Rafflesiaceae

Rafflesia R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 June 2022

Rafflesia aurantia Barcelona, Co & Balete, Gard. Bull. Sing. 61(1) (2009) 18; Type: Bartolome & Balete 2543 (PNH, holo; PUH, SING, US, iso), Luzon: Quirino, Sierra Madre Mtn Range, Quirino Protected Landscape, Nagtipunan, Brgy Matmad, Sitio Mangitagud, c. 450m, disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest, c. 5m away from embankment of boulder-strewn creek, 11-Jun-2004. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quirino. Notes: Known only from the type collection. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia baletei Barcelona & Cajano, Kew Bull. (2006) 232; Type: Candelaria et al. 5526 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, K, SING, US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Ocampo, Brgy del Rosario, Mt Isarog National Park, ridge above Luksohon River, secondary forest dominated by abaca (Musa textilis Nees), 545-560m, 14-Mar-2005. = Rafflesia camarinensis F.B.Valenz., Jaucian-Adan, Agoo & Madulid, Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 10 (2016) 2; Type: Jaucian-Adan & Valenzuela 101 (PNH, holo), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Asog, 400m, 11-Feb-2016. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur. Notes: Rocky riparian habitats and secondary vegetation covered with Musa textilis and bamboos, 500-560m. Fl. mostly Dec-May. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia consueloae Galindon, Ong & Fernando, PhytoKeys 61 (2016) 39; Type: Fernando & Galindon 3373 (PNH, holo; PUH, iso), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Pantabangan, Brgy Fatima, Mt Balukbok, 19-Mar-2014. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija. Conservation status: Critically Endangered B1+2bc (Galindon et al. 2016). Native.
Rafflesia lagascae Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 595; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 120, pro parte, as to Luzon plants only; Pancho, Vasc. Fl. Mt Makiling & Vicinity 1 (1983) 312; Meijer, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 27, pro parte, as to Luzon plants only; Type: Azaola s.n. (not extant); Barcelona 3819 with Pelser (CHR, neo), Luzon, Quezon, Dolores, Brgy Kinabuhayan, Bangkong Kahoy Valley, Mts. Banahaw – San Cristobal Protected Landscape, ca. 700 m, 3-April-2013. = Rafflesia panchoana Madulid, Buot & Agoo, Acta Manillana 55 (2008) 43; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 535 (leg. W.H. Brown) (US 904212, holo, cited in error in the protologue as ‘US0090412’), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Quezon. Notes: Lowland and hill forests, up to c. 1000m. Reported from Bulacan by Jayrald Villas Gatdula. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia leonardi Barcelona & Pelser, Blumea 53 (2008) 223; Type: Barcelona et al. 3355 (PNH, holo; L, US, PUH, iso), Luzon: Cagayan, Baggao, Bolos Point, lowland dipterocarp forest, 270-300m. = ?Rafflesia banaoana Malabrigo, Asia Life Sciences Suppl. 4 (2010) 140; Type: Malabrigo 605 (LBC, holo), Luzon: Kalinga-Apayao, Balbalasang National Park, 4-May-2009. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Kalinga-Apayao. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). P.B. Pelser (10-Apr-2022): research on determining if Rafflesia banaoana is taxonomically distinct from Rafflesia leonardi is ongoing. Native.
Rafflesia lobata R.Galang & Madulid, Folia Malaysiana 7 (2006) 1; Type: Galang et al. 001 (PNH, holo), Panay: Antique, Sebaste, Brgy Idio, Mt Igtuog, 24-Jun-2006. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: Intact to severely degraded rainforest, 400-800m, mostly in gullies, on roots and climbing shoots of its host. Fl. the whole year round but optimally said to be Feb-Jun. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia manillana Teschem., Boston J. Nat. Hist. 4 (1841) 63; Madulid & Agoo, Philip. Scientist 44 (2008), 57; ≡ Rafflesia cumingii R.Br., Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 19 (1844) 243, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Type: Navarro s.n. (A, lost?), Leyte (but most likely Samar), Basei (Basey). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests, up to c. 1000m. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia mira Fernando & Ong, Asia Life Sciences 14 (2005) 267; Type: Fernando & Ng 1654 (LBC, holo), Mindanao: Compostela Valley, Mt Candalaga, midmontane forest, c. 900m, on steep slopes c. 15m from a waterfall. = Rafflesia magnifica Madulid, Tandang & Agoo, Acta Manillana 53 (2006) 1; Type: PNH 173373 Badilla (PNH, holo), Mindanao: Compostela Valley, Maragusan, Brgy New Leyte, Mt Candalaga, lowland evergreen forest, 880-900m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro. Notes: In semi-open habitats, especially near waterfalls, in mid-montane rain forests at c. 900 m. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia mixta Barcelona, Manting, Arbolonio, R.B.Caball. & Pelser, Phytotaxa 174 (2014) 273; Type: Arbolonio & Caballero 5 (PNH, holo; Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, iso), Mindanao: Caraga Region, Surigao del Norte Province, Mainit, Brgy Cantugas, Sarawag, lowland evergreen forest interior, on steep slopes with loose soil, c. 622 m, 7-Jun-2014. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia philippensis Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 565; Barcelona et al. Blumea 54 (2009) 87; Type: Azaola s.n. (not preserved); Barcelona, Cajano & Mendua 3345 (PNH, neo; CAHUP, isoneo). = Rafflesia banahawensis Madulid, Villariba & Agoo, Philipp. Scientist 43 (2007) 45; Type: MEUF 101 (PNH, holo). = Rafflesia banahaw Barcelona, Pelser & Cajano, Blumea 52 (2007) 346; Type: Barcelona, Cajano & Mendua 3345 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, iso). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest, on steep slopes, along trails and beside seasonal creeks and rivers on well-drained sandy soil with dense herbaceous covering or thick leaf litter. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia schadenbergiana Göpp. ex Hieron., Gartenflora 34 (1885) 3; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 121; Meijer, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 27; Type: Schadenberg & Koch s.n. (Hieronymus s.n.) (K, holo; WRSL, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, near Mt Apo, 800m, 1882. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, South Cotabato. Notes: Primary as well as degraded secondary forest. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona & Fernando, Kew Bull. 57 (2002) 648; Type: Barcelona 1221 (PNH, holo; LBC, iso), Panay: Antique, Sibalom Natural Park, Mt Poras. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS, PANAY. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Rafflesia verrucosa Balete, Pelser, Nickrent & Barcelona, Phytotaxa 10 (2010) 50; Type: Balete 17 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, F, L, SING, US, iso), Mindanao Island: Davao Oriental, Mun Manay (also known as Man-ay), Mt Kampalili. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato. Notes: Southeastern slope of Mt Kampalili, between 1350 and 1550m in montane forest in relatively rocky and moderately sloping terrain. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.

References

📋 Balete DS, PB Pelser, DL Nickrent & JF Barcelona. 2010. Rafflesia verrucosa (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of small-flowered Rafflesia from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 10: 49-57
📋 Barcelona JF & ES Fernando. 2002. A new species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) from Panay Island, Philippines. Kew Bulletin 57: 647-651
📋 Barcelona JF, MAO Cajano & AS Hadsall. 2006. Rafflesia baletei, another new Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) from the Philippines. Kew Bulletin 61: 231-237
📋 Barcelona JF, MME Manting, RB Arbolonio, RB Caballero & PB Pelser. 2014. Rafflesia mixta (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Surigao del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 174: 272-278
📋 Barcelona JF, PB Pelser & MAO Cajano. 2008. Rafflesia banahaw (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea 52: 345-350
Barcelona JF, PB Pelser, AM Tagtag, RG Dahonog & AP Lilangan. 2008. The rediscovery of Rafflesia schadenbergiana Göpp. ex Hieron. (Rafflesiaceae). Flora Malesiana Bulletin 14: 162-165.
📋 Barcelona JF, PB Pelser, DS Balete & LL Co. 2009. Taxonomy, ecology, and conservation status of Philippine Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Blumea 54: 77-93
📋 Barcelona JF, PB Pelser, E Cabutaje & NA Bartolome. 2008. Another new species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) from Luzon, Philippines: R. leonardi. Blumea 53: 223-228
📋 Barcelona, JF, DS Balete, MAO Cajano, LL Co, DL Nickrent & PB Pelser. 2020. Distribution map of Philippine Rafflesia, version June 2, 2022. A0 size (jpeg)
📋 Barcelona, JF, ES Fernando, DL Nickrent, DS Balete & PB Pelser. 2011. An amended description of Rafflesia leonardi and a revised key to Philippine Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Phytotaxa 24: 11-18
📋 Barcelona, JF, LL Co, DS Balete & NA Bartolome. 2009. Rafflesia aurantia (Rafflesiaceae): a new species from northern Luzon, Philippines. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 61: 17-27
📋 DENR Administrative Order. 2017. Updated national list of threatened Philippine plants and their categories. DAO 2017-11
David, M, AC de Jesus & JF Barcelona. 2011. Rafflesia of the Philippines: a story of adventure, appetite, and affinity. Energy Development Corporation (EDC), Manila.
📋 Fernando, ES & PS Ong. 2005. The genus Rafflesia R. Br. (Rafflesiaceae) in the Philippines. Asia Life Sciences 14: 263-270
Galang, R & DA Madulid. 2006. A second new species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) from Panay Island, Philippines. Folia Malaysiana 7: 1-8.
📋 Galindon JMM, PS Ong & ES Fernando. 2016. Rafflesia consueloae (Rafflesiaceae), the smallest among giants; a new species from Luzon Island, Philippines. PhytoKeys 61: 37-46
📋 Madulid DA, & EMG Agoo. 2007. On the identity of Rafflesia manillana Teschem. (Rafflesiaceae). Philippine Scientist 44: 57-70
Madulid DA, C Villariba-Tolentino & EMG Agoo. 2006. Rafflesia banahawensis (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Philippine Scientist 43: 43-51.
📋 Madulid DA, DN Tandang & EMG Agoo. 2005. Rafflesia magnifica (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Acta Manilana 53: 1-6
📋 Madulid DA, IE Buot & EMG Agoo. 2007. Rafflesia panchoana (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Luzon Island, Philippines. Acta Manilana 55: 43-47
Madulid, DA & EMG Agoo. 2014. On the taxonomic status of Rafflesia magnifica and R. mira (Rafflesiaceae) in the Philippines. Folia Malaysiana 14:65-74.
📋 Madulid, DA & EMG Agoo. 2015. A critical review of the taxonomic status of Rafflesia philippensis Blanco (Rafflesiaceae) from the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 9: 1-6
📋 Madulid, DA, IE Buot & EMG Agoo. 2012. The Philippine Rafflesia panchoana from Mt. Makiling, Luzon, and R. manillana from Basey, Samar, compared (Rafflesiaceae). Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 6: 43-45
Malabrigo, P. 2010. Rafflesia banaoana (Rafflesiaceae): another new species from Luzon, Philippines. Asia Life Sciences Supplement 4: 139-145.
📋 Meijer, W. 1997. Rafflesiaceae. Flora Malesiana series 1, 13: 1-42
Nais, J. 2001. Rafflesia of the World. Sabah Parks, Kota Kinabalu.
📋 Pelser, PB, DL Nickrent & JF Barcelona. 2016. Untangling a vine and its parasite: host specificity of Philippine Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae). Taxon 65: 739-758
📋 Pelser, PB, DL Nickrent & JF Barcelona. 2018. A conservation genetic study of Rafflesia speciosa (Rafflesiaceae, Philippines): patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation within and between islands. Blumea 63: 93-101
Pelser, PB, DL Nickrent, BW van Ee & JF Barcelona. 2019. A phylogenetic and biogeographic study of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) in the Philippines: Limited dispersal and high island endemism. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 139: 106555.
📋 Pelser, PB, DL Nickrent, CEC Gemmill & JF Barcelona. 2017. Genetic diversity and structure in the Philippine Rafflesia lagascae complex (Rafflesiaceae) inform its taxonomic delimitation and conservation. Systematic Botany 42: 543-553
📋 Pelser, PB, DL Nickrent, JRC Callado & JF Barcelona. 2013. Mt. Banahaw reveals: the resurrection and neotypification of the name Rafflesia lagascae (Rafflesiaceae) and clues to the dispersal of Rafflesia seeds. Phytotaxa 131: 35-40
📋 Valenzuela, FB, GG Jaucian-Adan, EMG Agoo & DA Madulid. 2017. Rafflesia camarinensis (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Mt. Asog, Camarines Sur, Luzon Island, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology 10: 1-5