Rhizophoraceae

Bruguiera Lam.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 July 2026
  1. Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1827) 92; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 348; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 147; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 467; ≡ Rhizophora cylindrica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 443. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Cambodia, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. APO, APULIT, BILIRAN, BUYAYAO (photos), CULION, DANJUGAN (photos), LUZON: Bulacan, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao Oriental (photos), Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, OLANGO, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, PUJADA. Notes: Mangrove swamps throughout the Philippines. Sea level. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. ex Savigny, Encycl. (Lamarck) 4 (1798) 696; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 146; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 461; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; ≡ Rhizophora gymnorrhiza L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 443. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, BUSUANGA (photos), CULION, DANJUGAN, GUIMARAS, HERMANA MAYOR, JOLO, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, La Union, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINASAWA, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, PONEAS, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUTU, SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI, TINAGO. Notes: Mangrove swamps throughout the Philippines. Common. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff., Trans. Med. Soc. Calcutta 8 (1836) 10; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 464; ≡ Rhizophora parviflora Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 461. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. DANJUGAN (photos), DINAGAT, LUZON: Batangas, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao del Sur, Misamis, Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Mangrove swamps throughout the Philippines. Sea level. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 4 (1816) 262; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 147; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 463; ≡ Rhizophora sexangula Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 297. = Bruguiera eriopetala Wight & Arn., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1 (1838) 368; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 347. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BORACAY (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora (photos), Bataan, Batangas (photos), Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, NCR, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Misamis, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Mangrove swamps throughout the Philippines. Sea level. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Carallia Roxb.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 September 2017
  1. Carallia borneensis Oliv., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 25 (1896) t.2459; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 484. = Carallia mindanaensis (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 146; ≡ Sagittipetalum mindanaense Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 247. = Sagittipetalum palawanense Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1830. Distribution: Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation primary forests. Native.
  2. Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr., PJS 15 (1919) 249; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 146; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 485; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 12; ≡ Diatoma brachiata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 296. = Carallia integrifolia J.Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay (1839) 68. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, BUCAS GRANDE, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, DINAGAT, DUMARAN, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines; chiefly in secondary forests, often common. 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Ceriops Arn.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 25 January 2025
  1. Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 306; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 144; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 469; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; ≡ Rhizophora tagal Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1825) 138. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Cambodia, India, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. APULIT, BASILAN, CULION, DAMMAI, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Bulacan, Cagayan, La Union, Quezon, MASBATE, MINASAWA, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Common. Sea level. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Ceriops zippeliana Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 143; Sheue et al., Blumea 54 (2009) 224; Type: from New Guinea. ≠ Ceriops decandra auct. non (Roxb. ex Griff.) Ding Hou; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 471, pro parte. Distribution: Java, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Batangas (photos), Quezon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PANAY (photos). Notes: Luzon to Mindanao. Edges of mangrove swamps, but relatively rare, and much less common than Ceriops tagal. Sea level. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Gynotroches Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 July 2026
  1. Gynotroches axillaris Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 127; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 144; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 488. = Gynotroches parvifolia Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 46; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 144. = Gynotroches puberula Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 333; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 144. = Gynotroches lanceolata Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 21; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 144. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BILIRAN, BUCAS GRANDE, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN (photos), CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland primary forests to mossy forests on exposed ridges. 0-2250m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Kandelia Wight & Arn.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 24 July 2021
  1. Kandelia candel (L.) Druce, Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles Rep. 3 (1914) 420; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 472; Primavera, et al. (2004) Handb. Mangroves Philip.-Panay 50; Malabrigo Jr. et al., PJS 150 (2021) 1121; ≡ Rhizophora candel L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 443. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, ?Vietnam. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: Muddy substrate along tidal creeks and rivers, associated with Nypa fruticans and Sonneratia alba. Sea level. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.

Pellacalyx Korth.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 May 2026
  1. Pellacalyx axillaris Korth., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 3 (1836) 20; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 148; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 493. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay. Notes: Forests. 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Pellacalyx lobbii (Hook.f.) A.Schimp., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(7) (1893) 54; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995); Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 491; ≡ Plaesiantha lobbii Hook.f., Gen. Pl. (Bentham & Hooker f.) 1 (1865) 681. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Notes: Known from Pagdanan Range (Soejarto & Fernando 7464, A, F, PNH). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Pellacalyx pustulata Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 47; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 148; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 492. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests from lowlands. 0-900m. Native.

Rhizophora L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 July 2026
  1. Rhizophora apiculata Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1827) 91; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 452. = Rhizophora candelaria DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 3 (1828) 32; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 145. = Rhizophora conjugata DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 3 (1828) 33; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 347; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 145. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. APO, APULIT, BASILAN, BILIRAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CATANDUANES, CORON, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Isabela (photos), La Union, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, MANAMOC, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, TONGKIL. Notes: Mangrove swamps throughout the Philippines. Common. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Rhizophora × lamarckii Montrouz., Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 10 (1860) 201; Primavera, Handbook of mangroves in the Philippines - Panay (2004) 64. Distribution: Australia, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka. BOHOL, CEBU, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Rhizophora apiculata × Rhizophora stylosa. Sea level. Native.
  3. Rhizophora mucronata Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 6 (1804) 189; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 347; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 145; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 453; Addenda, Corrigenda & Emendanda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1972) 966; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; Sitoy & Buenavista, Reinwardtia 23 (2024) 5. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. APULIT, BASILAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CATANDUANES, CULION, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Surigao del Norte (photos), MINDORO, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, PONEAS, SAMAR, SANTA CRUZ ISLS (photos), SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, TATAAN, TAWI-TAWI, TONGKIL. Notes: Mangrove swamps throughout the Philippines. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Rhizophora stylosa Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4 (1854) 665; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 456; ≡ Rhizophora mucronata var. stylosa (Griff.) Schimp., Bot. Mitt. Tropen 3 (1891) 92; Salvoza, Nat. Appl. Sc. Bull. Un. Philipp. 5 (1936) 218. Distribution: Australia, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan. BASILAN, CEBU, CORON, DANJUGAN (photos), HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos), Batangas (photos), MANAMOC, MINDANAO: Davao Occidental (photos), MINDORO, OLANGO, PUJADA (photos). Notes: Exclusively along sandy shores and coral terraces, facing the open sea. Sea level. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

References