindoro. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Planchonella mindanaensis H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 207; Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 414; ≡ Pouteria mindanaensis (H.J.Lam) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 326; ≡ Sideroxylon mindanaense Merr. ex H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 207; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 246. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Notes: Low elevation forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Planchonella obovata (R.Br.) Pierre, Notes Bot. Sapot. (1890) 36; Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 368; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; ≡ Pouteria obovata (R.Br.) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 324; ≡ Sersalisia obovata R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 529. = Sideroxylon acuminatum Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1487; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 284. = Sideroxylon ahernianum Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 55; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 284. = Sideroxylon attenuatum DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 8 (1844) 178. = Sideroxylon ferrugineum Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. (1838) 266; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 285; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245. = Sideroxylon merrillii (Dubard) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 286; ≡ Planchonella merrillii Dubard, Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, 2nd Sér. 10 (1912) 50. = Sideroxylon philippense (Dubard) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 287; ≡ Planchonella philippensis Dubard, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2 (1911) 82. = Sideroxylon apoensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2821; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 284. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Thailand. BASILAN, BATANES, BOHOL, BORACAY (photos), BURIAS, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, HOMONHON, ITBAYAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MALAMAWI, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PANAY, POLILLO, PONEAS, SABTANG, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS, TAWI-TAWI, TICAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in most islands and provinces; beach forests and thickets, lowland to montane forests. (?-)1350m. Native.
6. Planchonella ridsdalei (Vink) Swenson, Taxon 62 (2013) 762; ≡ Pouteria ridsdalei Vink, Blumea 47 (2002) 136; Type: C.E. Ridsdale 1695 (L, holo; K, iso), Mindoro, Mt Halcon area near Paitan, Dulangan Range, 8-May-1986. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON, MINDORO. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 215; Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 411; ≡ Pouteria velutina (Elmer) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 380; ≡ Sideroxylon velutinum Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1834; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 287; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 246. = Sideroxylon bulusanense Elmer ex H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 215. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. velutina. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation forests. Native.
   • var. sarcocarpa (Merr.) H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 215; Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 412; ≡ Sideroxylon sarcocarpum Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 29. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
8. Planchonella villamilii (Merr.) Swenson, Taxon 62 (2013) 762; ≡ Pouteria villamilii (Merr.) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 328; Herrman-Erlee & Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 483; ≡ Bureavella villamilii (Merr.) Aubrév., Adansonia, 2nd Sér. 3 (1963) 331; ≡ Sideroxylon villamilii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 59; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 287; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 246; Type: A. Villamil, Forest Bureau 19762 (PNH, holo, ?lost; US, iso), Luzon, Laguna, Jun-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Laguna, SIARGAO. Notes: Medium elevation primary forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Pleioluma (Baill.) Baehni

1. Pleioluma firma (Miq.) Swenson, Taxon 62 (2013) 763; De Castro et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3773; Buhay et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 3087; ≡ Planchonella firma (Miq.) Dubard, Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille, 2nd Sér. 10 (1912) 59; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 245; Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 316; ≡ Pouteria firma (Miq.) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 284; ≡ Beccariella firma (Miq.) Pierre, Notes Bot. Sapot. (1890) 30; ≡ Chrysophyllum firmum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 579. = Planchonella fragrans (Elmer) H.J.Lam, Proc. Pacific Sci. Congr. 6 (1940) 677; ≡ Sideroxylon fragrans Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 871; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 285. = Sideroxylon gitingense Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 873; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 285. = Sideroxylon angustifolium Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 56; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 284. Distribution: Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Thailand to Solomon Isls. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests, including over ultramafics. 200-500m to 1000-1150m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Pleioluma foxworthyi (Elmer) Swenson, Taxon 62 (2013) 764; ≡ Planchonella foxworthyi (Elmer) H.J.Lam, Proc. Pacific Sci. Congr. 6 (1940) 678; Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 319; ≡ Sideroxylon foxworthyi Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1836; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 285; Type: Elmer 12824 (PNH, holo, lost; P00648085, lecto; E, FI, G, L, NSW, P, US, Z, isolecto), Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Mar-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forests. 300-800m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Pouteria Aubl. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 398; ≡ Lucuma campechiana Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 3 (1819) 240. Distribution: C America. Notes: Not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.
   • var. nervosa (A.DC.) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 401; ≡ Lucuma nervosa A.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 8 (1844) 169. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E.Moore & Stearn, Taxon 16 (1967) 383; ≡ Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 284; ≡ Sideroxylon sapota Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 15. Notes: Introduced to the Philippines during the Spanish colonial times from Mexico. Occasionally planted in Luzon. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Sarcosperma Hook.f.

1. Sarcosperma paniculatum (King) Stapf & King, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 27 (1901) t.2690; H.J.Lam, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1948) 32; ≡ Bracea paniculata King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64 (1895) 101. = Apoia macrocarpa (Elmer) Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 605; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 270; ≡ Discocalyx macrocarpa Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2781. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Sersalisia R.Br.

1. Sersalisia luzoniensis (Merr.) Swenson, Taxon 62 (2013) 766; ≡ Pouteria luzoniensis (Merr.) Baehni, Candollea 9 (1942) 365; Herrman-Erlee & Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 461; ≡ Lucuma luzoniensis (Merr.) H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 7 (1925) 227; ≡ Fontbrunea luzoniensis (Merr.) Aubrév., Adansonia, 2nd Sér. 3 (1962) 333; ≡ Sideroxylon luzoniense Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 222; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 286; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 246; Type: Foxworthy 127 (K, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon: Rizal, Jan-1906. Distribution: Java, New Guinea, Philippines. LUBANG, LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO, TAWI-TAWI, TICAO. Native.
   • var. luzoniensis. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. LUBANG, LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, TICAO. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets and forests. Native.

Xantolis Raf.

1. Xantolis parvifolia (A.DC.) P.Royen, Blumea 8 (1957) 221; ≡ Sideroxylon parvifolium (A.DC.) Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 124; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 286; ≡ Sapota parvifolia A.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 8 (1844) 175; Type: Cuming 1147 (FI, L, P, SING, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Sur. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, MINDORO. Notes: Low elevation forests. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.