Rhamnaceae

Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl.

1. Alphitonia philippinensis Braid, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925 (1925) 183; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 244; Kellermann, Swainsona 33 (2020) 139; Type: Elmer 9432 (K, lecto; CANB, L, MEL, NSW, isolecto), Negros: Dumaguete, Mar-1908. ≠ Alphitonia excelsa auct. non (Fenzl) Reissek ex T.Mitch.1; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 13; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 12. ≠ Alphitonia zizyphoides auct. non (Sol. ex Spreng.) A.Gray; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 525. Distribution: ?Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, ?New Guinea, Philippines. BALABAC, CAMIGUIN (photos), DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Benguet, Camarines, Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MANICANI, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Berchemia DC.

1. Berchemia philippinensis S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 91; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 524. = Berchemia elmeri C.K.Schneid., Pl. Wilson. 2 (1914) 220. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Isabela, Mountain Province, Pampanga, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Thickets on exposed slopes. 1200-1600m. Native.

Colubrina Rich. ex Brongn.

1. Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 1st Sér. 10 (1827) 369; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 309; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 525; Schirarend in Soepadmo & K.M.Wong, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 1 (1995) 311; ≡ Ceanothus asiaticus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 196. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BAGUAN, BASILAN, BORACAY (photos), CAOHAGAN DE SAMAR, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, PONEAS, SAMAR, SANTA CRUZ ISLS (photos), SIBUTU, SIDANAO, TAWI-TAWI, TICAO. Notes: Widespread throughout the Philippines; along seashores and borders of tidal streams. 0-5m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Gouania L.

1. Gouania fimbriata Reissek ex Lauterb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57 (1922) 338; Cahen et al., Kew Bull. 75 (2020) 25: 6; Type: Cuming 973 (W, lecto; K, isolecto), Luzon: Albay, 1836. ≠ Gouania domingensis auct. non L.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 196; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 245. ≠ Gouania microcarpa auct. non DC.; Rolfe, J. Bot. 23 (1885) 211, pro parte; S.Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 92, pro parte; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 309; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 245. ≠ Gouania javanica auct. non Miq.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 525, pro parte. ≠ Gouania tiliifolia auct. non Lam.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 526, pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: 0-450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Cahen et al. 2020). Native.
2. Gouania longipedunculata Cahen, Stenn & Utteridge, Kew Bull. 75 (2020) 25: 11; Type: Ramos BS 39368 (K, holo), Mindoro: Mt Calavite, Apr-1921. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: 0-670(-?)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Cahen et al. 2020). Native.
3. Gouania nematostachya Reissek ex Lauterb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57 (1922) 339; Cahen et al., Kew Bull. 75 (2020) 25: 14; Type: Cuming 1578 (W, lecto; K, L, P, WRSL, isolecto), Luzon: Batangas, 1837. = Gouania microcarpa DC. var. subglabra Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2801; Type: Elmer 11308 (A, lecto; E, K, L, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), Aug-1909. ≠ Gouania microcarpa auct. non DC.; Rolfe, J. Bot. 23 (1885) 211, pro parte; S.Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 92, pro parte. ≠ Gouania javanica auct. non Miq.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 525, pro parte. ≠ Gouania tiliifolia auct. non Lam.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 526, pro parte. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: 100-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Cahen et al. 2020). Native.

Maesopsis Engl. (Not native)

1. Maesopsis eminii Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C (1895) 255; Engl. & Prantl, Naturl. Pflanzenfam. 3, 5 (1895) 399. Distribution: Africa. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos). Notes: Introduced for reforestation. Naturalized.

Rhamnus L.

1. Rhamnus javanica Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1) (1856) 647; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995). Distribution: Java, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Known from Victoria Mtns (PNH 3830 Sulit) and Mt Mantalingahan (Edaño 1211). Native.
2. Rhamnus mollis Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 405; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 525. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: Mossy forest. 1800m. Native.
3. Rhamnus napalensis (Wall.) M.A.Lawson, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 640; ≡ Ceanothus napalensis Wall., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 375. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Benguet, Isabela, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Native.
4. Rhamnus philippinensis C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 342; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 524. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Thickets. 600-1800m. Native.
5. Rhamnus pulogensis Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 359; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 525. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal. Notes: Mossy forest. 1550m (photos), 2400m. Native.

Sageretia Brongn.

1. Sageretia hamosa (Wall.) Brongn., Mém. Fam. Rhamnées (1826) 53; Merrill, PJS 27 (1925) 35; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 253; ≡ Ziziphus hamosa Wall., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 369. Distribution: India, Java, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan. LUZON: Quezon. Native.
2. Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst., J. Arnold Arbor. 49 (1968) 378; ≡ Rhamnus thea Osbeck, Dagb. Ostind. Resa (1757) 232. = Sageretia theezans (L.) Brongn., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 1st Sér. 10 (1827) 360; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 524; ≡ Rhamnus theezans L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 207. Distribution: Africa, China, Continental Asia, Japan, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Vietnam. BOHOL, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Quezon (photos), Rizal, Zambales. Notes: Thickets. 900-1500m. Native.

Ventilago Gaertn.

1. Ventilago batanensis (Cahen & Utteridge) Cahen, Utteridge & Henry Mill., Kew Bull. 80 (2026) 897; ≡ Smythea batanensis Cahen & Utteridge, Kew Bull. 73 (2017) 2: 6; Type: BS 80170 Ramos (K, holo; K, iso), Batan Islands, Batanes, Mt Iraya, May-1930. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN. Notes: Elevation unknown. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Cahen & Utteridge 2017). Native.
2. Ventilago brunnea Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 25; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 521; Type: BS 29053 Ramos & Edaño (A, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Tayabas, Umiray River, 3-Jun-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Quezon, PANAY. Notes: Lowland forests. Native.
3. Ventilago dichotoma (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27 (1905) 32; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 521; ≡ Enrila dichotoma Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 709. = Kurrimia gracilis S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 89; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 284; Type: Vidal 1122 (MA, syn), Luzon: San Mateo. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests and thickets. Native.
4. Ventilago lanceata Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 4th Sér. 8 (1857) 121; ≡ Smythea lanceata (Tul.) Summerh., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928 (1928) 389; Type: from the Seychelles. = Smythea pacifica Seem., Bonplandia 9 (1861) 255; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 521. Distribution: Borneo, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sumatra. LUZON: Isabela, Quezon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, SIARGAO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Thickets on coastal coral limestone. 0-20m. Native.
5. Ventilago lanceolata Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 40; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 521; Type: BS 18646 McGregor (A, NY, US, iso), Biliran: 14-Jun-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN. Notes: Low elevation thickets near the seashore (Merrill 1915). 0m. Native.
6. Ventilago multinervia Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 369; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 521; Type: Wenzel 849, Leyte: Buenavista, near Jaro. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao. Notes: Lowland thickets. 500m. Native.
7. Ventilago oblongifolia Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826-1827) 1144; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 521; ≡ Smythea oblongifolia (Blume) Cahen & Utteridge, Kew Bull. 73 (2017) 2: 18; Type: from Indonesia (lecto). = Ventilago luzoniensis S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 90; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 521; Type: Vidal 198 (MA, lecto; K, L, isolecto), Luzon: Tarlac, La Paz. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Rizal, Tarlac, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland thickets and forests. 0-1450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Cahen & Utteridge 2017). Native.
8. Ventilago palawanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1829; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 521; Type: Elmer 13224 (A, F, GH, NY, US, iso), Palawan: Mt Pulgar. Primary forest along stream, c. 150m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Isabela, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests. 150m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Possibly present

1. Ventilago lucens Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 330; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 521. Distribution: ?Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: Known from Merrill 1105, in thickets or forests at low elevation. According to Merrill (1923), identification to Miquel’s species not certainly correct. Native.

Ziziphus Mill.

1. Ziziphus angustifolia (Miq.) Hatus. ex Steenis, Nova Guinea, Bot. 3 (1960) 13; Cahen et al., Kew Bull. 76 (2021) 771; ≡ Solenostigma angustifolium Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 412; Type: from Sumatra. = Ziziphus inermis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 37; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 522; Type: FB 3075 Ahern's collector (NY, lecto; US, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, May-1905. = Ziziphus grewioides (Warb.) Perry, Blumea 7 (1954) 595; ≡ Celtis grewioides Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13 (1891) 287; Type: from New Guinea. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Lanao, Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at low elevation. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Cahen et al. 2021). Native.
2. Ziziphus crebrivenosa C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 201; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 522; Schirarend in Soepadmo & K.M.Wong, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 1 (1995) 318; Cahen et al., Kew Bull. 76 (2021) 781; Type: Williams 2335 (NY, lecto; K, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, 21-Feb-1905. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. CEBU, LUZON: Camarines Sur (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests along streams at low and medium elevation. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (Cahen et al. 2021). Native.
3. Ziziphus cumingiana Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 206; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 522; Schirarend in Soepadmo & K.M.Wong, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 1 (1995) 317; Type: Cuming 453 (L, lecto; L, MEL, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, Calawang [Calauan], 1836-1840. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. ALABAT, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao, Lanao del Norte, Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-300m. Native.
   • var. cumingiana; Cahen et al., Kew Bull. 76 (2021) 782. = Ziziphus bulusanensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 522, nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao, Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation thickets and forests. 0-300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Cahen et al. 2021). Native.
   • var. pilosa Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 522. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Lowland forests. Native.
4. Ziziphus horsfieldii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1) (1856) 643; Cahen et al., Kew Bull. 76 (2021) 791; Type: from Java. = Ziziphus palawanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1828; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 523; Type: Elmer 12891 (A, lecto; F, GH, L, NY, P, U, US, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Pincesa, Mt Pulgar, Mar-1911. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sumatra. CEBU (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 30-520m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Cahen et al. 2021). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
5. Ziziphus hutchinsonii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 288; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 522. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Davao, Zamboanga, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Low elevation forests. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
6. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1789) 319. = Ziziphus jujuba Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1789) 318, nom. illeg., non Mill.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 308; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 523. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (photos). Notes: Widely distributed in the Philippines as a cultivated or semi-cultivated tree, scarcely naturalized, here universally known as manzanitas. Naturalized.
7. Ziziphus otanesii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 40; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 523; Type: BS 17964 Otañes. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan. Notes: Lowland thickets or forests. Native.
8. Ziziphus suluensis Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 408; Schirarend in Soepadmo & K.M.Wong, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 1 (1995) 318; Cahen et al., Kew Bull. 76 (2021) 799; Type: BS 44295 Ramos & Edaño (UC, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Tawi-tawi, 5-Aug-1924. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Possibly synonymous with Ziziphus havilandii Ridl. (Cahen et al. 2021). Lowland forests. 5-1500m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (Cahen et al. 2021). Native.
9. Ziziphus talanai (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 244; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 523; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Rhamnus talanai Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 170. = Ziziphus zonulata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 120; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 308. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas (photos), Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Throughout the Philipines; common in lowland forests. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
10. Ziziphus trinervis (Cav.) Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 3 (1813) 192; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 308; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 523; ≡ Rhamnus trinervis Cav., Icon. (Cavanilles) 6 (1800) 3. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: Common in low elevation forests and thickets. Native.