Rutaceae

Acronychia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 July 2026
  1. Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 532; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 333; ≡ Jambolifera pedunculata L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 349. Distribution: China, India, Malaysia, Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE (photos), DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAUI, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN (photos), SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines; in forests at low and medium elevation. (?-)500m (photos) to 1400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Atalantia Correa

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 July 2026
  1. Atalantia linearis (Blanco) Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 200; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 340; ≡ Severinia linearis (Blanco) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28 (1938) 533; ≡ Limonia linearis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 357; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 746 (neo), Luzon: Rizal. Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Philippines. LUZON: Bulacan, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Along swift running streams subject to flash-flooding during heavy rains. Common name: narrow-leaf box-orange. Native.
  2. Atalantia paniculata Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13 (1891) 340; ≡ Severinia paniculata (Warb.) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28 (1938) 533; ≡ Atalantia disticha var. paniculata (Warb.) Tanaka, J. Arnold Arbor. 9 (1928) 141; Type: from Seram. = Atalantia maritima Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 293; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 340. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. APO DE MINDORO, BOHOL, DANJUGAN (photos), DINAGAT, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Pampanga (photos), Quezon (photos), MASBATE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, MINILOC, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TICAO. Notes: Beach forests, borders of mangroves, etc. Common name: bouquet box-orange. 0-5m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Atalantia racemosa Wight & Arn., J. Bot. (Hooker) 1 (1834) 64; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 13. = Severinia disticha (Blanco) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28 (1938) 533; ≡ Limonia disticha Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 356; ≡ Atalantia disticha (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27 (1905) 28; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 339; Type: wanting, substitute type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 594. = Atalantia nitida (Turcz.) Oliv., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5(Suppl. 2) (1861) 25; ≡ Sclerostylis nitida Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 249. Distribution: ?Borneo, India, ?Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam. BALABAC, BOHOL, BONGAO, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, DINAGAT, GOLO, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental, Misamis, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Widespread in Luzon. Often common in low and medium elevation forests. Common name: philippine box-orange. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Atalantia retusa Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 200; ≡ Severinia retusa (Merr.) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28 (1938) 533; Type: BS 3609 Curran (US, iso), Palawan: old clearing, ½ mile E of Puerto Princesa, 20m, 30-Jan-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Low elevation second-growth forests, old clearings, etc. 20m. Native.

Boenninghausenia Rchb. ex Meisn.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 August 2022
  1. Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Rchb. ex Meisn., Pl. Vasc. Gen. (Meisner) 2 (1837) 44; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 355; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 333; ≡ Ruta albiflora Hook., Exot. Fl. 1 (1823) t.79. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: In the mossy forest on the higher mountains, 2000-2400m. Native.

Citrus L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Edward Matulina Villasis, 3 August 2024
  1. Citrus × aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 3 (1913) 465; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 341; Fl. Manila (1912) 271; ≡ Limonia × aurantifolia Christm., Vollst. Pflanzensyst. 1 (1777) 618; Type: Originally described from Ambon but no type material preserved, based on Rumphius’ description and Merian’s plate. = Citrus lima Lunan, Hort. Jamaic. (1814) 451. = Citrus × macrophylla Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 16; ≡ Citrus hystrix var. macrophylla (Wester) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 343; Type: Wester 4820, Cebu. = Citrus × excelsa Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 26; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 341; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 428. = Citrus × excelsa var. davaoensis Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 25. = Citrus × longispina Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 15. = Citrus notissima Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 607. = Citrus × webberi var. montana Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 13. = Citrus × aurantiifolia var. pseudolimonum (Wester) Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 427; ≡ Citrus limonia var. pseudolimonum (Wester) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 343; ≡ Citrus pseudolimonum Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 24. Distribution: BALABAC, BOHOL, MINDORO, SIQUIJOR. Notes: It is widely cultivated as a fruit tree and occasionally naturalized. Throughout the Philippines, in settled areas, and undoubtedly of prehistoric introduction. A native of northern India and adjoining parts of Myanmar, where it is apparently indigenous. From there, it has spread with human help to the Asiatic mainland and to many other tropical or warm subtropical regions of the world. A hybrid between Citrus hystrix × Citrus medica. Common name: lime. Naturalized.
  2. Citrus hystrix DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. (1813) 97; Prodr. 1 (1824) 539; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 342; Type: from France (cult.). = Citrus hystrix var. torosa (Blanco) Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 19; ≡ Citrus torosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 609; S.Vidal, Sinopsis Atlas (1883) pl. 25. = Citrus hystrix var. balincolong Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 429. = Citrus macroptera var. boholensis (Wester) Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 430; ≡ Citrus hystrix var. boholensis Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 19; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 342. = Citrus hystrix var. micrantha (Wester) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 343; ≡ Citrus micrantha Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 20; ≡ Citrus macroptera var. micrantha (Wester) Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 430; Type: Wester 4829 (PNH), Bohol. = Citrus macroptera var. southwickii (Wester) Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 430; ≡ Citrus celebica var. southwickii (Wester) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28 (1938) 533; ≡ Citrus southwickii Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 16; Type: Herb. Bur. Sci., Manila, Bohol (Southwick, Wester). = Citrus celebica Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19 (1898) 639. = Citrus micrantha var. microcarpa Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 21. = Citrus macroptera Montrouz., Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 10 (1860) 187; Type: from New Caledonia. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MACTAN, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines, in most islands and provinces. In secondary and primary forests, sometimes in or near settlements, at low and medium elevation, often rather common and sometimes cultivated in home gardens and plantations, mainly for household consumption or rarely for sale in local markets. Several distinct selected forms occur in the Archipelago, with enormous variation in the size of fruits and flowers. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 296; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 344. = Citrus grandis Osbeck, Dagb. Ostind. Resa (1757) 98. = Citrus decumana L., Syst. Nat., 12th Ed. (1767) 508; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 271. = Citrus decumana var. panuban Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 12. Distribution: Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: Throughout the Philippines, in settled areas. Plants are usually planted, and undoubtedly of prehistoric origin. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. Despite being an introduced species, there are some very primitive forms that are not infrequently seen in cultivation (Wester 1915). Naturalized.
  4. Citrus × miaray Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 10 (1917) 457; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 431; ≡ Citrus aurantifolia var. miaray (Wester) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 342; Type: Wester 119 (K), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Impasugong, Brgy Impalutao, Sep-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga Sibugay. Notes: Insufficiently known. According to Merrill (1923), Citrus miaray is perhaps a hybrid between Citrus × aurantiifolia and some other species. Native.
  5. Citrus × microcarpa Bunge, Enum. Pl. China Bor. (1833) 10; Type: from China. = Citrus mitis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 610; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 344. Distribution: China, Indochina. BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Camarines Norte (photos). Notes: Hybrid between Citrus japonica × Citrus reticulata. It is not known from the wild and cultivated only according to Merrill (1923, as Citrus mitis), but here interpreted to be naturalized in Cebu based on Garces & Flores (2018). Kalamansi, calamondin. Naturalized.
  6. Citrus × webberi Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 13, as 'webberii'; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 433; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 345; Type: ?Wester 852 (K), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao, cult., Mar-1915. Distribution: LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Mountain Province, NCR. Notes: The hybrid formula of this artificial cross is ?C. cavaleriei × C. maxima × C. reticulata. Common name: kalpi. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Citrus × aurantium L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 783; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 342. = Citrus × longispina Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 15; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 429. = Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Reise Ostindien (1765) 148. = Citrus × nobilis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 466; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 344. = Citrus × paradisi Macfad., Bot. Misc. 1 (1830) 304. = Citrus unshiu (Swingle) Marcow., Isv. Soch. Obl. Sukum. Sad. Sel. Opyt. St. 2 (1921) 5; ≡ Citrus nobilis var. unshiu Swingle, Stand. Cycl. Hort. 2 (1914) 784. = Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Reise Ostindien (1765) 250; ≡ Citrus × aurantium var. sinensis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 782; Type: not from the Philippines. = Citrus × natsudaidai Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8 (1919) 29. = Citrus × tangerina Tanaka, Mem. Tanaka Citrus Exp. Sta. 1 (1927) 29. Distribution: China. Notes: A hybrid, now widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Throughout the Philippines, usually or always planted. Not naturalized. It includes the sweet oranges, bitter oranges, grapefruits, clementines, tangerines, and many cultivated 'mandarins' in modern commerce. A hybrid between Citrus reticulata × Citrus maxima including many backcrosses. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Citrus japonica Thunb., Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal., 2nd Ser. 3 (1780) 208; Type: from Japan (cult.). = Citrus madurensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 467; Fern.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 38. Distribution: China. Notes: Excluded for the Philippines by Merrill, but is now commercially cultivated. name: Kumquat. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  3. Citrus × limon (L.) Osbeck, Reise Ostindien (1765) 250; ≡ Citrus medica var. limon L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 782; Type: from Europe? (LINN). = Citrus × limonia Osbeck, Reise Ostindien (1765) 250; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 343. = Citrus × meyeri Yu.Tanaka, Iconogr. Jap. Citrus Fruits 1 (1946) 91. Notes: Widely cultivated in all subtropical countries. Here not considered native to the Philippines and not naturalized. Scattered trees are found cultivated in most parts of the Archipelago, although it is not as widely cultivated as other Citrus species in the Philippines. A hybrid between Citrus medica × Citrus aurantium. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  4. Citrus × medica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 782; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 344; Type: wanting, but plant seen and studied by L. = Citrus limonimedica Lush., Indian Forester 36 (1910) 348. = Citrus medica var. nana Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 22. = Citrus medica var. alata Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 431. = Citrus medica var. odorata Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 22. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal. Notes: The native range for citron is thought to span from the western-central Himalaya to Myanmar, with origin in the Himalayan foothills (Langgut 2017, Wu et al. 2018). Occasionally planted in the Philippines, including its cultivars, but nowhere spontaneous. The citron is the rarest of all the old cultivated citrus in the Philippines and is very seldom seen in the markets. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  5. Citrus × reticulata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 610; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 344; Type: from China (cult.). = Citrus papillaris Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 160; ≡ Citrus nobilis var. papillaris (Blanco) Wester, Philipp. Agric. Rev. 8 (1915) 11. = Citrus daoxianensis S.W.He & G.F.Liu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 12 (1990) 287. Distribution: China. Notes: Widely cultivated in all subtropical regions. Common name: Mandarin orange. Cultivated only? Cultivated, not naturalized.

Clausena Burm.f.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 September 2025
  1. Clausena anisum-olens (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 21; Fl. Manila (1912) 269; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 337; ≡ Cookia anisum-olens Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 359; Type: Merrill, Species Blancoanae 1012 (PNH, neo; BM, BO, P, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal. = Clausena sanki (Perr.) Molino, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 16 (1994) 147, nom. rej.; ≡ Illicium sanki Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1825) 121, nom. rej.; Type: Merrill 1791 (PNH, neo; BM, BO, P, PE, SING, isoneo), Luzon: Benguet, May-1914. = Clausena grandifolia Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 294; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 337; Type: Merrill 9544 (PNH, holo; BO, K, US, iso), Palawan: Mt Capuas, on forested talus slopes, c. 800m, 1913. = Clausena loheri Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 27; Type: Loher 12110 (PNH, holo, lost), Loher 13286 (PNH, holo, lost, P, para), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban. = Clausena laxiflora Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 154; Type: BS 48983 Ramos and Edaño (UC, lecto; BO, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao Oriental, Mati, 27-Apr-1927. = Clausena palawanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3781; Type: Elmer 13147 (G), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, May-1911. = Clausena todayensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2805; Type: Elmer 10530 (PNH, holo; BM, BO, L, P, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo (Todaya). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAL. Notes: L.L.Co: The type of Clausena todayensis is known only from the type, collected on a densely wooded ridge south of the Sibulan River at 1,500ft (457m); Tanaka (1932) did not follow Merrill (1923) in reducing this to a synonym of Clausena anisum-olens because, as he stated, Clausena todayensis has a 4-merous small ovary, with only 8 large oil-glands somewhat like that of Clausena harmandiana. The plant is, however, very gracile and not like Clausena harmandiana. Low and medium elevation forests. (?-)400m (photos) to 1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. anisum-olens. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Native.
    • ssp. mollis (Merr.) Molino, Phytotaxa 298 (2017) 297; ≡ Clausena sanki var. mollis (Merr.) Molino, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 16 (1994) 135; ≡ Clausena mollis Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 181; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 338; Type: FB 16530 Curran & Merrott (PNH, holo; BO, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, near Bontoc, 915-1220m, 21-Jan-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Medium elevation thickets and forests, ascending to 1200m. Native.
  2. Clausena brevistyla Oliv., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5(Suppl. 2) (1861) 31. Distribution: Australia, New Guinea, Philippines. PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  3. Clausena excavata Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 87; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 337; Type: from Java. Distribution: Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, CULION, LUZON: Batangas, Bulacan, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Lowland thickets and old clearings. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels, Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 168 (1909) 3; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 337; ≡ Quinaria lansium Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 272; Type: from China. Distribution: China, Laos, Vietnam. Notes: Widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, but rare in cultivation in the Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Glycosmis Corrêa

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 January 2026
  1. Glycosmis chlorosperma (Blume) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 4 (1827) 162; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 137 (1985) 2; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 46 (1994) 126; ≡ Cookia chlorosperma Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 135. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. BALABAC, MINDORO. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. chlorosperma. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. BALABAC. Native.
    • var. elmeri (Merr.) Tanaka, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 69 (1931) 3; ≡ Glycosmis elmeri Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 400. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Native.
  2. Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 4 (1827) 161; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 421; ≡ Cookia cyanocarpa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 136. Distribution: Borneo, Java, ?Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, MINDANAO: Maguindanao del Norte, Misamis, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. cyanocarpa. Distribution: PALAWAN. Native.
    • var. philippinensis B.C.Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 137 (1985) 7; Type: BS 24568 Ramos (US, iso), Samar: Catubig River. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Native.
    • var. platyphylla (Merr.) B.C.Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 23 (1978) 98; ≡ Glycosmis platyphylla Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 273; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 335; Type: Wenzel 1611 (MO, US, iso), Leyte. Distribution: LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, MINDANAO: Misamis, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Native.
  3. Glycosmis greenei Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1512; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 334; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 137 (1985) 10; Type: Elmer 12438 (L, MO, NY, US, iso), Sibuyan: Mt Guiting-guiting. ≠ Glycosmis pentaphylla auct. non (Retz.) DC.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 334. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Native.
  4. Glycosmis lanceolata (Blume) D.Dietr., Syn. Pl. (D.Dietr.) 2 (1840) 1409; Teysm. & Binn., Cat. Hort. Bog. (1866) 208; Kurz, J. Bot. 14 (1876) 35; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 137 (1985) 10; ≡ Sclerostylis lanceolata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 134. = ?Glycosmis angularis Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 489; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 334; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932). = ?Glycosmis greenei var. simplex B.C.Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 23 (1978) 91; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995). ≠ ?Glycosmis pentaphylla auct. non (Retz.) DC.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 334. Distribution: Borneo, China, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sumatra. APULIT, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Quezon, Rizal, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-5m (photos) to 152m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Glycosmis parviflora (Sims) Little, Phytologia 2 (1948) 463; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 137 (1985) 15; ≡ Limonia parviflora Sims, Bot. Mag. 50 (1823) t.2416. = Murraya cerasiformis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 363; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 334. = ?Glycosmis citrifolia (Willd.) Lindl., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 6 (1826) 72; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932); Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 334; ≡ Limonia citrifolia Willd., Enum. Pl. (Willdenow) (1809) 448. = ?Glycosmis citrifolia var. obtusa Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 420. ≠ Glycosmis pentaphylla auct. non (Retz.) DC.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 334. ≠ Glycosmis cochinchinensis auct. non (Lour.) Pierre ex Engl.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 268; EPFP 2 (1923) 334. Distribution: China, Philippines, Vietnam. APULIT, CULION, LUZON: NCR. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 538; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 137 (1985) 15; ≡ Limonia pentaphylla Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 24. = ?Glycosmis greenei var. virgata Tanaka, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 69 (1931) 5. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. ?SIBUYAN. Notes: Leaves and inflorescences very variable; leaves one- to two-paired or unifoliolate, with long-lanceolate, blunt or acuminate leaflets. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Harrisonia R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 October 2025
  1. Harrisonia brownii A.Juss., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12 (1825) 540; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 346; Noot., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 207. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BOHOL, CAMOTES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Batangas, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN, SIQUIJOR. Notes: 0-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 236; Fl. Manila (1912) 272; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 346; Noot., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 208; Malabrigo et al., Flora of Mt Mantalingahan Protected Landscape (2023) 312; ≡ Paliurus perforatus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 174. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan (photos), Ilocos Norte (photos), Ilocos Sur, La Union (photos), NCR, Nueva Ecija (photos), Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAUI (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: 0-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Lunasia Blanco

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 20 July 2026
  1. Lunasia amara Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 783; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 332; T.G.Hartley, J. Arnold Arb. 48 (1967) 460; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 60; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 13. = Lunasia reticulata Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1511; Type: Elmer 12119 (US, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes (Mt Giting-Giting), Mar-1910. = Rabelaisia philippinensis Planch., London J. Bot. 4 (1845) 519. Distribution: BASILAN, BOHOL, BORACAY (photos), BUYAYAO (photos), CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, CORON, DANJUGAN (photos), DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas (photos), Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur (photos), Lanao del Norte (photos), Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, PONEAS, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, SIBUTU, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS, TAWI-TAWI, TICAO. Notes: 0-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. amara. = Lunasia amara var. repanda Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 302; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 332. = Lunasia macrophylla Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 300; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 332. = Lunasia mollis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 299; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 332. = Lunasia nigropunctata Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 301; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 333. = Lunasia obtusifolia Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 300; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 333. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Well-drained rainforests, moist to rather dry thickets, gallery forests and garden regrowth, also frequent on limestone, 0-900m. Native.
    • var. babuyanica (Merr.) T.G.Hartley, J. Arnold Arbor. 48 (1967) 473; ≡ Lunasia babuyanica Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 411; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 332; Type: BS 4050 E. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Notes: Fenix. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYAN. Coastal thickets. Native.

Luvunga Buch.-Ham. ex Wight & Arn.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 June 2026
  1. Luvunga monophylla (DC.) Mabb., Telopea 7 (1998) 334; ≡ Triphasia monophylla DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 536. = Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Burkill, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5 (1931) 213; ≡ Atalantia trimera Oliv., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5 (1861) 24; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 427; Type: from Timor. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Batangas (photos), MINDANAO, MINDORO. Notes: 30m (photos). Native.
  2. Luvunga philippinensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 233; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 338; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995); Type: BS 9104 Whitford & Hutchinson, Mindanao: Zamboanga. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao, Zamboanga, PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forest at low and medium elevation. Native.
  3. Luvunga scandens (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Wight, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1 (1834) 90; Buch.-Ham. in Wall., Cat. (1831) No. 6382, nom. inval.; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 338; ≡ Limonia scandens Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2 (1832) 380; Type: from India. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. PALAWAN, ?TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Primary lowland forests. Common name: Indian liana-lime (or luvunga). Native.
  4. Luvunga subanenianae Mazo & Tahil, Harvard Pap. Bot. 26 (2021) 427, as 'subanense'; Type: K.R. Mazo 30 (PNH, holo; CEBU, CMUH, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, Leon B. Postigo, Brgy Tinuyop, 330m, 14-Feb-21. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: 300-330m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Mazo & Tahil 2021). Native.

Maclurodendron T.G.Hartley

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 1 June 2018
  1. Maclurodendron obovatum (Merr.) T.G.Hartley, Gard. Bull. Singapore 35 (1982) 12; ≡ Acronychia obovata Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 274; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 333; Type: FB 26473 Mallonga (US, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Sur, Manangas, Carrascal, on slopes in rich soil, c. 50m, 13-Dec-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Sur. Notes: Open slopes at low elevation. Native.
  2. Maclurodendron porteri (Hook.f.) T.G.Hartley, Gard. Bull. Singapore 35 (1982) 8; B.C.Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 46 (1994) 127; ≡ Acronychia porteri Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 498. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Melicope J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 July 2026
  1. Melicope acuminata (Merr.) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 183; ≡ Euodia acuminata Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 183; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 327; Type: FB 10530 H.M. Curran (US, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, near abaca (Musa textilis) plantations, c. 200m, 10-Jun-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines, Laguna, Sorsogon, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland thickets or forests. 200-450m. Native.
  2. Melicope alpestris T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 229; Type: BS 40279 Ramos & Edaño (L, US, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Mt Data, Sep-1921. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: 2100-2500m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Melicope benguetensis (Elmer) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 230; ≡ Euodia benguetensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2808; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 328; Type: Elmer 14276 (L, NY, U, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1913. Note: Cited in the original protologue as Elmer 14274, but Merrill (1923) only cites 14276. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: High montane ridges. 1800-2200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Melicope blancoi T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 245; ≡ Euodia ternata (Blanco) Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 297; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 197; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 330; ≡ Orixa ternata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 62; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 45; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 1 (1877) 84; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 913 (US, isoneo). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets or forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Melicope bonwickii (F.Muell.) T.G.Hartley, Sandakania 4 (1994) 56; ≡ Euodia bonwickii F.Muell., Fragm. (Mueller) 5 (1865) 56. = Euodia villamilii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 296; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 330; Type: FB 20653 A. Villamil (US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling, in forest, 300-350m, Oct-1913. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Lanao, MINDORO. Notes: Primary forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Melicope crassifolia (Merr.) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 222; ≡ Euodia crassifolia Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 362; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 328; Type: C.A. Wenzel 699 (L, US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Buenavista near Jaro, in forest, c. 500m, Apr-1914. Distribution: Philippines, Vietnam. BILIRAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests, clearings, etc. 200-600m. Native.
  7. Melicope denhamii (Seem.) T.G.Hartley, Sandakania 4 (1994) 57; T.G.Hartley in B.C.Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 46 (1994) 130; ≡ Picrasma denhamii Seem., Fl. Vit. (1865) 33; Type: from Vanuatu. = Euodia subcaudata Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 298; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 330; Type: BS 15922 Fenix, Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Aug-1912. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BASILAN, JOLO, ?LUZON: ?Apayao (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Zamboanga Sibugay. Notes: In thickets or forests. (?-)1000-2400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Melicope dubia (Merr.) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 233; ≡ Euodia dubia Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 23; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: Elmer 5992 (NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, PALAWAN. Notes: Thickets and forests. 1200-2400m. Native.
  9. Melicope frutescens (Blanco) Appelhans & J.Wen, PhytoKeys 58 (2016) 84; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 990; ≡ Cissus frutescens Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 70; ≡ Cissus arborea Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 51, nom. illeg., non Forssk.; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 904 (A, neo; GH, K, L, NSW, NY, P, US, W, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Mar-1915. = Melicope confusa (Merr.) T.S.Liu, Illustr. Native & Introd. Lign. Pl. Taiwan 2 (1961) 876; ≡ Euodia confusa Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 391; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 328; Type: FB 3045 T.E. Borden (NY, lecto; BO, SING, US, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, May-1905. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, ?Taiwan. LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Common in lowland and medium elevation forests. 0-200m (photos) to 1800m. Native.
  10. Melicope glabella T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 228; Type: BS 79943 Ramos (NY, holo; K, MICH, PR, iso), Batanes Isls: Batan Isl, Mt Iraya, 2800ft, 30-Apr-1930. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN. Notes: Known from Mt Iraya. 150-870m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Melicope latifolia (DC.) T.G.Hartley, Sandakania 4 (1994) 72; ≡ Euodia latifolia DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 724; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 34; S.Vidal, Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 18; Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 100; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 74. = Euodia bintoco Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 50; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 328; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 981 (US, neo; US, isoneo). = Euodia mindanaensis Merr., Bull. Bur. Forest. Philipp. Islands 1 (1903) 25; Type: Elmer 13844 (MO, NY, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Cabadbaran, Sep-1912. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BASILAN, BOHOL, CEBU, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS. Notes: Lowland thickets and secondary forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  12. Melicope laxa (Elmer) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 192; ≡ Euodia laxa Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1509; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: Elmer 12562 (BISH, L, MO, NY, US, iso), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, forested ridge, 1250ft, May-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, SIBUYAN. Notes: In forests. 360-450m. Native.
  13. Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T.G.Hartley, Sandakania 4 (1994) 61; T.G.Hartley in B.C.Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 46 (1994) 131; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 37; ≡ Euodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 378, as 'lunur-ankeda'; ≡ Fagara lunu-ankenda Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1 (1788) 334; Type: from Sri Lanka. = Euodia arborea Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2806; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 328; Type: Elmer 13159 (BISH, L, NY, U, US, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, on fertile humid forests at 750ft on the trail to Napsan, May-1911. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Cambodia, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. ?LUZON: ?Albay (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland forests. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  14. Melicope mindorensis T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 193; ≡ Euodia monophylla Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 269; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: Merrill 6169 (NY, US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon, in forests, c. 750m, Nov-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Quezon (photos), MINDANAO: Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: 570-750m. Native.
  15. Melicope pergamentacea (Elmer) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 235; ≡ Euodia pergamentacea Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 479; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: Elmer 9504 (L, MO, NY, US), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, in the moss-rainy belt of the summit of the lesser peak at 4500ft, Mar-1908. = Euodia reticulata Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 277; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: Merrill 5711 (US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon, in open heaths, c. 2400m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: In mossy thickets. 1500-2400m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  16. Melicope pulgarensis (Elmer) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 198; ≡ Euodia pulgarensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1831; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: Elmer 13216 (BISH, L, MO, NY, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), May-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: In thickets, exposed ridges and peaks. 150-1290m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  17. Melicope semecarpifolia (Merr.) T.G.Hartley, Fl. Taiwan, 2nd Ed. 3 (1993) 522; ≡ Euodia semecarpifolia Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 23; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: Elmer 5868 (NY, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1904. = Euodia retusa Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 68; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: FB 1329 T.E. Borden (NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, Jul-1904. = Euodia camiguinensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 296; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 328; Type: BS 14664 Ramos. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Montane and ridge thickets and forests. 0-2300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  18. Melicope sessilifoliola (Merr.) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 234; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 37; ≡ Euodia sessilifoliola Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 410; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 330; Type: BS 31788 J.K. Santos (US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Pauai, c. 2400m, 22-Apr-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 1800-2650m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  19. Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 375; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 331; ≡ Fagara triphylla Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1788) 447. = Bergera ternata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 360; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 16 (GH, neo; US, isoneo), Luzon: Benguet, in thicket, c. 1000m, 5-May-1914. = Melicope luzonensis Engl., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 161; Type: Cuming 1819 (K, lecto; A, L, NSW, NY, P, US, W, isolecto), Bohol. = Melicope obtusa Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 24; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 331; Type: Elmer 6370 (PNH, holo, lost; NSW, lecto; K, NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, May-1904. = Euodia laxireta Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 295; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: BS 21407 L. Escritor (PNH, holo, lost; P, lecto; L, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Bukidnon, 27-Jul-1913. = Melicope monophylla Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 139; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 331; Type: FB 3931 W.I. Hutchinson (US, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Maguindanao, Rio Grande Valley, Kabalokan Hills, in forest, 110ft, 10-Mar-1906. = Melicope monophylla var. glabra Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2810; Type: Elmer 13897 (PNH, holo, lost; UC, lecto; A, BISH, K, L, MO, NSW, NY 2 sheets, P, U, US, W, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Cabadbaran, Sep-1912. = Melicope curranii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 234; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 331; Type: FB 9663 Curran (US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Mar-1908. = Melicope densiflora Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 182; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 331; Type: BS 3603 E. Fenix (US, lecto), Batanes Isls: Batan, Santo Domingo de Basco. = Melicope mindanaensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2809; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 331; Type: Elmer 13844 (PNH, holo, lost; A, lecto; BISH, GH, K, L, U, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Cabadbaran, Sep-1912. = Melicope odorata Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 476; Type: Elmer 10432 (NSW, lecto; L, MO, NSW, NY, P, U, UC, US, W, isolecto), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, Jun-1908. = Melicope nitida Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 362; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 331; Type: C.A. Wenzel 822 (PNH, holo, lost; A, lecto; US, isolecto), Leyte: Leyte, Buenavista near Jaro, in forests, c. 500m, 7-Jul-1914. = Euodia coriacea Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 265, nom. illeg., non Lauterb.; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 328; ≡ Euodia philippinensis Merr. & L.M.Perry, J. Arnold Arbor. 22 (1941) 45; Type: BS 35172 Ramos & Pascasio (PNH, holo, lost; A, lecto; US, isolecto), Dinagat: 12-May-1919. = Euodia glaberrima Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 265; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; Type: BS 28864 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost; A, lecto; P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Binuang, May-1917. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan. APULIT, BABUYAN ISLS, BATAN, BATANES, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, DALUPIRI, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TICAO. Notes: In forests and thickets at low and medium elevation. Common. 100-800m (photos) to 1800-2505m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  20. Melicope villosa (Merr.) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 236; ≡ Euodia villosa Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 84; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 330; Type: Vanoverbergh 1002, Luzon: Mountain Province, Bauco, in forests, c. 1650m, 15-Nov-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: In forests. 1200-1700m. Native.
  21. Melicope zambalensis (Elmer) T.G.Hartley, Allertonia 8 (2001) 198; ≡ Euodia zambalensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3216; Type: Elmer 22326 (L, MO, NY, iso), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Pinatubo, Camp Stotsenburg, May-1927. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Pampanga. Notes: 1200-1219m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Merope M.Roem.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 October 2017
  1. Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5 (1915) 423; Merrill, PJS 30 (1926) 399; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 426; ≡ Citrus angulata Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 3 (1802) 1426. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Sulawesi. SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Known from Tawi-Tawi from BS 44341 Ramos & Edaño. In mangrove. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Micromelum Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 September 2026
  1. Micromelum compressum (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 200; ≡ Bergera compressa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 360. = Micromelum tephrocarpum Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 379; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 335; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 884 (neo). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. APULIT, BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BUSUANGA, CATANDUANES, GOLO, ITBAYAT, KINAPUSAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TICAO, URSULA. Notes: 100-450m (photos). Native.
    • var. compressum. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Native.
    • var. inodorum (Blanco) Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 418; ≡ Bergera inodora Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 360; Type: Cuming 1056; Merrill Species Blancoanae 719 (neo). = Micromelum molle Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 380; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 335. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, PALAWAN. Notes: See Tanaka (1932). Native.
  2. Micromelum minutum (G.Forst.) Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1 (1834) 93; Jones, Tree Flora Sabah & Sarawak 1 (1995) 400; Mabberley, Fl. Australia 26 (2013) 497; ≡ Limonia minuta G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 33; Type: from Australia. = Micromelum glabrescens Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 212; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 335. = Micromelum pubescens Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 138; Type: from Java. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sumatra. BASILAN, BORACAY (photos), BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, CULION, GOLO, KINAPUSAN, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Apayao, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MANGSEE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. 0-1300m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. minutum. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Native.
    • var. curranii (Elmer) Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 419; ≡ Micromelum curranii Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 480; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 335; Type: Elmer 8530 (MO, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. = Micromelum caudatum Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 26; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 252; Type: Loher 13615. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, La Union, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, PALAWAN. Notes: Recorded at 1200-1450m in the Cordillera region of N Luzon. Native.
    • var. tomentosum Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 419; Type: from Timor. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, MINDORO. Native.

Murraya J.Koenig ex L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 June 2026
  1. Murraya crenulata (Turcz.) Oliv., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5(Suppl. 2) (1861) 29; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 336; ≡ Glycosmis crenulata Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 250; Type: Cuming 335 (LE). = Clausena citriodora Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 458; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Type: B. Gallardo s.n. (PNH, holo, ?lost; UC, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Apr-1923. = Clausena worcesteri Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 180; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 338; Type: BS 10743 Worcester (US, iso), Luzon: Apayao, Tauit, Aug-1909. = Murraya sorsogonensis Elmer ex Yu.Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 423, nom. inval., pro syn. = Murraya globosum Elmer, nom. inval., in sched. Distribution: Australia, Java, New Caledonia, Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province (photos), Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDORO. Notes: Forested slopes at low and medium elevation. 900m (photos). Native.
  2. Murraya lucida (G.Forst.) Mabb., Mabberley's Pl.-Book, 4th Ed. (2017) 1102; Nguyen et al., BMC Evolutionary Biology 19 (2019) 236: 10; Mou et al., Taiwania 66 (2021) 393; ≡ Limonia lucida G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 33; Type: from Vanuatu. = Murraya banati Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2812; Type: Elmer 13647 ('13947' in protologue) (K, lecto; BISH, NY, U, US), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Aug-1912. Distribution: Australia, ?Lesser Sunda Isls, ?Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, ?Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: ?Batangas, Camarines Sur, ?Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, ?Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Lanao del Norte (photos), MINDORO, ?NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Murraya omphalocarpa Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3 (1913) 51; Nguyen et al., BMC Evolutionary Biology 19 (2019) 236: 10; Mou et al., Taiwania 66 (2021) 394; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: ?New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela. Notes: Possibly a natural hybrid between Murraya lucida and Murraya paniculata (Nguyen et al. 2019), but see Mou et al. (2021). 0-500m. Native.
  4. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, Malayan Misc. 1 (1820) 31; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 336; Mou et al., Taiwania 66 (2021) 394; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 990; ≡ Chalcas paniculata L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 68; Type: from China. = Murraya exotica L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 563; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 269; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 336. Distribution: China, Philippines, ?Taiwan, Vietnam. BATAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Pantropic in cultivation. Orange Jasmine. P.B. Pelser (3-Jun-21): Murraya paniculata has recently been more narrowly delimited (e.g., Nguyen et al. 2019). Andrew Beattie (pers. comm., 5-Jul-21): It may have originated in China and Vietnam, but the natural distribution might have extended to Taiwan and the Philippines. 0m. Cryptogenic.
  5. Murraya sumatrana Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2 (1832) 374; Nguyen et al., BMC Evolutionary Biology 19 (2019) 236: 10; Mou et al., Taiwania 66 (2021) 395; Type: from Bangladesh. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. CEBU (photos), DINAGAT (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 150-225m (photos). Native.
  6. Murraya zollingeri (Tanaka) F.J.Mou, Taiwania 66 (2021) 395; ≡ Murraya paniculata var. zollingeri (Tanaka) Tanaka, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 16 (1937) 232; ≡ Chalcas paniculata var. zollingeri Tanaka, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 75 (1928) 710; Type: from Lesser Sunda Isls. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Philippines. Native.

Paramignya Wight

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 June 2018
  1. Paramignya longipedunculata Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 24; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 339; Type: FB 2146 Ahern’s Collector (PNH, holo, ?lost; NY, US, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINDORO. Notes: Low and medium elevation, in forested ravines and thickets. Common name: Luzon paramignya. Native.
  2. Paramignya mindanaensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 140; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 339; Type: M.S. Clemens 591 (PNH, holo, ?lost; NY, iso, also a possibly unnumbered Clemens duplicate at US), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. ≠ Paramignya grandiflora auct. non Wall. ex Oliv.; Tanaka (1932). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, SAMAR. Native.

Ruta L. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Ruta graveolens L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 383. Notes: Occasionally cultivated in Baguio and elsewhere. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Skimmia Thunb.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 August 2022
  1. Skimmia reevesiana (Fortune) Fortune, Journey China (1852) 329; ≡ Skimmia japonica ssp. reevesiana (Fortune) N.P.Taylor & Airy Shaw, Bot. Mag. (Kew Mag.) 4 (1987) 182; ≡ Skimmia japonica var. reevesiana (Fortune) N.P.Taylor, Bot. Mag. (Kew Mag.) 4 (1987) 183; ≡ Ilex reevesiana Fortune, Gard. Chron., 1st Ser. 1851 (1851) 5. = Skimmia philippinensis Masam., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 84 (1937) 91; Type: BS 37821 Ramos & Edaño (P), Luzon: Bontoc, Mt Pukis, Mar-1920. ≠ Skimmia japonica auct. non Thunb.; Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 201; PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 355; EPFP 2 (1923) 334. Distribution: China, Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province. Notes: Mossy forests on the higher mountains, 1700-2400m. Native.

Swinglea Merr. (Endemic)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 1 August 2019
  1. Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 8 (1927) 131; Tanaka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22 (1932) 424; ≡ Chaetospermum glutinosum (Blanco) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 3 (1913) 102; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 340; ≡ Belou glutinosa (Blanco) Skeels, Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 162 (1909) 26; ≡ Aegle glutinosa (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 6 (1904) 12; Fl. Manila (1912) 271; ≡ Limonia glutinosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 358; Type: wanting, candidate for neotype: Merrill, Sp. Blancoanae 607 (US 2 sheets). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, PALAWAN. Notes: In Luzon from Isabela to Quezon. Low and medium elevation thickets and secondary forests. Common name: Tabog, swinglea or boyag (in Tagalog language, Philippines). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.

Tetractomia Hook.f.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 October 2017
  1. Tetractomia tetrandra (Roxb.) Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 76 (1917) 87; T.G.Hartley, J. Arnold Arb. 60 (1979) 132; ≡ Melicope tetrandra Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2 (1832) 257. = Tetractomia acuminata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 265; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 330; Type: BS 35135 Ramos & Pascasio, Bucas Grande, 10-Jun-1919. = Tetractomia pachyphylla Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 19; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 330; Type: FB 26985 Ponce (US, iso), Dinagat: in thin poor soil on semi-open slopes, c. 20m, 22-Jul-1917. = Tetractomia philippinensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2813; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 331; Type: Elmer 13702 (BISH, L, MO, NA, NY, U, syn), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Cabadbaran, on a mossy-jungled ridge at 5500ft of Masay, Sep-1912; Elmer 13751 (BISH, L, MO, NA, NY 2 sheets, US, syn), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Cabadbaran, on a moss-covered ridge at 5750ft of Masay, Sep-1912. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BILIRAN, BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT (photos), LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests to exposed ridges to 1600-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Tetradium Lour.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 February 2018
  1. Tetradium glabrifolium (Champ. ex Benth.) T.G.Hartley, Gard. Bull. Singapore 34 (1981) 109; B.C.Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 46 (1994) 139; ≡ Boymia glabrifolia Champ. ex Benth., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3 (1851) 330. = Euodia meliifolia (Hance ex Walp.) Benth., Fl. Hongk. (1861) 58; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 329; ≡ Megabotrya meliifolia Hance ex Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 2 (1852) 259. = Eurycoma dubia Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 481; Type: Elmer 10120 (BISH, L, NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, on ridges at 3000ft, May-1908. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, NEGROS. Notes: Slopes and forested ridges, 900-1800m. Native.

Triphasia Lour.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 July 2017
  1. Triphasia grandifolia Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 458; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Type: BS 40822 Ramos (NY, US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Pinamalayan, in forest at low elevation, 27-May-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Notes: Known only from the type locality. Common name: unifoliate limeberry. Native.
  2. Triphasia trifolia (Burm.f.) P.Wilson, Torreya 9 (1909) 33; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 270; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 338; ≡ Limonia trifolia Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 103; Type: from Java. Distribution: APULIT, LUZON: Ilocos Norte (photos), Ilocos Sur (photos), Sorsogon (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, in many countries naturalized. Whether native to SE Asia and Malesia not certain. Throughout the Philippines in the settled areas, in thickets, in some places gregarious and abundant; apparently introduced. Common name: trifoliate limeberry, limeberry, or triphasia. Invasive species (CABI 2017). Naturalized.

Wenzelia Merr.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 June 2018
  1. Wenzelia brevipes Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 273; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 339; Type: Wenzel 1116 (US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Buenavista near Jaro, in forest, c. 500m, Sep-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BOHOL, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Surigao, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: (?-)500m. Native.
    • var. brevipes. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Damp forests. Common name: Philippine wenzelia. (?-)500m. Native.
    • var. alabatensis Swingle, J. Arnold Arbor. 21 (1940) 16; Type: BS 48054 Ramos and Edaño (A), Alabat. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT. Notes: Known only from the type locality. Native.

Zanthoxylum L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 17 December 2019
  1. Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(2) (1845) 138. Distribution: China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. BATAN. Native.
  2. Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 727. = Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 768; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 326. Distribution: India to China, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, MASBATE. Notes: On limestone thickets, cliffs and boulders, 1300-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Zanthoxylum asiaticum (L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen, Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 126 (2018) 43; ≡ Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2 (1797) 116; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 333; ≡ Paullinia asiatica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 365. Distribution: India to China, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Misamis Occidental, PALAWAN, PONEAS. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets, ascending to 1700m (Merr. 1923). Native.
  4. Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lam.) DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 726; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 326; ≡ Fagara avicennae Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1788) 445. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. DALUPIRI, ITBAYAT, LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Camarines, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Misamis, PALAUI, PALAWAN. Notes: In thickets and forests, chiefly at medium elevation, in Benguet ascending to 2200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Zanthoxylum integrifoliolum (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 327; ≡ Fagara integrifoliola Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 68. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAUI, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Batan and Luzon southward to Mindoro, Sibuyan and Samar. In forests and thickets from sea level to medium elevation. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Zanthoxylum iwahigense Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1833. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Native.
  7. Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Wall. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 496. = Zanthoxylum diabolicum Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 477; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 327. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Forest at low and medium elevation, ascending to 1250m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 727; ≡ Fagara nitida Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 439. = Zanthoxylum torvum F.Muell., Fragm. (Mueller) 7 (1871) 140; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 327. Distribution: Australia, Java, Moluccas, Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Isabela, Quezon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests and thickets. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. (Madras) 1 (1839) 169; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995). Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Known from Mt Capoas (Soejarto, Fernando & Reynoso 7667: A, F, PNH). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 728; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 327; ≡ Fagara rhetsa Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 438. = Zanthoxylum limonella (Dennst.) Alston, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6(Suppl.) (1931) 37; ≡ Tipalia limonella Dennst., Schlüssel Hortus Malab. (1818) 31. Distribution: India to Indochina and ?Malay Peninsula. BASILAN, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

References