Rafflesiaceae

Rafflesia R.Br.

1. Rafflesia aurantia Barcelona, Co & Balete, Gard. Bull. Singapore 61 (2009) 18; Type: Bartolome & Balete 2543 (PNH, holo; PUH, SING, US, iso), Luzon: Quirino, Sierra Madre Mtn Range, Quirino Protected Landscape, Nagtipunan, Brgy Matmad, Sitio Mangitagud, c. 450m, disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest, c. 5m away from embankment of boulder-strewn creek, 11-Jun-2004. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quirino. Notes: Known only from the type collection. 450m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
2. Rafflesia baletei Barcelona & Cajano, Kew Bull. 61 (2006) 232; Type: Candelaria et al. 5526 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, K, SING, US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Ocampo, Brgy del Rosario, Mt Isarog National Park, ridge above Luksohon River, secondary forest dominated by abaca (Musa textilis Nees), 545-560m, 14-Mar-2005. = Rafflesia camarinensis F.B.Valenz., Jaucian-Adan, Agoo & Madulid, Philipp. J. Syst. Biol. 10 (2016) 2; Type: Jaucian-Adan & Valenzuela 101 (PNH, holo), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Asog, 400m, 11-Feb-2016. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur. Notes: Rocky riparian habitats and secondary vegetation covered with Musa textilis and bamboos. Fl. mostly Dec-May. 400-600m. DAO category: Endangered. Native.
3. Rafflesia banaoana Malabrigo, Asia Life Sci. Suppl. 4 (2010) 140; Tobias et al., Phytotaxa 612 (2023) 205; Type: Malabrigo 605 (LBC, holo), Luzon: Kalinga, Balbalasang National Park, 4-May-2009. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Kalinga. Notes: 1100-1400m. Conservation status: Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
4. Rafflesia consueloae Galindon, Ong & Fernando, PhytoKeys 61 (2016) 39; Type: Fernando & Galindon 3373 (PNH, holo; PUH, iso), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Pantabangan, Brgy Fatima, Mt Balukbok, 19-Mar-2014. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Nueva Ecija. Notes: 325-1160m (photos). Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Galindon et al. 2016; Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
5. Rafflesia lagascae Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 595; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 120, pro parte, as to Luzon plants only; Pancho, Vasc. Fl. Mt Makiling & Vicinity 1 (1983) 312; Meijer, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 27, pro parte, as to Luzon plants only; Type: Azaola s.n. (not extant); Barcelona 3819 with Pelser (CHR, neo), Luzon, Quezon, Dolores, Brgy Kinabuhayan, Bangkong Kahoy Valley, Mts. Banahaw – San Cristobal Protected Landscape, ca. 700 m, 3-April-2013. = Rafflesia panchoana Madulid, Buot & Agoo, Acta Manilana 55 (2008) 43; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 535 (leg. W.H. Brown) (US 904212, holo, cited in error in the protologue as ‘US0090412’), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: Lowland and hill forests. 50-1110m. Reported from Bulacan by Jayrald Villas Gatdula. Some argue that the name R. lagascae was not validly published and have used the name R. panchoana for this species instead (e.g. Madulid et al. 2023). Some of those who have this opinion seem to think that the name R. lagascae is invalid because Blanco did not intend to publish this species. However, there is no evidence that supports this view. Furthermore, even if Blanco did not intend to publish R. lagascae, this does not make the name invalid, because the International Code of Nomenclature does not mention this as a reason for considering a name invalid. Article 36.1 of the ICN only states “A name is not validly published when it is not accepted by its author in the original publication” and the protologue of R. lagascae does not provide evidence that Blanco did not accept this name. Madulid et al. (2023) state that "R. lagascae is a superfluous and illegitimate name and should be rejected, because its type refers to the same type as R. philippensis published in the main body of the Flora." This comment refers to the statement at the end of the protologue of R. lagascae that Blanco also saw different specimens from the province of Leyte that were smaller, but looked similar: "De la provincia de Leite se me remitieron otras mas pequeñas, añade, iguales y semejantes...". Madulid at al. (2023) conclude that these specimens from Leyte are the same ones as mentioned in the protologue of R. philippensis. However, in our view, these specimems from Leyte should not be considered type specimens of R. lagascae, because Blanco's text does not make it clear that he considered these conspecific with Azaola's plant from Mt. Banahaw. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Malabrigo et al. 2023, as Rafflesia panchoana). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
6. Rafflesia leonardi Barcelona & Pelser, Blumea 53 (2008) 223; Tobias et al., Phytotaxa 612 (2023) 207; Type: Barcelona et al. 3355 (PNH, holo; L, US, PUH, iso), Luzon: Cagayan, Baggao, Bolos Point, lowland dipterocarp forest, 270-300m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Cagayan. Notes: 140-300m to 786m (photos). Conservation status: Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
7. Rafflesia lobata R.Galang & Madulid, Folia Malaysiana 7 (2006) 1; Type: Galang et al. 001 (PNH, holo), Panay: Antique, Sebaste, Brgy Idio, Mt Igtuog, 24-Jun-2006. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: Intact to severely degraded rainforest. Mostly in gullies, on roots and climbing shoots of its host. Fl. the whole year round but optimally said to be Feb-Jun. 400-1220m. Conservation status: Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
8. Rafflesia manillana Teschem., Boston J. Nat. Hist. 4 (1841) 63; Madulid & Agoo, Philip. Scientist 44 (2008), 57; ≡ Rafflesia cumingii R.Br., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 19 (1844) 243, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Type: Navarro s.n. (A, lost?), Leyte (but most likely Samar), Basei (Basey). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests. 410-490m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
9. Rafflesia mira Fernando & Ong, Asia Life Sci. 14 (2005) 267; Type: Fernando & Ng 1654 (LBC, holo), Mindanao: Compostela Valley, Mt Candalaga, midmontane forest, c. 900m, on steep slopes c. 15m from a waterfall. = Rafflesia magnifica Madulid, Tandang & Agoo, Acta Manilana 53 (2006) 1; Type: PNH 173373 Badilla (PNH, holo), Mindanao: Compostela Valley, Maragusan, Brgy New Leyte, Mt Candalaga, lowland evergreen forest, 880-900m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro. Notes: In semi-open habitats, especially near waterfalls, in mid-montane rain forests. 880-1270m. Conservation status: Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
10. Rafflesia mixta Barcelona, Manting, Arbolonio, R.B.Caball. & Pelser, Phytotaxa 174 (2014) 273; Type: Arbolonio & Caballero 5 (PNH, holo; Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, iso), Mindanao: Caraga Region, Surigao del Norte Province, Mainit, Brgy Cantugas, Sarawag, lowland evergreen forest interior, on steep slopes with loose soil, c. 622 m, 7-Jun-2014. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Davao de Oro, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur. Notes: 360-630m. Conservation status: Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
11. Rafflesia philippensis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 565; Barcelona et al. Blumea 54 (2009) 87; Type: Azaola s.n. (not preserved); Barcelona, Cajano & Mendua 3345 (PNH, neo; CAHUP, isoneo). = Rafflesia banahawensis Madulid, Villariba & Agoo, Philipp. Scientist 43 (2007) 45; Type: MEUF 101 (PNH, holo). = Rafflesia banahaw Barcelona, Pelser & Cajano, Blumea 52 (2007) 346; Type: Barcelona, Cajano & Mendua 3345 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, iso). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Rizal. Notes: Despite the fact that a validly published older name is available (i.e. Rafflesia philippensis Blanco), some authors continue to use the name Rafflesia banahawensis Madulid, Villariba & Agoo for this species (e.g. Malabrigo et al. 2023). Madulid et al. (2023) pointed out that the protologue of R. philippensis describes male flowers from Mt. Banahaw and female flowers from Leyte and that this is problematic, because the protologue of R. philippensis might therefore be a mixture of the characters of two species. See further notes about Rafflesia publications by Blanco under Rafflesia lagascae. Disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest, on steep slopes, along trails and beside seasonal creeks and rivers on well-drained sandy soil with dense herbaceous covering or thick leaf litter. 670-750m. Conservation status: Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023, as Rafflesia banahawensis). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
12. Rafflesia schadenbergiana Göpp. ex Hieron., Gartenflora 34 (1885) 3; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 121; Meijer, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 27; Type: Schadenberg & Koch s.n. (Hieronymus s.n.) (K, holo; WRSL, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, near Mt Apo, 800m, 1882. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, South Cotabato. Notes: Primary as well as degraded secondary forest. 550-1230m. Conservation status: Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
13. Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona & Fernando, Kew Bull. 57 (2002) 648; Type: Barcelona 1221 (PNH, holo; LBC, iso), Panay: Antique, Sibalom Natural Park, Mt Poras. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: 190-1090m. Conservation status: Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
14. Rafflesia verrucosa Balete, Pelser, Nickrent & Barcelona, Phytotaxa 10 (2010) 50; Type: Balete 17 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, F, L, SING, US, iso), Mindanao Island: Davao Oriental, Mun Manay (also known as Man-ay), Mt Kampalili. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato. Notes: 1050-1550m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Malabrigo et al. 2023). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.