Rosaceae

Argentina Hill.

1. Argentina papuana (Focke) Soják, Thaiszia 20 (2010) 95; ≡ Potentilla papuana Focke, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins Bremen 13 (1895) 162; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 294; Type: from New Guinea. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Alpine or subalpine grasslands. (2100-)2600-3900m. Native.
2. Argentina parvula (Hook.f. ex Stapf) Soják, Thaiszia 20 (2010) 95; ≡ Potentilla parvula Hook.f. ex Stapf, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 23 (1894) t.2294; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 294. = Argentina philippinensis (Merr.) Soják, Thaiszia 20 (2010) 95; ≡ Potentilla philippinensis Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 480; Type: Clemens 5006 (UC, holo), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulag, c. 2800m, seen in only one place on an old trail in the summit grasslands, associated with Schoenus (Cyperaceae), 24 to 27-Feb-1925. Distribution: Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Subalpine grassland. (2065-)2600-3800(-4100)m. Native.

Fragaria L. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Fragaria vesca L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 494; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 285. Distribution: Eurasia. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Commercially grown in N Luzon. Strawberry. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Malus Mill. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh., Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2 (1803) 1280; Hyland, Plant Inventory 169 (1967) 260; ≡ Pyrus baccata L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 75. Distribution: Continental Asia. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh., Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2 (1803) 1272; ≡ Pyrus malus var. domestica Suckow, Anfangsgr. Bot. 2 (1786) 322. Distribution: W Asia. Notes: Apple. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Photinia Lindl.

1. Photinia serratifolia (Desf.) Kalkman, Blumea 21 (1973) 424; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 315; ≡ Crataegus serratifolia Desf., Tabl. École Bot., 3rd Ed. (1829) 408. = Photinia serrulata Lindl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 13 (1821) 103; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 226. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Philippines, ?Sumatra, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Occidental, SIBUYAN. Notes: Mossy forests. 2500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Potentilla L.

1. Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf, Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6 (1904) 661; Kalkm., Blumea 16 (1968) 344; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 291; ≡ Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem., Hort. Reg. & Gard. Mag. 1 (1835) 460; ≡ Fragaria indica Andrews, Bot. Repos. 7 (1807) t.479. Distribution: Afghanistan, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Mostly in disturbed habitats: roadside, plantations, rarely in forest, rather often in damp and waste places. 700-2300m. Native.

Prunus L.

1. Prunus arborea (Blume) Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 90; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 329; ≡ Polydontia arborea Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826-1827) 1105. Distribution: LUZON: Aurora (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO. Notes: 0-3000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. arborea. = Pygeum euphlebium Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 311; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 232. = Pygeum merrillianum Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51 (1913) 206; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 233. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO. Notes: Primary and secondary forests. 0-1800m. Native.
2. Prunus clementis (Merr.) Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 70; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 334; ≡ Pygeum clementis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 227; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 232; Type: Clemens 760 (lecto); Clemens 990; both Mindanao. = Pygeum apoense Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1623; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 232; Type: Elmer 11729, Mindanao. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: Primary and secondary forests. 200-1050m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 74; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 335; ≡ Pygeum fragrans Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 475; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 232; Type: Elmer 7504 (lecto), Luzon. = Pygeum coccineum (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1621; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 232; ≡ Parinari coccinea Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 578; Type: Elmer 9787, Negros. = Pygeum megaphyllum Merr. ex Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1621; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 233; Type: BS 14923 Ramos, Luzon. Distribution: Philippines, ?Taiwan. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Primary and secondary forests. (150-)600-2100(-2500)m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Prunus grisea (Blume ex Müll.Berol.) Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 58; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 338; ≡ Pygeum griseum Blume ex Müll.Berol., Ann. Bot. Syst. 4 (1858) 642; Type: from Java. Distribution: BALABAC, BOHOL, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province (photos), Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-2500(-3400)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. grisea. = Pygeum decipiens Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51 (1913) 204; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 232. = Pygeum gitingense Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1625; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 233. = Pygeum preslii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 227; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 233; Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1621; ≡ Pygeum latifolium (C.Presl) Rehder, Bradl. Bibliogr. 2 (1912) 278, nom. illeg., non Miq.; ≡ Germaria latifolia C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 581; Type: Cuming 1815, Bohol. = Pygeum vulgare (Koehne) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 234; ≡ Pygeum preslii Merr. var. vulgare Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51 (1913) 203; Type: FB 1806 Borden, Luzon. Distribution: Java, Java Sea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, ?Taiwan. BALABAC, BOHOL, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary and secondary forests. 0-2500(-3400)m. Native.
   • var. tomentosa (Koord. & Valeton) Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 60; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 339; ≡ Pygeum latifolium var. tomentosum Koord. & Valeton, Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 5 (1900) 358; Type: from Java. = Pygeum microphyllum Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1626; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 233. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1300(-1650)m. Native.
5. Prunus javanica (Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1) (1855) 365; Kalkm., Blumea 13 (1965) 47; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 328; ≡ Cerasus javanica Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 2 (1851) 309; Type: from Java. = Prunus junghuhnianus Miq., Pl. Jungh. (1855) 402; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 234; Type: from Java. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Prunus kinabaluensis Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 64; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 339; Type: from Sabah. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON. Notes: Forests. 1300-2400m. Native.
7. Prunus marsupialis Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 71; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 341; ≡ Pygeum glandulosum Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 226; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 233; Type: R.S. Williams 642 (lecto); 25 syntypes, all Philippines. = Pygeum pubescens Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 359; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 234; Type: Wenzel 333 (lecto), Philippines. Both the epithet glandulosum and pubescens are not available in Prunus. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests and forest edges. 0-1100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Prunus pulgarensis (Elmer) Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 67; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 344; ≡ Pygeum pulgarense Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1626; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 234; Type: Elmer 13200, Palawan. = Pygeum monticolum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 312; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 233; Type: Whitford 1203, Luzon. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Mountain Province, PALAWAN. Notes: Montane forests. 1000-1200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
9. Prunus rubiginosa (Elmer) Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 72; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 345; ≡ Pygeum rubiginosum Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1624; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 234; Type: Elmer 11857 (holo); 14067, both Mindanao. = Pygeum elmerianum Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51 (1913) 206; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 232; Type: Elmer 12210, Sibuyan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 250-1200m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
10. Prunus subglabra (Merr.) Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 87; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 347; ≡ Pygeum subglabrum Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 395; Type: BS 45014 Ramos & Edaño (UC, holo; L, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulag, mossy forest, c. 2700m, 27-Feb-1925. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Mossy forests. 2400-2700m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Possibly present

1. Prunus spicata Kalkman, Blumea 13 (1965) 69; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 346; Type: from Sabah. Distribution: ?LUZON, ?MINDORO. Notes: A doubtful sterile specimen seen by Kalkman from Mindoro. 1100-1500m.

Incertae sedis

1. Prunus C; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 350. = Prunus luzoniensis Merr. & Quisumb., nom. inval., in sched.; Voucher: PNH 4337 Celestino. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Up to now the only Malesian specimen belonging to subgenus Padus. Partly open field, close to stream. 2000m. Native.
2. Prunus ramiflorum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 447; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 234; Type: Vanoverbergh 2820, Luzon: Mountain Province, Bauco, in forests, c. 1500m, 4-Apr-1913. Distribution: LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: Not treated in Kalkman’s Flora Malesiana revision. But according to Merrill (1914), “a characteristic species, recognizable by its eglandular leaves which are comparatively small and few-nerved, and its rather congested, paniculate, short inflorescences which are borne on the larger branches below the leaves, not on the ultimate branchlets”. Forests. 1500m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Prunus armeniaca L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 474. Distribution: LUZON. Notes: Occasionally cultivated in the Cordillera Highlands of N Luzon. Apricot. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Beytr. Entw. Gewächsreich 1 (1801) 30; ≡ Amygdalus persica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 472. Distribution: China. Notes: Cultivation spread from there, now cultivated wherever the climate is suitable; in Malesia rarely cultivated in montane areas; in the Philippines, grown to a limited scale in the Cordillera highlands. Peach. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Pyracantha M.Roem.

1. Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3 (1847) 220; Feng et al., Phytotaxa 478 (2021) 244; ≡ Mespilus crenulata D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 238. Distribution: China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Tibet. Notes: P.B. Pelser (27-Feb-21): This species is listed for the Philippines by Feng et al. (2021), but no specimens were cited. 200-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C.K.Schneid., Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1 (1906) 761; ≡ Cotoneaster angustifolius Franch., Pl. Delavay. (1889) 221; Type: from China. Distribution: China. LUZON. Notes: Known in Luzon from the Cordillera Highlands, Baguio-Bontoc Road, based on PNH 20368 Mendoza and Steenis 17923, collected from the same locality and date, apparently from cultivated plants, as well as PNH 39575 Steiner, probably collected in the same general locality. According to Kalkman, these specimens represent a glabrous form of Pyracantha angustifolia which is wild in Yunnan and is sometimes planted as an ornamental in Europe and N America. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Pyrus L. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 40 (1926) 564; Hyland, Plant Inventory 169 (1967) 260; ≡ Ficus pyrifolia Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 226. = Pyrus serotina Rehder, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 50 (1915) 231. Notes: Oriental pear. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Rhaphiolepis Lindl.

1. Rhaphiolepis oblongifolia (Merr. & Rolfe) B.B.Liu & J.Wen, Frontiers Pl. Sci. 10 (2020) 1731: 11; Liu et al., PhytoKeys 154 (2020) 41; ≡ Eriobotrya oblongifolia Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 102; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 226; Type: FB 4680 Mearns & Hutchinson (NY, lecto; US, isolecto), Mindanao: Misamis, Mt Malindang, May-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental. Notes: (?500-)2500m. Native.
2. Rhaphiolepis philippinensis (S.Vidal) Kalkman, Blumea 21 (1973) 434; Liu et al., PhytoKeys 154 (2020) 42; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 318; ≡ Pyrus philippinensis (S.Vidal) M.F.Fay & Christenh., Global Fl. 4 (2018) 115; ≡ Eriobotrya philippinensis S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 123; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 226; Type: Vidal 1350 (K, lecto; MA, isolecto), Luzon: Zambales, Santa Cruz. = Eriobotrya luzonensis (Merr.) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 5 (1924) 69; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 242; ≡ Photinia luzonensis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 18; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 226; Type: Merrill 3223 (NY, lecto; K, P), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Oct-1903. = Eriobotrya acuminatissima Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 5 (1924) 71; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 242; Type: BS 35622 Martelino & Edaño (A, lecto; BM, L, P, isolecto), Panay: Capiz, Mt Salibongbong, Jun-1919. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BOHOL, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: In forests, also on ultramafics near sea level. 0-2600m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Rhaphiolepis bibas (Lour.) Galasso & Banfi, Ital. Botanist 9 (2020) 66; Liu et al., PhytoKeys 154 (2020) 26; ≡ Crataegus bibas Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 319. = Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 13 (1821) 102; ≡ Mespilus japonicus Thunb., Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) (1784) 206; Type: from Japan. Distribution: China, Japan. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: China, there and in Japan cultivated for many years. Now throughout the tropics and subtropics cultivated as a fruit tree. In the Philippines, grown in Mountain Province, particularly common in the vicinity of Sagada, 1400-1500m. Loquat. Not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.

Rosa L.

1. Rosa lucieae Franch. & Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 10 (1871) 324; Kalkm., Blumea 21 (1973) 284; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (199) 305; Type: from Japan. = Rosa philippinensis Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 260; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 231; Type: Elmer 5794. = Rosa philippinensis var. depauperata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 260. Distribution: China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Thickets. 1200-1700m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
2. Rosa transmorrisonensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3 (1913) 97; Kalkm., Blumea 21 (1973) 284; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 11 (199) 305; Hung & Wang, Taiwania 67 (2022) 493; Type: from Taiwan. = Rosa luzoniensis Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 259; Type: BS 31876 (syn); Mearns 4300 (syn); BS 8336 McGregor (syn), Luzon: Benguet, Pauai. = Rosa luzoniensis var. parvifolia Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 259. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Thickets. 1200(-?)m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Rubus L.

1. Rubus benguetensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 296; LPB 2 (1908) 449; Focke, Bibl. Bot. 17, 72 (1910) 66; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 227; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 337; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 270; Type: Elmer 8383 (K, L, MO, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, in rock crevices of limestone outcroppings in the pine region at 4500ft, Mar-1907. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Benguet, Isabela, Mountain Province (photos). Notes: Montane thickets, on limestone. (150-)600-2900m. Native.
2. Rubus clementis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 139; Kalkm., Blumea 32 (1987) 325; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 253; ≡ Rubus lucens Focke ssp. clementis (Merr.) Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 18 (1911) 213; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 228; Type: M.S. Clemens 740 (PNH, holo, lost; K, US and as Clemens s.n. in G, iso), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Camp Keithley. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur. Notes: 150-1300(-1800)m. Native.
3. Rubus copelandii Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 194, as 'copelandi'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 227; Zandee & Kalkm., Blumea 27 (1981) 98; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 259; Type: Merrill 4810 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Pauai. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: More or less open spots in mossy forest, forest edges and thickets. 1700-2450m. Native.
4. Rubus cumingii Kuntze, Meth. Sp.-Beschr. Rubus (1879) 72; Focke, Bibl. Bot. 17, 72 (1910) 58; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 227; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 332; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 271; Type: Cuming s.n. (B, holo), Philippines. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon. Notes: Known only from the type which has no indicated definite locality on the label; according to Focke, this comes from Luzon. Native.
5. Rubus edanoi Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 14; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 227, as ‘edanoii’; Type: BS 26505 Ramos & Edaño (US, iso), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Mt Umingan. Mossy forest, c. 300m, 6-Sep-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija. Notes: Known only from the type. According to Merrill (1918), this is allied to Rubus cumingii Kuntze, from which it is distinguished at once, among other characters, by its sharply acuminate leaves. 300m. Native.
6. Rubus ellipticus Sm., Cycl. 30 (1815) n.16; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 227; Zandee & Kalkm., Blumea 27 (1981) 109; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 260; Type: from Nepal. Distribution: China, India, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Montane oak forest, pine forest and in secondary growth. 1000-2400m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Rubus fraxinifolius Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 6 (1804) 242; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 227; Zandee & Kalkm., Blumea 27 (1981) 87; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 261; Type: from Java. = Rubus fraxinifolius Poir. var. haightii Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 461; Type: a Mearns specimen from Pauai (Mr. Haight’s Place), Luzon. This may be BS 4459 Mearns, cited by Merrill under Rubus merrillii. = Rubus merrillii Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 18 (1911) 153; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 228; Type: BS 862 Merrill or BS 6637, Luzon: Benguet, Pauai. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan. BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: N Luzon to Mindanao. More or less open sites such as forest edges and gaps, along trails, streambanks, abandoned cultivations, etc. 0-2500m. Native.
8. Rubus heterosepalus Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 387; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 228; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 344; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 273; Type: BS 37609 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, ?lost; A, K, L, US, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Mt Polis, mossy forest, 1800m, Feb-1920. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Mossy forest and associated thickets. 1800-1900m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
9. Rubus luzoniensis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 195; Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 452; Focke, Bibl. Bot. 17, 72 (1910) 59; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 228; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 328; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 274; Type: Merrill 4596 (PNH, holo, lost; BO, K, L, NY, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Mt Data, Nov-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos). Notes: Mossy forest and associated clearings. 2000-2500m. Native.
10. Rubus mearnsii Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 448; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 353; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 228; Focke, Bibl. Bot. 17, 72 (1910) 74; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 341; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 275; Type: BS 4304 Mearns (?lost), Luzon: Benguet, Pauai near Mr Haights’ place, Jul-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Kalkman (1984) hints at some possibility that this taxon might be conspecific with Rubus benguetensis Elmer. Reported from mossy forest, but seen along roadside clearings. 2200-2400m. Native.
11. Rubus moluccanus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1197; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 346; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 275; Type: Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 5 (1747) 88, pl. 47, Fig. 2 (lecto). Distribution: BILIRAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-2000m. Native.
    • var. moluccanus. = Rubus vidalii Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 18 (1910) 98; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 230; Type: Cuming 750 (A, BM, K, L, NY, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Banahaw. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, ?Vietnam. CEBU, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Forest edges and gaps, secondary forests, streambanks, thickets, along trails, chiefly at medium to higher elevations, in the everwet regions down to near sea-level. 0-2900m. Native.
    • var. angulosus Kalkman, Blumea 29 (1984) 364; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 278; Type: from Banka. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: 0-500(-1000)m. Native.
    • var. discolor (Blume) Kalkman, Blumea 29 (1984) 359; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 278; ≡ Rubus sundaicus Blume var. discolor Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826-1827) 1111; Type: from Java. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Isabela, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-2000(-2900)m. Native.
    • var. obtusangulus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1) (1855) 383; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 362; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 280; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: (150-)900-2000(-3000)m. Native.
12. Rubus niveus Thunb., Rubo (1813) 9; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 229; Zandee & Kalkm., Blumea 27 (1981) 107; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 264; Type: from Java. Distribution: India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: (600-)1000-2900m. Native.
13. Rubus pectinellus Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, 3rd Sér. 17 (1872) 174; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 229; Zandee & Kalkm., Blumea 27 (1981) 78; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 284; Type: from Japan. Distribution: China, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO. Notes: Primary and secondary forests, also in mossy forest. 750-2750m. Native.
14. Rubus perfulvus Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 386; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 229; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 374; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 280; Type: BS 38566 Ramos & Edaño, Mindanao: Bukidnon, Mt Lipa. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Only known from the type collection (Mt Lipa). 2000m. Native.
15. Rubus pirifolius Sm., Pl. Icon. Ined. (1791) t.61; Focke, Bibl. Bot. 17, 72 (1910) 64; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 229; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 516; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 333; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 280; Type: from Java. = Rubus philippinensis Focke, LPB 5 (1913) 1617; Focke, Bibl. Bot. 17, 83 (1914) 28; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 229; Type: Elmer 13606 (PNH, holo, lost; A, BISH, BM, BO, GH, K, L, NY, P, U, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, moist stony soil of dense woods at 3750ft or between Duros & Cawilanan peaks, Aug-1912. = Rubus brevipetalus Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 450; Type: Elmer 10099 (PNH, holo, lost; A, BISH, BM, BO, K, L, NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, in humid woods at 4000ft, May-1908. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, NEGROS. Notes: Forest and forest edges. 500-1700(-2200)m. Native.
16. Rubus rolfei S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 171; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 281; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 371; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 281; Type: Cuming 808 (syn), Luzon: Tayabas; Vidal 294 (MA, syn), Luzon: Tayabas, Banahao de Lucban. = Rubus elmeri Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 18 (1909) 112; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 227; Type: Merrill 4651, BS 4305 Mearns, Luzon. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Forests and more open places like clearings at higher elevation. (900-)1500-2700m. Native.
17. Rubus rosifolius Sm., Pl. Icon. Ined. (1791) t.60, as 'rosaefolius'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 230; Zandee & Kalkm., Blumea 27 (1981) 81; Kalkm., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 265; Type: from Mauritius. = Rubus tagallus Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 2 (1827) 9; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 230; Type: Chamisso s.n. (LE, holo; B, iso), Luzon. = Rubus comintanus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 298; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 721 (L, neo), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban, Dec-1914. = Rubus apoensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1618; Type: Elmer 10464 (L, holo; NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, 4000ft, May-1909. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, India, ?Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: In open secondary places like clearings, forest edges, roadsides, landslides, grasslands, riverbanks, fallow gardens, also in shrubberies and rarely in the undergrowth of the lighter types of forest. 0-2000(-2900)m. Native.
18. Rubus sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3777; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 339; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1992) 282; Type: Elmer 14607 (A, BISH, BM, BO, K, L, MO, NY, P, U, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, climbing upon trees and sprawling over their tops in wet earth of deep woods at 1500ft, Oct-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Notes: Only known from the type on Mt Bulusan. 450m. Native.

Incertae sedis

1. Rubus mindanaensis Focke, Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20 (1917) 104; Type: Warburg 14483. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Notes: Considered by Focke to be related to Rubus niveus which, according to the material seen, is in the Philippines restricted to Luzon (Kalkman 1992). Native.
2. Rubus vanoverberghii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 448; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 230; Type: Vanoverbergh 2683 (PNH, holo, lost; K, US, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: Possibly represents Rubus glomeratus Blume in the Philippines (Kalkman 1984). Native.
3. Rubus zambalensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 451; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 231; Kalkm., Blumea 29 (1984) 385; Type: FB 8085 Curran & Merritt, Luzon: Zambales. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Zambales. Notes: The correct disposition of this name remains enigmatic. The type specimen obviously had only young flower buds and Elmer described them as placed in small glomerules and as subtended by a 4-lobed involucrum, which seems rather strange (Kalkman 1984). Native.

Stranvaesia Lindl.

1. Stranvaesia nussia (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Decne., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1st Sér. 10 (1874) 178; Li et al., J. Syst. Evol. (2019); ≡ Photinia nussia (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kalkman, Blumea 21 (1973) 429; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 11 (1993) 314; ≡ Pyrus nussia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 237. = Stranvaesia ambigua (Merr.) Nakai, J. Arnold Arbor. 5 (1924) 72; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 242; ≡ Eriobotrya ambigua Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 18; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 226; Type: FB 2796 Meyer, Luzon. Distribution: China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Ilocos Norte, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: 500-1800(-2500)m. Native.