Poaceae

Gramineae

Acroceras Stapf

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 September 2017
  1. Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 444; ≡ Panicum munroanum Balansa, J. Bot. (Morot), 1st Sér. 4 (1890) 140. = Panicum crassiapiculatum Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 356; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 63. Distribution: India, Java, Sri Lanka to China. BALABAC, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, PALAWAN. Notes: In thickets and along trails in forests at low elevation. Native.

Agrostis L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 November 2020
  1. Agrostis gigantea Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1 (1788) 31. = Agrostis stolonifera var. ramosa (Gray) Veldkamp, Blumea 28 (1982) 223; ≡ Vilfa alba var. ramosa Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2 (1822) 145. ≠ Agrostis alba auct. non L.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 81. ≠ Agrostis stolonifera auct. non L.; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 273. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, China, Europe, Korea, Middle East, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Thailand, W Asia. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Naturalized in the Philippines, along trails in open forest. 1500m. Naturalized.
  2. Agrostis infirma Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 342. = Agrostis rigidula Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 171; Veldkamp, Blumea 28 (1982) 214. = Agrostis elmeri Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 7; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 375; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 328; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 81; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 53. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: 671-2800m. Native.
    • var. infirma. Distribution: China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. LUZON, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, NEGROS. Notes: In Luzon in the Cordillera highlands. 1600-2800m. Native.

Alloteropsis J.Presl

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 November 2022
  1. Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 487; ≡ Milium cimicinum L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 184. Distribution: Africa to China and Australia. CEBU, LUZON, MINDANAO: Cotabato. Notes: 730m. Native.
  2. Alloteropsis semialata (R.Br.) Hitchc., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12 (1909) 210; Chase, Proc. BioI. Soc. Wash. 24 (1911) 159; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 70; Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 53; ≡ Panicum semialatum R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 192. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, MINDORO. Notes: (?-)30-1800m. Native.
    • ssp. semialata. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO. Notes: Perennials. Open grassy slopes at low and medium elevation. (?-)1800m. Native.

Ancistrachne S.T.Blake

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 8 September 2017
  1. Ancistrachne ancylotricha (Quisumb. & Merr.) S.T.Blake, Pap. Dept. Biol. Univ. Queensland. 1 (1941) 6; ≡ Panicum ancylotrichum Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 135; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 55. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental. Notes: only known from one collection, Clemens 266 from Mati. In thickets or open lands, c. 650m. Native.

Andropogon L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 November 2020
  1. Andropogon gayanus Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 163. Distribution: Africa. Naturalized.
    • var. bisquamulatus (Hochst.) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 448; ≡ Andropogon bisquamulatus Hochst., Flora 27 (1844) 245. Distribution: Africa. Naturalized.
    • var. gayanus. Distribution: Africa. Naturalized.

Aniselytron Merr.

  1. Aniselytron agrostoides Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 329; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 82; ≡ Aulacolepis agrostoides (Merr.) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4 (1935) 30. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 2400-2800m. Easily confused with Agrostis infirma. Native.

Anthoxanthum L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser 8 September 2017
  1. Anthoxanthum horsfieldii (Kunth ex Benn.) Mez ex Reeder, J. Arnold Arbor. 31 (1950) 325; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17 (1921) 291, nom. inval., nom. nud.; ≡ Ataxia horsfieldii Kunth ex Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. (Bennett) (1838) 8. = Anthoxanthum horsfieldii var. luzoniense (Merr.) Y.Schouten, Blumea 30 (1985) 337; ≡ Anthoxanthum luzoniense Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 178; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 78; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 55. Distribution: China, India, Java, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: In open grasslands and forest edges, 2000-2800m. Native.

Apluda L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 8 November 2022
  1. Apluda mutica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 82; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 79; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 36. = Apluda mutica var. aristata (L.) Rendle ex Forbes & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36 (1904) 279; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 80; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 36; ≡ Apluda aristata L., Cent. Pl. II (1756) 7. = Calamina humilis J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 344. Distribution: Afghanistan, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, W Asia. BATANES, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CEBU, CULION, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SABTANG, SAMAR, SIASI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in thickets and open grasslands. 3-2000m. Native.

Aristida L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 16 February 2026
  1. Aristida chinensis Munro, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 4 (1860) 363. Distribution: Philippines, Thailand to China. MINDANAO: Cotabato, South Cotabato. Native.
  2. Aristida culionensis Pilg. ex Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 145; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 78; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 56. Distribution: Malay Peninsula to Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand. BUSUANGA, CULION, PALAWAN. Notes: In open grasslands at low elevation. Perennials. Native.
  3. Aristida cumingiana Trin. & Rupr., Sp. Gram. Stipac. (1842) 141; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 99; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 79. = Aristida diminuta (Mez) C.E.Hubb., Kew Bull. 4 (1950) 480; ≡ Stipa diminuta Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17 (1921) 208. Distribution: Africa to India, Australia, China, Malesia. BUSUANGA, CULION, LUZON: Abra (photos), Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: In open dry grasslands at low and medium elevation. (?-)750-1500m. Annuals. Native.
  4. Aristida holathera Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 20 (1915) 340; Veldkamp, Reinwardtia 12 (2004) 137. = Aristida tenuisetulosa (Pilg.) Mez, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17 (1921) 147; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 79; ≡ Aristida stipoides var. tenuisetulosa Pilg., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 146. Distribution: Australia, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Pampanga, Zambales. Notes: In dry open sandy soil at low and medium elevation. Native.

Excluded

  1. Aristida rigida Cav., Icon. (Cavanilles) 5 (1799) 44; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 79. Notes: Erroneously attributed to the Philippines (Merrill 1923).

Arthraxon P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 February 2018
  1. Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26 (1912) 214; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 229; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 41; 4 (1925) 241; ≡ Phalaris hispida Thunb., Syst. Veg., 14th Ed. (1784) 104. = Arthraxon quartinianus (A.Rich.) Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17 (1912) 99; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 229; Fl. Manila (1912) 77; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 42; ≡ Alectoridia quartiniana A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2 (1850) 447. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, MINDORO. Notes: Nash (1912) was published on 18-Sep-1912; Merrill (1912) was published on 30-Sep-1912. (0-)914-2195m. Native.
    • var. hispidus. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Cambodia, China, Continental Asia, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao. Notes: In the Cordillera Highlands in Luzon. In damp places about streams, in old rice paddies, etc., at medium elevation. (0-)2195m. Native.
  2. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst., Flora 39 (1856) 188; ≡ Andropogon lancifolius Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 271. = Arthraxon microphyllus (Trin.) Hochst., Flora 39 (1856) 188; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 42; ≡ Andropogon microphyllus Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 275. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Batangas, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Open slopes in the pine region. 1200-2195m. Native.

Arundinella Raddi

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 21 November 2023
  1. Arundinella filiformis Janowski, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17 (1921) 85; Type: Loher 7228 (M, holo; K, US, iso). = Arundinella humilior (Hack.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 232; ≡ Arundinella hispida forma humilior Hack., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2nd Sér. 4 (1904) 527; Type: from Taiwan. = Arundinella montalbanica Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3807, nom. inval., nom. nud. ≠ Arundinella miliacea auct. non Nees; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 52. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Apayao, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Perennial. 500m. Native.
  2. Arundinella furva Chase, J. Arnold Arbor. 24 (1943) 85; Type: Clemens 5826-A (US, holo; B, L, NY, iso). Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. SIBUYAN. Notes: Only known from the Philippines from a single record (Argent & Reynoso 89127, Mayos Peak, c. 1550m.). Native.
  3. Arundinella goeringii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 116; Type: from Java. Distribution: Java, ?Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Native.
  4. Arundinella holcoides (Kunth) Trin., Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 1 (1836) 71; ≡ Brandtia holcoides Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 2 (1831) 511. = Arundinella agrostoides Trin., Sp. Gram. (Trinius) 3 (1836) t.265; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 85; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 52; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 57; Type: Anon. ‘Manila’ (LE, lecto; K 290214 pro parte, K 290215, isolecto). = Arundinella pubescens Merr. & Hack., PJS 2c (1907) 419; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 52; Type: BS 856 Foxworthy (W, holo; L, NY, PNH lost, US, iso). Distribution: India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, ?Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, ?MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 160m. Native.
  5. Arundinella setosa Trin., Gram. Panic. (1826) 63; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 52; Type: from Nepal. = Arundinella setosa var. culionensis Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 235. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, CULION, LUZON: Apayao, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Zambales, MANAMOC, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, MINDORO. Notes: Open grasslands, on cliffs, etc., at low and medium elevation. 30-2286m. Native.

Excluded

  1. Arundinella ciliata Nees ex Miq., Nieuwe Verh. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 3rd Ser. 4 (1851) 30. Notes: Erroneously reported from Malesia (Veldkamp 2015).

Arundo L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 January 2022
  1. Arundo donax L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 81; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 58. = Arundo donax forma versicolor (Mill.) Beetle, Phytologia 38 (1978) 174; ≡ Arundo versicolor Mill., Gard. Dict., 8th Ed. (1768) n.3. Distribution: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Laos, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Ryukyu Isls, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, W Asia. LUZON, SAMAR. Notes: Cultivated as an ornamental and escaping. Naturalized.
  2. Arundo formosana Hack., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1st Sér. 7 (1899) 724; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 55. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. BATAN, SAMAR. Native.

Asthenochloa Buse

  1. Asthenochloa tenera Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 367; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 49; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 59. = Garnotiella philippinensis Stapf, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 25 (1896) t.2494. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Benguet, PANAY. Notes: Steep open slopes up to 1400m. A monotypic genus. One of the few endemic Malesian grass genera. Native.

Avena L. (Not native)

Possibly present

  1. Avena fatua L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 80; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 83. Distribution: Africa, Continental Asia, Europe, Middle East. ?LUZON: ?Benguet. Notes: 1500m. Wild Oat. Probably a mere casual (Merrill 1922) and not really naturalized. No longer persists (Veldkamp, unpubl. ms.).
  2. Avena sativa L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 79; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 83. Distribution: Middle East. ?LUZON: ?Mountain Province. Notes: Probably originated in the Near East, cultivated in many forms. Above 1500m. Oat. No longer persists (Veldkamp, unpubl. ms.).

Avenella Bluff ex Drejer

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Edward Matulina Villasis, 29 August 2024
  1. Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer, Fl. Excurs. Hafn. (1838) 32; ≡ Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 1 (1836) 66; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 330; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 83; ≡ Aira flexuosa L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 65. Distribution: Africa, Borneo, Europe, Japan, Korea, N America, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Known from Mt Pulag. 2880-2940m. Native.
    • ssp. ligulata (Stapf) Veldkamp, Pl. Diversity Evol. 131 (2015) 250; ≡ Deschampsia flexuosa var. ligulata Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4 (1894) 248. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: In open grasslands on several high mountains. Known only from three locations: Mt Pulag in Luzon, Mt Kinabalu in Borneo, and Mt Yushan in Taiwan. 2880m. Native.

Axonopus P.Beauv. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 November 2020
  1. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 12; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 59; ≡ Milium compressum Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 24. Distribution: America. Notes: Now throughout the tropics. Introduced in the Philippines after World War II, now widely cultivated as a lawn grass. Naturalized in road sides, pastures, and plantations/nurseries. Naturalized.
  2. Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlm., Relat. Commiss. Linhas Telegr. Estratég. Matto Grosso Amazonas 5 (1922) 87; ≡ Paspalum fissifolium Raddi, Agrostogr. Bras. (1823) 26. = Axonopus affinis Chase, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28 (1938) 180. Distribution: America. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Often confused with the preceding and so undercollected. Naturalized in road sides, grassland, and plantations/nurseries. Usually above 900m. Naturalized.

Bambusa Schreb.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 November 2020
  1. Bambusa merrillii Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 269; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 94. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino. Notes: 600m. Native.
  2. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C.Wendl., Coll. Pl. 2 (1808) 26; Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 74; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 105; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 95; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 10; Buhay et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 3087. Distribution: Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Cultivated and naturalized. In most islands and provinces, in the settled areas at low and medium elevation. Invasive species (CABI 2017). Naturalized.
    • var. vulgaris. Naturalized.
    • var. striata (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7 (1896) 44; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 105; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 96; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 11; ≡ Bambusa striata Lodd. ex Lindl., Penny Cyclop. 3 (1835) 357. Notes: Probably originating in China. Pantropic in cultivation, and in many parts of the Philippines mainly cultivated as an ornamental hedge and source of light construction material. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss, Vilm. Blumengärtn., 3rd Ed. 1 (1895) 1189; Duriyaprapan & Jansen in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 56; ≡ Arundo bambos L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 81. = Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 2 (1799) 245; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 2; ≡ Bambos arundinacea Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 24. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand. LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: Introduced in the Philippines; N Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Commonly planted in settled areas at low and medium elevation. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Bambusa dolichoclada Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6 (1916) 144. Distribution: China, Taiwan. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  3. Bambusa maculata Widjaja, Reinwardtia 11 (1997) 63. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  4. Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult.f., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1830) 1350; Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 65; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 94; ≡ Arundo multiplex Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 58. = Bambusa glaucescens Siebold ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 89; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 105; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 5. = Bambusa dolichomerithalla Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6 (1916) 146. Distribution: ?China. Notes: Widely distributed in cultivation. Planted here and there for ornamental purposes, especially as hedges, in many settled areas at low and medium elevation. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  5. Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 109. Distribution: China. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  6. Bambusa spinosa Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 13 (1822) 480; Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 25, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 94. = Bambusa blumeana Schult.f., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1830) 1343; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 106; Roxas in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 60; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 4. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Sumatra. LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. The most common and conspicuous bamboo at low and medium elevation throughout the settled areas; apparently always planted, probably of prehistoric introduction by the early Malay invaders. The species very rarely flowers and then usually only when clumps have been severely injured by fire or by too extensive cutting. The only spiny bamboo in the Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  7. Bambusa tulda Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2 (1832) 193; Hort. Bengal. (1814) 25, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Jansen & Duriyaprapan in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 69; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 7. Distribution: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand. Notes: Introduced and only known in cultivation in the Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  8. Bambusa tuldoides Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 93. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Vietnam. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  9. Bambusa utilis W.C.Lin, Bull. Taiwan Forest Res. Inst. 98 (1964) 2; Pancho & Obien, Philipp. Agric. 71 (1988) 214. Distribution: Taiwan. Notes: Introduced in the Philippines for its edible shoots. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  10. Bambusa ventricosa McClure, Lingnan Sci. J. 17 (1938) 57; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 9. Distribution: China. Notes: Introduced to the Philippines and other SE Asian countries. Ornamental garden plant in many settled areas at low and medium elevation. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Bothriochloa Kuntze

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 26 November 2020
  1. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T.Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 80 (1969) 62; ≡ Andropogon bladhii Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 2 (1781) 27. = Andropogon intermedius var. haenkei (J.Presl) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 486; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 83; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 46; ≡ Andropogon haenkei J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 340. = Bothriochloa glabra (Roxb.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 76 (1931) 164; ≡ Andropogon glaber Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 271. Distribution: Africa to Australia. BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, LUZON: Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SEMIRARA. Notes: Open grasslands at low and medium elevation. 60-137m. Native.
  2. Bothriochloa ewartiana (Domin) C.E.Hubb., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934 (1934) 444; ≡ Andropogon ewartianus Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 20 (1915) 269. Distribution: Australia, Lesser Sunda Isls. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal. Native.

Brachypodium P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 8 September 2016
  1. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 155; ≡ Festuca sylvatica Huds., Fl. Angl. (Hudson) (1762) 38. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: 1524-2500m. Native.
    • ssp. sylvaticum. = Brachypodium sylvaticum var. asperum Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 269; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 93. = Brachypodium sylvaticum var. pseudo-distachyon Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 363. = Brachypodium sylvaticum ssp. luzoniense Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 269; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 93. ≠ Bromus luzonensis auct. non J.Presl; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 93. ≠ Bromus pauciflorus auct. non (Thunb.) Hack.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 92. Distribution: Africa, Eurasia, Philippines, SE Asia. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Open slopes, steep slopes in damp shaded ravines. 1600-2500m. Native.

Bromus L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 December 2020
  1. Bromus morrisonensis Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 42 (1928) 137; Veldkamp, Blumea 35 (1991) 492. ≠ Bromus pauciflorus auct. non (Thunb.) Hack.; Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 386; EPFP 1 (1923) 92. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: In wet open grassy places, 1500-2400m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Bromus catharticus Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 2 (1791) 22; Veldkamp, Blumea 35 (1991) 487. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Introduced to many countries as a forage and naturalized. In the Philippines thus far known only from Benguet (Haight’s Place). P.B. Pelser (26-Nov-20): I have thus far not seen specimens or notes in the literature about this species in the Philippines, so I assume that it did not persist and should therefore not be considered naturalized in the Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Calamagrostis Roth

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 18 June 2022
  1. Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1 (1788) 33; ≡ Agrostis arundinacea L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 61; ≡ Deyeuxia arundinacea (L.) Jansen, Acta Bot. Neerl. 1 (1952) 470, nom. illeg. = Deyeuxia pyramidalis (Host) Veldkamp, Blumea 37 (1992) 230; ≡ Calamagrostis pyramidalis Host, Icon. Descr. Gram. Austriac. 4 (1809) t.49. = Calamagrostis arundinacea var. nipponica (Franch. & Sav.) Hack., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1st Sér. 7 (1899) 652; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 82; ≡ Calamagrostis nipponica Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2 (1878) 599. Distribution: China, Europe to India, Japan, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: In the Cordillera Highlands of Luzon. Open grassy slopes 1800-2400m. Native.
  2. Calamagrostis stenophylla Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7 (1936) 1298. Distribution: China, New Guinea, Philippines. Native.

Incertae sedis

  1. Calamagrostis filifolia Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 179; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 82; ≡ Deyeuxia stenophylla Jansen, Acta Bot. Neerl. 1 (1952) 472; ≡ Deyeuxia suizanensis var. stenophylla (Jansen) Veldkamp, Taiwania 38 (1994) 3; Type: Merrill 4839 (PNH, lecto, lost; L, P, isolecto). = Calamagrostis filifolia forma cleistogama Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 180; Type: Merrill 4537 (PNH, lecto, lost; BO, L, isolecto). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Notes: High montane grasslands. P.B. Pelser (18-Jun-22): Veldkamp (1994) recognized three varieties in Deyeuxia suizanensis (i.e. var. chaseana (Bor) Veldkamp, var. suizanensis, var. stenophylla (Jansen) Veldkamp). Two of these were transfered to Pentapogon and recognized at the species level (Peterson et al. 2021): Pentapogon chaseianus (Bor) P.M. Peterson, Romasch. & Soreng and Pentapogon suizanensis (Hayata) P.M. Peterson, Romasch. & Soreng, but Peterson at al. (2021) did not mention the Philippine taxon (Calamagrostis filifolia Merr. and synonyms listed here). It seems likely that it belongs in Pentapogon, but it is presently unclear to me if it should be recognized at the species level. The name Deyeuxia filifolia is occupied by a different species: Deyeuxia filifolia Wedd. 1800-2900m. Native.

Capillipedium (Hack.) Stapf

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 February 2018
  1. Capillipedium assimile (Steud.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 314; ≡ Andropogon assimilis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 397. Distribution: India to China, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental. Notes: 930-1524m. Native.
  2. Capillipedium kwashotense (Hayata) C.C.Hsu, J. Jap. Bot. 37 (1962) 280; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 55; ≡ Bothriochloa kwashotensis (Hayata) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11 (1942) 168; ≡ Andropogon kwashotensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7 (1918) 80. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. BATAN, ?LUZON. Notes: On littoral rocky cliff, locally frequent. Native.
  3. Capillipedium parviflorum (R.Br.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1917) 169; ≡ Holcus parviflorus R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 199. = Andropogon micranthus Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 165; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 46. = Capillipedium arachnoideum Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 458. = Andropogon cinctus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 398; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 43. Distribution: Africa, Middle East, Philippines, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Australia. BABUYAN ISLS, BATAN, BATANES, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Bulacan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental. Notes: Open grasslands chiefly at medium elevation. (?-)350-2300m. Native.
  4. Capillipedium spicigerum S.T.Blake, Pap. Dept. Biol. Univ. Queensland. 22 (1944) 43. = Andropogon micranthus var. spicigerus (Benth.) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 489; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 336; ≡ Chrysopogon parviflorus var. spicigerus Benth., Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 538. Distribution: Australia, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines. CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LUZON: Mountain Province. Native.

Cenchrus L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 February 2025
  1. Cenchrus alopecuroides (L.) Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap. (1794) 24; ≡ Panicum alopecuroides L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 55; ≡ Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 1 (1824) 303; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 75. = Cenchrus purpurascens Thunb., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 2 (1794) 329. Distribution: Andaman Isls to Indochina, Australia, China, India, Japan, Java, Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: On open slopes at medium elevation, chiefly in the pine region. (?-)300-2256m. Native.
  2. Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 258; Wessapak et al., Phytokeys 234 (2023) 4; Type: from Australia. = Cenchrus viridis Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 1 (1824) 301; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 74. = Cenchrus hexaflorus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 36; Type: Species Blancoanae 811 (US, neo; L, P, W. isoneo), Luzon: Manila, Feb-1915. ≠ Cenchrus echinatus auct. non L.; auctt. males. Distribution: C & S America. CAMIGUIN, CEBU, CULION, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), JOLO, LUZON: Benguet, Rizal, MANTIGUE, MINDANAO: Davao, Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Naturalized. Annual. A widely distributed weed in settled areas, occurring generally in open waste places in and about towns, open fields, sandy shores. Naturalized.
  3. Cenchrus caliculatus Cav., Icon. (Cavanilles) 5 (1799) 39. Distribution: Australia, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato. Notes: Perennials. Native.
  4. Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford), N.S. 106 (2010) 127; Wessapak et al., Phytokeys 234 (2023) 11; ≡ Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov., Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 8 (1903) 41; Type: from Ethopia. Distribution: Africa. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Widely introduced as a soil-binder, but easily overlooked because of the hidden inflorescences. Naturalized.
  5. Cenchrus echinatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1050; J.Presl in C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 317; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 95; Wessapak et al., Phytokeys 234 (2023) 13; Type: from Jamaica. Distribution: America. CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Mountain Province, NCR, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Most specimens so far seen from the Philippines were misidentified Cenchrus brownii. Open waste places and road sides in and about towns (Merrill 1912), also along beaches. 10m (photos). Naturalized.
  6. Cenchrus elegans (Hassk.) Veldkamp, Blumea 59 (2014) 56; ≡ Sericura elegans Hassk., Flora 25(Beibl.) (1842) 2. = Cenchrus caninus Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford), N.S. 106 (2010) 127, nom. inval. = Pennisetum macrostachys (Brongn.) Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 3 (1834) 177, as 'macrostachyum'; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 75; ≡ Gymnotrix macrostachys Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. (1832) 104. Distribution: Malesia, Solomon Isls. BASILAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Also as ornamental. In old clearings at low and medium elevation. 50-1700m. Native.
  7. Cenchrus pedicellatus (Trin.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford), N.S. 106 (2010) 128; Wessapak et al., Phytokeys 234 (2023) 17; ≡ Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 3 (1834) 184; Type: from Cape Verde Isls. Distribution: Africa and India to Myanmar. LUZON: Bataan, La Union, MINDORO. Notes: Cultivated elsewhere. Naturalized.
    • var. pedicellatus. Distribution: LUZON: Bataan, La Union. Notes: Not native to the Philippines, cultivated and naturalized. Road sides. Naturalized.
  8. Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford), N.S. 106 (2010) 129; Wessapak et al., Phytokeys 234 (2023) 21; ≡ Pennisetum purpureum Schumach., Beskr. Guin. Pl. (1827) 44; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 112; Type: from Ghana. Distribution: Africa. BASILAN, CEBU, LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao, Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Widely introduced as a fodder. Invasive species (CABI 2017). Forests, grasslands, old clearings and waste places at low and medium elevation. Naturalized.
  9. Cenchrus setosus Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 26; Wessapak et al., Phytokeys 234 (2023) 26; ≡ Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) Rich., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 1 (1805) 72; Type: from Jamaica. ≠ Cenchrus polystachios auct. non (L.) Morrone. Distribution: Africa, India to Indochina, Middle East. CUYO ARCHIPELAGO, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Rizal, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Invasive species (CABI 2017). Forests, grasslands, and along roads. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Cenchrus ciliaris L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 302; ≡ Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. (Link) 1 (1827) 213; Handb. i. 85. Distribution: Africa to India. LUZON: La Union, MINDANAO. Notes: Perennial. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Cenchrus orientalis (Rich.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford), N.S. 106 (2010) 128; ≡ Pennisetum orientale Rich., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 1 (1805) 72. Distribution: Africa. LUZON. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford), N.S. 106 (2010) 127; ≡ Panicum americanum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 56. = Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 195; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 291; ≡ Panicum glaucum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 56. Distribution: Africa. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice, but no specimens cited. Possibly naturalized if indeed present. Pearl millet.

Centotheca Desv.

  1. Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv., Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2 (1810) 189; ≡ Cenchrus lappaceus L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1763) 1488. = Centotheca latifolia Trin., Fund. Agrost. (Trinius) (1820) 141; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 100; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 91. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BATANES, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, CULION, HERMANA MAYOR, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL, SIASI, SIBUYAN, SULUAN, TABLAS, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. In thickets, forests, and clearings. Shade-loving, usually the only grass in some types of forest. 0-1200m. Native.
  2. Centotheca philippinensis (Merr.) C.Monod, Blumea 19 (1971) 60; ≡ Ramosia philippinensis Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 2; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 92; Type: BS 23607 Ramos. Distribution: Australia, New Guinea, Philippines. CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Sorsogon. Notes: Rare. Native.

Cephalostachyum Munro

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 November 2020
  1. Cephalostachyum mindorense Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 272; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 97; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 12; Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 148. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Norte, MINDORO. Notes: Thickets, along river flats and forest edges, 0-800m. Native.

Chionachne R.Br.

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 November 2016
  1. Chionachne biaurita Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 263; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 29; Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 253; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 63. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province. Notes: On fresh talus slopes, untilled soil, etc. 1200m. Native.

Chloris Sw.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 January 2025
  1. Chloris barbata Sw., Fl. Ind. Occid. 1 (1797) 200; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 103; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 84; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; ≡ Andropogon barbatus L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 302, nom. illeg. = Chloris inflata Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1 (1821) 105; Llanos, Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 31; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 84. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BATAN, CEBU, LUZON: Batangas (photos), Laguna, NCR, Pampanga (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Common in and about towns (along roadsides, wastelands) in many parts of lowland Philippines. 0-50m. Native.
  2. Chloris clementis Merr., PJS 40 (1929) 181; Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 253; Type: UC 347514. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan. Native.
  3. Chloris gayana Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1830) 89; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna (1986) t. 14; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 276. Distribution: Africa, Middle East. LUZON: La Union. Notes: 'Throughout the Philippines' (Santos 1986), only seen from Luzon (Veldkamp, unpubl. ms.). Naturalized as weed in rice fields. Naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Chloris wightiana Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 206. Distribution: India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, ?Philippines.

Excluded

  1. Chloris rufescens Lag., Varied. Ci. 2 (1805) 143; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 85. Distribution: America. Notes: According to Merrill (1923), this record stems from "an erroneously localized Malaspina Expedition collection".

Chrysopogon Trin.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 November 2020
  1. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. (Trinius) (1820) 188; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 67; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; ≡ Andropogon aciculatus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 22; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 83; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 42. = Rhaphis trivialis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 553. Distribution: Australia, India to China, Malesia, Pacific Ocean. BASILAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, CEBU, HOMONHON, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SULUAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Open places at low and medium elevation; very common lawn and roadside grass, a veritable pest on account of its spikelets adhering to fur, clothing, etc. 110-350m. Native.
  2. Chrysopogon festucoides (J.Presl) Veldkamp, Austrobaileya 5 (1999) 512; ≡ Vetiveria festucoides (J.Presl) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18 (1947) 4; ≡ Andropogon festucoides J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 340; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 44. Distribution: India to Vietnam, Java, Philippines. LUZON: Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga. Notes: Rare. In open level lands, rice-paddy banks, etc., at low elevation. Roots not aromatic. Native.
  3. Chrysopogon nemoralis (Balansa) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 11 (1947) 297; ≡ Andropogon nemoralis Balansa, J. Bot. (Morot), 1st Sér. 4 (1890) 113. = Chrysopogon philippinensis (Merr.) Henrard, Blumea 4 (1941) 532; ≡ Andropogon gryllus var. philippinensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 368; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 45. Distribution: Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, PANAY. Notes: Known from Panay from BS 30964 Ramos & Edaño. On boulders and ledges along streams at low elevation. Very rare. Native.
  4. Chrysopogon subtilis (Steud.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1857) 492; ≡ Andropogon subtilis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 396. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Batangas. Notes: Annuals. Native.
  5. Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, Bull. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire, A. 22 (1960) 106; ≡ Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, Fl. S.E. U.S., 1st Ed. (1903) 67; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 131; ≡ Andropogon zizanioides (L.) Urb., Symb. Antill. 4 (1903) 79; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 49; ≡ Phalaris zizanioides L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 183. = Chamaeraphis muricata (L.f.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 75; ≡ Andropogon muricatus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 3 (1783) 43. Distribution: India. BATAN, LUZON: Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal. Notes: Not native to the Philippines, naturalized. Planted about rice-paddy banks, often abundant. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Chrysopogon serrulatus Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 318. Distribution: Africa to Sumatra. LUZON. Notes: P.B. Pelser (27-Nov-20): I have thus far only seen specimens from plants grown in cultivation, so I here assume that it is not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Coelachne R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 September 2017
  1. Coelachne infirma Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 350. Distribution: Madagascar, Malesia, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Synonym of Coelachne simpliciuscula (Wight & Arn.) Munro ex Benth.? Native.
  2. Coelachne simpliciuscula (Wight & Arn. ex Steud.) Munro ex Benth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19 (1881) 93; ≡ Panicum simpliciusculum Wight & Arn. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 96. = Coelachne hackelii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 8; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 82. Distribution: Sumatra to New Guinea. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Very wet places above 1000m, forming dense mats along small cool streams. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Coelachne perpusilla (Nees ex Steud.) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864) 373; ≡ Panicum perpusillum Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 96. Distribution: India, Indochina to ?Philippines, Sri Lanka.

Coix L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 16 January 2022
  1. Coix lacryma-jobi L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 972; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 29; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 70, as ‘lachryma’. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, CEBU, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In settled areas and secondary forest. 200-730m. Native.
    • var. lacryma-jobi. = Coix lacryma-jobi forma agrestis (Lour.) Backer, Handb. Fl. Java 2 (1928) 33; ≡ Coix agrestis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 551; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1882) 314. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Naturalized.
    • var. ma-yuen (Rom.Caill.) Stapf, Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 100; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 321; ≡ Coix ma-yuen Rom.Caill., Bull. Soc. Acclim. France, 3rd Sér. 8 (1881) 442. Distribution: Borneo, China, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga. Notes: Occasionally cultivated for its edible grain or for use in making fermented drinks. Native.
    • var. stenocarpa Oliv., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 18 (1888) t.1764. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Naturalized.

Cortaderia Stapf (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2 (1900) 325; ≡ Arundo selloana Schult. & Schult.f., Mant. (Schultes) 3 (1827) 605. Notes: The female form is cultivated as 'pampas grass'. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Cymbopogon Spreng.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 November 2020
  1. Cymbopogon tortilis (J.Presl) A.Camus, Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. 5 (1925) 206; ≡ Andropogon nardus var. tortilis (J.Presl) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 46; ≡ Anthistiria tortilis J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 347. = Andropogon nardus ssp. hamatulus (Hook. & Arn.) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 606; ≡ Andropogon hamatulus Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. (1838) 244. Distribution: China, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Vietnam. BATAN, BATANES, CAGAYAN DE SULU, DALUPIRI, LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Misamis Oriental, SABTANG. Notes: In open grasslands at low and medium elevation. 10-350m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906 (1906) 257; ≡ Andropogon citratus DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. (1813) 78; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 82; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 43. Distribution: India, Sri Lanka. Notes: Now widely distributed in cultivation. Planted here and there about houses in most or all parts of the Philippines for its fragant leaves, but nowhere spontaneous. Very rarely flowering. Citronella grass or Lemon grass. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Will.Watson, Bot. Himalayan Distr. N. W. Prov. (1882) 392; ≡ Andropogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 388. Distribution: India. MINDANAO. Notes: Widely cultivated in Asia as a source of Lemon-Grass Oil. Similar in habit and appearance to the preceding, and also found here only in cultivation. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Cynodon Rich.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 May 2021
  1. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 1 (1804) 85; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 103; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 83; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 70; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; ≡ Panicum dactylon L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 58. Distribution: BASILAN, BILIRAN, BUSUANGA, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Cosmopolitan, and widely planted as a lawn grass. Along roadsides, fallow rice paddies, waste places, pastures, etc. at low and medium elevation; common. P.B. Pelser (29-May-2021): It is unclear to me if this species is native to the Philippines, because some resources suggest that it might be (e.g., Way 2014), whereas others indicate that it isn't (e.g., Harlan & De Wet 1969). 0-610m. Cryptogenic.
  2. Cynodon radiatus Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 411; Nowack, Blumea 36 (1992) 478. = Cynodon arcuatus J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 290; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 103; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 83; ≡ Cynodon dactylon ssp. arcuatus (J.Presl) Kern & Henty, Bot. Bull. Dept. Forests Papua New Guinea (1969) 57. Distribution: Madagascar to New Guinea. CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: In open grasslands at low and medium elevation. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst, Bull. Agric. Congo Belge 13 (1922) 342. Distribution: Africa. Notes: P.B. Pelser (27-Nov-20): I have thus far not seen any specimens and assume here that it is not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.
    • var. nlemfuensis. = Cynodon lemfuensis Vanderyst, Bull. Agric. Congo Belge 11 (1920) 121, nom. inval., nom. provis. Notes: Usually erroneously spelt ‘nlemfuensis’. Veldkamp (unpubl. ms.): “Reported for the Philippines with 3 (!) vernacular names for it by 't Mannetje & Jones (1992). No material was seen, however, so it is not clear which of the at least 2 cultivated with varieties occur(s). Similar to C. dactylon, but rhizome absent, taller, blades 4-7 mm wide, spikes up to 13, up to 10 cm long”. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Cyrtochloa S.Dransf. (Endemic)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 February 2026
  1. Cyrtochloa fenixii (Gamble) S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 864; ≡ Schizostachyum fenixii Gamble, PJS 6c (1911) 289; Gamble, PJS 8c (1913) 205; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 98; Type: Fenix s.n. (K, holo), Luzon: Benguet, Sablang, Dec-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pampanga, PANAY. Notes: In thickets at low and medium elevation. 200m. Native.
  2. Cyrtochloa hirsuta S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 869; Type: Pennoyer 853 (PNH, holo), Luzon: Bataan, Dinalupihan, Barrio San Pablo, 27-Apr-1981. ≠ Pseudostachyum polymorphum auct. non Munro; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 22. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Native.
  3. Cyrtochloa luzonica (Gamble) S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 871; ≡ Schizostachyum luzonicum Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 277; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 99; Type: FB 8411 Curran & Merritt (K, holo), Luzon: Zambales, Nov/Dec-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Zambales. Notes: In forests and in ravines. 42m (photos) to 400-800m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  4. Cyrtochloa major (Pilg.) S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 58 (2004) 982; ≡ Dinochloa major Pilg., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 149. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Conservation status: Data deficient (Dransfield 2004). Native.
  5. Cyrtochloa mindoroensis S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 58 (2004) 981; Type: BS 39366 Ramos (K, holo), Mindoro: Mindoro Occidental, Mt Calavite. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Conservation status: Data deficient (Dransfield 2004). Native.
  6. Cyrtochloa puser S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 867; Type: McVey s.n. (K, holo), Luzon: Abra, Banguet, Feb-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra. Notes: 50m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  7. Cyrtochloa toppingii (Gamble) S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 862; ≡ Schizostachyum toppingii Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 276; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 106; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 100; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 32; Type: BS 5222 Topping (K, holo), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets and secondary forests. 50m. Native.

Cyrtococcum Stapf

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 November 2022
  1. Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Hochst. ex Steud.) Stapf, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 31 (1922) t.3096; ≡ Panicum oxyphyllum Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 65. = Panicum pilipes Nees & Arn. ex Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 376; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 94; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 66. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, CABUCAN, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, CULION, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAUI, PALAWAN, SABTANG, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 80-1300m. Native.
  2. Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 27 (1921) 118; ≡ Panicum patens L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 86; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 66. Distribution: BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, CEBU, CULION, DALUPIRI, JOLO, KINAPUSAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, MULIGI, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL, SANTA CRUZ ISLS. Notes: 0-1800m. Native.
    • var. latifolium (Honda) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11 (1942) 47; ≡ Panicum patens forma latifolium Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 37 (1923) 25. = Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 31 (1922) t.3096; Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 257; ≡ Panicum accrescens Trin., Sp. Gram. (Trinius) 1 (1827) t.88. Distribution: India to China, Solomon Isls. BALABAC, BATAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CEBU, LUZON: Albay, Benguet (photos), Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, NCR (photos), Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL. Notes: Widespread and common in the Philippines. 0-1800m. Native.
    • var. patens. = Panicum warburgii Mez, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 143; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 93; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 69. = Panicum carinatum J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 309; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 62. Distribution: Australia, Sri Lanka to China. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, CULION, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Camarines, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Common and widespread in the Philippines. Common in thickets, some secondary forests, old clearings. 0-1200m. Native.
  3. Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 27 (1921) 118; ≡ Panicum trigonum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 3 (1783) 9. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BOHOL, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Norte, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAGANAK. Native.

Dactyloctenium Willd.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 September 2017
  1. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Enum. Pl. (Willdenow) (1809) 1029; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 104; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 86; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 72; ≡ Cynosurus aegyptius L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 72. Distribution: Pantropic. CEBU, GUIMARAS, HERMANA MAYOR, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SANTA CRUZ ISLS. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. A common tufted to mat-forming annual weed along roadsides, cultivation, etc. in settled areas at low and medium elevation. 0-200m. Native.

Dendrocalamus Nees

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 November 2020
  1. Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult.f.) Backer ex K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind., 2nd Ed. 1 (1927) 301; Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 80; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 13; ≡ Bambusa aspera Schult. & Schult.f., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1830) 1352. Distribution: ?SE Asia. Notes: Planted and naturalized from low to high elevation to 1500m, but thrives best at 400-500m. Naturalized.
  2. Dendrocalamus merrillianus (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2675; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 97; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 16; ≡ Bambusa merrilliana (Elmer) Rojo & Roxas, Rev. Lexicon Philipp. Trees (1999) 179; ≡ Gigantochloa merrilliana Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 273. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Lanao, Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: In and about towns, chiefly planted. Rojo (1999) states that “..in the sense of Dransfield & Widjaja (1995), this species is conspecific with Dendrocalamus asper. However, current observation of the flowers and vegetative characteristics points to Bambusa rather than Dendrocalamus”. L.L.Co: If this is indeed a Bambusa, why was the epithet asper not used? Basionym Bambusa aspera Schult.f. (1830) clearly antedates basionym Gigantochloa merrilliana Elmer (1908). 305-600m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2 (1877) 560; Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 83; ≡ Bambusa brandisii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 109. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Dendrocalamus giganteus Wall. ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 150; Widjaja in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 85. Distribution: China, India, Laos, Myanmar, ?Thailand. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  3. Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 152; Roxas in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 87; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 15. Distribution: China, Myanmar, Taiwan. MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao. Notes: Cultivated at low elevation in the Philippines, not native. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  4. Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 149; Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 90. Distribution: Laos, Myanmar, Thailand. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  5. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees, Linnaea 9 (1834) 476; Jansen & Duriyaprapan in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 93; ≡ Bambos stricta Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 1 (1798) 58. Distribution: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Dichanthium Willem.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 November 2020
  1. Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1917) 178; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 21; ≡ Andropogon annulatus Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 173. Distribution: LUZON: Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDORO. Naturalized.
    • var. annulatum. Distribution: Africa to SE Asia and Malesia. LUZON: Pangasinan, Rizal. Notes: Throughout the Philippines (Santos 1986), but seen only from Luzon by Veldkamp (unpubl. ms.). Introduced in the Philippines after WW-II but before 1950. Cultivated. Naturalized in grassland and rocky places. Naturalized.
  2. Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) C.E.Hubb., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (1939) 654; ≡ Andropogon aristatus Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 1 (1810) 585. Distribution: India. BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: La Union. Notes: Introduded before 1947, but after 1923. Naturalized.
    • var. heteropogonoides (Hack.) Jansen; ≡ Andropogon caricosus var. heteropogonoides Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 569. Notes: A strain of this variety, called “Alabang X” originated from the Philippines and was introduced elsewhere as pasture grass. Naturalized.
  3. Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 27 (1921) 549; ≡ Andropogon caricosus L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1763) 1480. Distribution: India to China and Malesia. MASBATE. Notes: In the Philippines once collected from Uson (Santos 6816; L, PUH). Native.
  4. Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 27 (1921) 549; ≡ Andropogon sericeus R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 201; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 82; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 48. Distribution: LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Low elevation. Native.
    • ssp. sericeum. Distribution: Indochina to Australia, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal. Notes: In open grasslands at low elevation. Native.

Diectomis Kunth

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 September 2017
  1. Diectomis fastigiata (Sw.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 132; ≡ Andropogon fastigiatus Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 26; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 335; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 44. Distribution: Africa, America, Bangladesh, Caribbean, India, Java, Laos, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, CORON, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Zambales, PALAWAN. Notes: On dry open grassy slopes at low and medium elevation. Native.

Digitaria Haller

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Paul Collantes, 30 January 2024
  1. Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Schult.) Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 53; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 252; ≡ Panicum abludens Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 457; Type: from India. = Digitaria pedicellaris (Trin. ex Hook.f.) Prain, Bengal Pl. 2 (1903) 1182, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 54; ≡ Paspalum pedicellare Trin. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 19, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Type: from India. Distribution: Bhutan, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madura, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand. CULION, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur. Notes: In open grasslands at low and medium elevation. (?-)610-850m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  2. Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 470; Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 71; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 30; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 254; ≡ Paspalum bicorne Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 176; Type: from India. ≠ Digitaria sanguinalis auct. non (L.) Scop.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 54, pro parte. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: Annuals. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  3. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Descr. Gram. (Koeler) (1802) 27; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 87; Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 129; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 32; Galinato et al., Upland rice weeds of south and southeast Asia (1999) 71; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 255; ≡ Panicum ciliare Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 16; Type: from China. = Digitaria adscendens (Kunth) Henrard, Blumea 1 (1934) 92; ≡ Panicum adscendens Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 1 (1816) 97; Type: from Mexico. ≠ Digitaria sanguinalis auct. non (L.) Scop.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 54, pro parte. Distribution: Pantropic. BATAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, GREAT BAKKUNGAAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, TURTLE ISLS. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. Rhachis with distinct spicules. 50-1219m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  4. Digitaria fuscescens (J.Presl) Henrard, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 61 (1930) 8; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 61; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 257; ≡ Paspalum fuscescens J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 213; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo; L, MO, US, W, iso), Philippines. Distribution: China, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand. BAGUAN, BALABAC, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Laguna, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MULIGI, PANAY, TURTLE ISLS. Notes: Perennials. 0-762m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  5. Digitaria henrardii Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 55; Type: Merrill Phil. Pl. 577 (L, holo; PRC, U, iso). ≠ Digitaria pedicellaris auct. non Prain; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 54, pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, NCR, Pampanga. Notes: Annuals. Native.
  6. Digitaria heterantha (Hook.f.) Merr., Lingnaam Agric. Rev. 1 (1923) 48; Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 314; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 46; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 258; ≡ Paspalum heteranthum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 16; Type: from India. = Digitaria heterantha var. pachyrhachis (Hack.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 54; ≡ Panicum heteranthum var. pachyrhachis Hack., PJS 3c (1908) 167; Type: Merrill 5276 (W, lecto; B, P, US, isolecto), Lumbacan. Distribution: China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, CANDARAMAN, LANGAAN, LUMBUCAN, LUZON: Laguna, PALAWAN, PALMAS, TURTLE ISLS, URSULA. Notes: Scattered along the coast of the China Sea, collected here and there in the Philippines. Perennials. 0-37m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  7. Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman, Ark. Bot. 11 (1912) 17; Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 341; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 48; ≡ Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2 (1829) 86; ≡ Andropogon insularis L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 1304. Distribution: America. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, Sarangani. Notes: Invasive species (CABI 2017). Naturalized.
  8. Digitaria junghuhniana (Nees ex Steud.) Henrard, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 61 (1930) 11; Monogr. Digit. (1950) 361; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 51; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 260; ≡ Panicum junghuhnianum Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1853) 68; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. CEBU, LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Annuals. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  9. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 1 (1805) 85; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 88; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 54; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 66; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 261; ≡ Paspalum longiflorum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 15; Type: from India. = Paspalum filiculme Nees ex Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864) 358; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 53. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, W Asia. CAMIGUIN, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Along roadsides, cultivated lands, open grass lands, etc. (?-)610-1600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  10. Digitaria mariannensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 54; Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 434; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 27. Distribution: Indian Ocean, Java, Java Sea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan. Notes: A sandy coast species and so probably much overlooked. 0m. Native.
  11. Digitaria mollicoma (Kunth) Henrard, Blumea 1 (1934) 97; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 262; ≡ Paspalum mollicomum Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 1 (1833) 47; ≡ Paspalum molle J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 213, nom. illeg.; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo; B, BM, MO, W, iso), Luzon. Distribution: China, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  12. Digitaria nuda Schumach., Beskr. Guin. Pl. (1827) 45; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 262; Type: from Ghana. Distribution: Africa, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Nueva Ecija, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, South Cotabato, PALAWAN. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  13. Digitaria philippinensis Henrard, Monogr. Digitaria (1950) 563; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 70; Type: BS 42890 Ramos (W, holo; L, P, PUH, SING, US, iso). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, BOHOL. Native.
  14. Digitaria radicosa (J.Presl) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1857) 437; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 264; ≡ Panicum radicosum J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 297; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo; US, iso), Luzon. = Digitaria timorensis (Kunth) Balansa, J. Bot. (Morot), 1st Sér. 4 (1890) 138, nom. illeg.; ≡ Panicum timorense Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 1 (1833) 83; Type: from Lesser Sunda Isls. = Digitaria sanguinalis var. australis (Spreng.) Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 78; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 55; ≡ Panicum australe Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 1 (1824) 309, nom. illeg., nom. superfl. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BATAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, La Union, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, MULIGI, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PALMAS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, SULUAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Low and medium elevation, in thickets, waste places, etc. 0-2408m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  15. Digitaria setigera Roth, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 474; Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1850) 684; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 37; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 266; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; Type: from India. = Digitaria microbachne (J.Presl) Henrard, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 61 (1930) 13; ≡ Panicum microbachne J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 298; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 53; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo; W, iso), Luzon. = Digitaria microbachne var. longivillosa Henrard, Monogr. Digitaria (1950) 454; Type: BS 24967 Fénix (L, holo; BM, iso), Philippines. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, BUSUANGA, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, CORON, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, MULIGI, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL, SIARGAO, SIASI, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
    • var. setigera. = Panicum pruriens var. glabrum Nees, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2 (1850) 97; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 53; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 266. = Digitaria lanosa Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 28; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 53. ≠ Digitaria consanguinea auct. non Gaudich.; Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 347; Fl. Manila (1912) 88; EPFP 1 (1923) 53. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. Usually common at low and medium elevation in open waste places, old clearings, etc. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
    • var. calliblepharata (Henrard) Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 40; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 267; ≡ Digitaria microbachne ssp. calliblepharata Henrard, Monogr. Digitaria (1950) 452; Type: from Java. Distribution: Bangladesh, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. LUZON, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  16. Digitaria ternata (A.Rich.) Stapf, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 7 (1898) 376; Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1850) 737; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 59; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 269; ≡ Cynodon ternatus A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2 (1850) 405; Type: from Ethiopia. = Digitaria argyrostachya (Steud.) Fernald, Rhodora 22 (1920) 103. = Digitaria ropalotricha Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 381; Type: from Java. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Cavite, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Misamis Oriental. Notes: 472-762m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.
  17. Digitaria violascens Link, Hort. Berol. (Link) 1 (1827) 229; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 88; Henrard, Monogr. Digit. (1950) 790; Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 63; Boonsuk et al., Phytotaxa 246 (2016) 272; Type: from Brasil. ≠ Digitaria chinensis auct. non Nees; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 53. Distribution: Afghanistan, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BATAN, BOHOL, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, PALAWAN, PANAY, SEMIRARA. Notes: Common along roadside, cultivated lands and abandoned fields, open grasslands, etc. from low to medium elevation. 200-2195m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Boonsuk et al. 2016). Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Digitaria milanjiana (Rendle) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 430; ≡ Panicum milanjianum Rendle, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4 (1894) 56. Distribution: Africa. Notes: Introduced in the Philippines according to 't Mannetje & Jones (1992). Cultivated. P.B. Pelser (29-Nov-20): I have thus far not seen any specimens and assume here that it is not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Digitaria compacta (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) Veldkamp, Blumea 21 (1973) 71; ≡ Paspalum compactum Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 316. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Vietnam. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice, but no specimens cited.
  2. Digitaria eriantha Steud., Flora 12 (1829) 468. Distribution: Africa. Notes: Introduced in the Philippines according to 't Mannetje & Jones (1992: 121), but no vouchers were seen by Veldkamp (unpubl. ms.). Perhaps cultivated as a forage grass?

Excluded

  1. Digitaria corymbosa (Roxb.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 53; ≡ Panicum corymbosum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 295. Notes: Now considered a synonym of Digitaria compacta (Roth) Veldkamp which does not occur in the Philippines.

Dimeria R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 December 2019
  1. Dimeria chloridiformis (Gaudich.) K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 165; Veldkamp, Blumea 61 (2016) 208; ≡ Andropogon chloridiformis Gaudich., Voy. Uranie (1829) 412; Type: Gaudichaud s.n. (P, holo; BRI, K). = Dimeria ciliata Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 262; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 30. Distribution: Malay Peninsula to New Guinea. PALAWAN. Notes: Open grasslands just above sea level. Rare. Perennial. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  2. Dimeria kurzii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 103. Distribution: Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA. Notes: Represented in the Philippines by Jose Vera Santos 7395 (PNH) from Busuanga. 4-5m. Native.
  3. Dimeria ornithopoda Trin., Fund. Agrost. (Trinius) (1820) 167; Veldkamp, Blumea 61 (2016) 210; Type: Herb. Trinius 1254.1 (LE, holo). = Dimeria ornithopoda var. tenera (Trin.) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 81; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 75; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 30; ≡ Dimeria tenera Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 335. Distribution: Australia, India to Japan, Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Mountain Province, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MANAMOC, MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Open grasslands, on rice-paddy banks, etc., locally abundant. Weak annuals, easily overlooked. 0-2100m. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Dimeria avenacea (Retz.) C.E.C.Fisch., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932 (1932) 72; Veldkamp, Blumea 61 (2016) 210; ≡ Anthoxanthum avenaceum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 3 (1783) 8. Distribution: India, Myanmar, ?Philippines, Sri Lanka.
    • forma latilanceifolia Roberty, Boissiera 9 (1960) 398; Voucher: Merrill 3226 (G?), Luzon: Bataan.

Dinebra Jacq.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 August 2021
  1. Dinebra chinensis (L.) P.M.Peterson & N.Snow, Ann. Bot. (Oxford), N.S. 109 (2012) 1326; ≡ Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Syll. Pl. Nov. 1 (1822) 4; Hook., J. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 102; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 105; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 86; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 90; Nowack, Rheedea 4 (1994) 84; ≡ Poa chinensis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 69. Distribution: Africa to China, New Guinea, Philippines. CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Maguindanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: In most provinces in Luzon. Aquatic to semi- aquatic annual to short-lived perennial. In open usually wet places along or near streams. 30m. Native.
  2. Dinebra neesii (Thwaites) P.M.Peterson & N.Snow, Ann. Bot. (Oxford), N.S. 109 (2012) 1326; ≡ Leptochloa neesii (Thwaites) Benth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 19 (1881) 108; Nowack, Rheedea 4 (1994) 86; ≡ Cynodon neesii Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864) 371. Distribution: Australia, India, Java, Philippines, Sri Lanka. CEBU. Native.
  3. Dinebra panicea (Retz.) P.M.Peterson & N.Snow, Ann. Bot. (Oxford), N.S. 109 (2012) 1326; ≡ Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 55 (1941) 311; ≡ Poa panicea Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 3 (1783) 11. Distribution: CEBU, JOLO, LUZON: Abra, La Union, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Leptochloa panicea). Native.
    • ssp. panicea; Nowack, Rheedea 4 (1994) 87. ≠ Leptochloa filiformis auct. non (Pers.) Roem. & Schult.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 86. Distribution: Philippines, Tropical & Subtropical Asia. CEBU, JOLO, LUZON: Abra, La Union, PALAWAN. Notes: Annual to short-lived terrestrial perennial. In open lowlands, along streams, in disturbed soil, gardens, etc., at low elevation. Native.

Dinochloa Buse

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 2 January 2025
  1. Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 877; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1195; ≡ Schizostachyum acutiflorum Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 137. = Schizostachyum diffusum (Blanco) Merr., Amer. J. Bot. 3 (1916) 62; ≡ Bambusa diffusa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 269. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BABUYAN ISLS, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Common in thickets, secondary and primary forests. 0-1700m. Native.
  2. Dinochloa dielsiana Pilg., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 148; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1195; ≡ Schizostachyum dielsianum (Pilg.) Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 391; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 97; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 25; Type: Merrill 711 (K, NY, iso), Paragua (Palawan): Ewi-ig (Iwahig) River, 18-Feb-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Synonym of Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S.Dransf.? Sea level. 0-930m. Native.
  3. Dinochloa elmeri Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 280; Camus, Bamb. (1913) 170; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 100; Type: Elmer 6542 (K, 3 sheets; US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Sto. Tomas, Jun-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Mossy forests, 2200m. Native.
  4. Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 100; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 17; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 12; ≡ Bambusa luconiae Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 115. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BUSUANGA, CEBU, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, ?Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevation. 0-2042m. Native.
  5. Dinochloa oblonga S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 51 (1996) 113. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Native.
  6. Dinochloa palawanensis (Gamble) S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 51 (1996) 106; ≡ Schizostachyum palawanense Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 274; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 99. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: In forests at low elevation. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  7. Dinochloa pubiramea Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 279; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 100; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 18. = Dinochloa tjankorreh Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 388, nom. illeg., nom. superfl. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevation. Native.
  8. Dinochloa robusta S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 47 (1992) 402. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Native.
  9. Dinochloa santotomasii S.Dransf., Sandakania 27 (2025) 204; Type: Dransfield et al. SD1301 (K, holo; PNH, iso), Luzon: Mt Santo Tomas, 1400m, 11-Nov-1993. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 1400-1900m. Native.
  10. Dinochloa timak S.Dransf., Sandakania 27 (2025) 202; Type: Border 2731 (K, holo), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, March-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Notes: 0-91m. Native.

Incertae sedis

  1. Dinochloa macrocarpa Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2675; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 101; Type: Elmer 12059 (NY, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes (Mt Giting-Giting), Mar-1910. Distribution: SIBUYAN. Notes: P.B. Pelser (16-Jun-24): Listed by Merrill (1923) as a synonym of Dinochloa scandens (Blume ex Nees) Kuntze, but see notes for that species. Native.

Excluded

  1. Dinochloa scandens (Blume ex Nees) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 773; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 100; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 19; S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 51 (1996) 104; ≡ Bambusa scandens Blume ex Nees, Flora 7 (1824) 291. Distribution: Java. Notes: P.B. Pelser (23-Dec-19): According to Dransfield (1996), the distribution of this species is restricted to Java.

Diplachne P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 November 2020
  1. Diplachne fusca (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 615; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 381; Fl. Manila (1912) 99; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 74; ≡ Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 91; ≡ Festuca fusca L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 109; Type: from Palestine. Distribution: JOLO, LUZON: Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Maguindanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PALMAS. Notes: 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Leptochloa fusca). Native.
    • ssp. fusca. = Diplachne polystachya (Forssk.) Backer, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 2 (1920) 325; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 87. = Leptochloa malabarica (L.) Veldkamp, Blumea 19 (1971) 64; Nowack, Rheedea 4 (1994) 84; ≡ Panicum malabaricum (L.) Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 248; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 65; ≡ Poa malabarica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 69, nom. rej. Distribution: Africa, Asia, Australia. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PALMAS. Notes: Perennial. In swampy often brackish places at low elevation. Conservation status: Not threatened (Snow et al. 2018). Native.

Echinochloa P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Edward M. Villasis, 2 June 2026
  1. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. (Link) 2 (1833) 209, as 'colonum'; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1195; ≡ Panicum colonum L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 870; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 91; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 62. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, CORON, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Sea level and low and medium elevation, in open, rather wet places. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. colona. Native.
  2. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 53; ≡ Panicum crus-galli L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 56; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 91; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 63. = Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook.f. & Kossenko, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 11 (1949) 40. Distribution: Cosmopolitan. BALABAC, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDANAO, PALMAS. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low and medium elevation, in open wet places, rice paddies, etc. Very polymorphic. Not native to the Philippines (CABI 2019). Naturalized.
    • var. mutica (Elliott) Rydb., Bull. Colorado Agric. Exp. Sta. 100 (1906) 21; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 268; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 63; ≡ Panicum crus-galli var. muticum Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina (Elliott) 1 (1821) 114. Distribution: Pantropic. BALABAC, LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Rizal, PALMAS. Naturalized.
  3. Echinochloa picta (J.Koenig) P.W.Michael, Philipp. J. Weed Sci. 5 (1978) 18; ≡ Panicum pictum J.Koenig, Naturforscher (Halle) 23 (1788) 204. Distribution: Africa to Pacific Ocean. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Maguindanao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, PANAY. Notes: Often confused with Echinochloa stagnina, hence distribution uncertain. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 57; ≡ Panicum stagninum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 17; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 91; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 68; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 75. = Panicum crus-galli L. var. stagninum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 783. Distribution: Africa to Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, LEYTE, LUZON: Bulacan, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Maguindanao del Sur, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Babuyan Isls and Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao, in most islands and provinces. Open wet places, swamps, borders of lakes and streams, at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

  1. Echinochloa crus-pavonis (Kunth) Schult., Mant. (Schultes) 2 (1824) 269; ≡ Oplismenus crus-pavonis Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 1 (1816) 108. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed, in rice, but no specimens cited.
  2. Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch, Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 41 (1891) 742; ≡ Panicum oryzoides Ard., Animadv. Bot. Spec. Alt. (1764) 15. Distribution: Afghanistan, China, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam, W Asia. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice, but no specimens cited.

Ehrharta Thunb.

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 November 2016
  1. Ehrharta stipoides Labill., Nov. Holl. Pl. 1 (1804) 91; Willemse, Blumea 28 (1982) 189; ≡ Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 210; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 78. Distribution: Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Albay, Benguet, Mountain Province, Zambales, MINDORO. Notes: 1500-2407m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. stipoides. Distribution: Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Mountain Province, Zambales. Notes: Open slopes and ridges, along mountain trails, etc. Common in the pine forest. 1500-2300m. Native.

Eleusine Gaertn. (Not native)

Last edited by Heidi Newton & Pieter B. Pelser, 23 September 2023
  1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1 (1788) 8; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 104; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 85; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 78; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; ≡ Cynosurus indicus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 72. Distribution: Palaeotropics. BATAN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: An abundant weed along roadsides, cultivated lands, pastures, and other open sites in the settled areas throughout the Philippines. 0-2000m. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1 (1788) 8; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 25; ≡ Cynosurus coracanus L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 875. Distribution: Africa. LUZON, MINDANAO. Notes: Cultivated in improved pastures of the Philippines (Santos 1986). Used to be widely cultivated and may persist here and there. Not truly naturalized (Peterson et al. 2021). Locally a preferred cereal. Finger millet. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Enteropogon Nees

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 September 2017
  1. Enteropogon dolichostachyus (Lag.) Keng ex Lazarides, Austral. J. Bot., Suppl. Ser. 5 (1972) 31; ≡ Chloris dolichostachya Lag., Gen. Sp. Pl. (Lagasca) (1816) 5. = Chloris digitata (Roxb.) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 207; ≡ Melica digitata Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 1 (1832) 328. = Chloris incompleta Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) 60; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 84. = Chloris mearnsii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 220; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 84. Distribution: India to China, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. CEBU, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, NCR, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIASI. Notes: Dry open sandy soil at low elevation, sometimes along the seashore. 0-10m. Native.

Eragrostis Wolf

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 November 2023
  1. Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. (1841) 408; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 166; ≡ Poa aspera Jacq., Hort. Bot. Vindob. 3 (1776) 32. Distribution: Africa to India. LUZON: NCR. Notes: Cultivated and escaping. Annuals. Naturalized.
  2. Eragrostis atrovirens (Desf.) Trin. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. (Steudel), 2nd Ed. 1 (1840) 562; ≡ Poa atrovirens Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1 (1798) 73. = Eragrostis luzoniensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 266; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 178. = Eragrostis chariis (Schult.) Hitchc., Lingnan Sci. J. 7 (1931) 193; ≡ Poa chariis Schult., Mant. (Schultes) 2 (1824) 314. ≠ Eragrostis elongata auct. non (Willd.) J.Jacq.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 88. Distribution: Old World tropics & subtropics, Philippines. CULION, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Ifugao, Isabela, Kalinga, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SEMIRARA. Notes: 7-1950m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Eragrostis brownii (Kunth) Nees, Nomencl. Bot. (Steudel), 2nd Ed. 1 (1840) 562; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 169; ≡ Poa brownii Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 112. Distribution: India to China, New Zealand, Sri Lanka. BUSUANGA, CULION, GUIMARAS, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SEMIRARA. Notes: 7m. Native.
  4. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch., Mitt. Naturwiss. Vereins Univ. Wien 5 (1907) 110; Vignolo-Lutati, Malpighia 18 (1904) 386; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 88; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 171; ≡ Poa cilianensis All., Fl. Pedem. 2 (1785) 246. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, C Asia, China, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, W Asia. CEBU, NEGROS. Notes: Open waste places at low elevation. 115m. Native.
  5. Eragrostis cumingii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 266; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 172. = Uniola paniculata Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 32. Distribution: BUSUANGA, CULION, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Kalinga, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIASI. Notes: 0-600m. Native.
    • var. cumingii; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 172. = Eragrostis distans Hack., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 81; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 102; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 88. = Eragrostis reflexa Hack., PJS 3c (1908) 168; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 90. ≠ Eragrostis elongata auct. non (Willd.) J.Jacq.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 88. ≠ Eragrostis elegantula auct. non Steud.; Pilg. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 148; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 102. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CULION, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Common in open grasslands at low and medium elevation. Native.
  6. Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 1 (1830) 450; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 384; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 89; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 176; ≡ Diandrochloa japonica (Thunb.) A.N.Henry, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9 (1968) 290; ≡ Poa japonica Thunb., Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) (1784) 51. = Diandrochloa diarrhena (Schult. & Schult.f.) A.N.Henry, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9 (1968) 290; ≡ Eragrostis diarrhena (Schult. & Schult.f.) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 266; ≡ Poa diarrhena Schult. & Schult.f., Mant. (Schultes) 3 (1827) 616. = Eragrostis japonica var. interrupta (Lam.) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 424; ≡ Poa interrupta Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 185. ≠ Eragrostis interrupta auct. non P.Beauv.; Doell in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3: 157; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 101. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, W Asia. BALABAC, CULION, LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Open wet grasslands, along streams, etc., at low and medium elevation. 28m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Eragrostis lasioclada Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 382; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 90; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 177; ≡ Ectrosia lasioclada (Merr.) S.T.Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 84 (1973) 65; ≡ Ectrosiopsis lasioclada (Merr.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 268; Type: Merrill 461. Distribution: Australia, New Guinea, Philippines. CULION, PALAWAN. Notes: Fallow of rice paddies. Perennials. Native.
  8. Eragrostis multicaulis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 426; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 181. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, W & E Asia. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao. Notes: Annuals. Native.
  9. Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. (Steudel), 2nd Ed. 1 (1840) 563; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 57; ≡ Poa nutans Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 19. Distribution: India to Malesia, Philippines. BATAN, LUZON: Bulacan. Native.
  10. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 71; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 102; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 90; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 183; ≡ Poa pilosa L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 68. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Asia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, NEGROS. Notes: An introduced weed in open wasteland, abundant. Naturalized.
  11. Eragrostis riparia (Willd.) Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2 (1829) 512; Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 272; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 184; ≡ Poa riparia Willd., Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4 (1803) 185. Distribution: India, Philippines, Sri Lanka. LUZON: Cagayan, NCR. Notes: Several collections between 1902 and 1925, even in Manila, but not collected since. “Rather rare in Malesia. Some (specimens) from British New Guinea” (Jansen 1953). Native.
  12. Eragrostis spartinoides Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 265; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 102; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 90; Type: Cuming 668 (L), Luzon: Laguna. Distribution: Australasia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, SE Asia. LUZON: Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Open grasslands at low elevation. Native.
  13. Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 576; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 101; Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 274; Peterson et al., Taxon 67 (2018) 644; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; ≡ Poa tenella L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 69. = Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn., Cat. Indian Pl. 2 (1834) 105; Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechy Voy. (1841) 251; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 88; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 164; ≡ Poa amabilis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 68. = Eragrostis mangalorica Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 265; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 101; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 90. Distribution: Palaeotropics. BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, DALUPIRI, GUIMARAS, HERMANA MAYOR, HOMONHON, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Kalinga, La Union, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Lanao del Norte, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, TAGANAK. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. In and about towns, a very common weed in open waste places. 59-900m. Native.
  14. Eragrostis tenuifolia (A.Rich.) Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 268; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 187; ≡ Poa tenuifolia A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2 (1850) 425. Distribution: Africa to Vietnam. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Roadsides. Naturalized.
  15. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 264; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 102; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 90; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 187; ≡ Poa unioloides Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 19. Distribution: BUSUANGA, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Mountain Province, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Cryptogenic, but native to Old World tropics. Widespread in SE Asia. Perennials. Open wet places at low elevation. Cryptogenic.
  16. Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 1 (1830) 397; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 101; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 91; ≡ Poa viscosa Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 20. Distribution: Africa, Middle East, Philippines, SE Asia. LUZON: NCR, Tarlac. Notes: P.B. Pelser (2-Dec-20): Or does this name refer to Eragrostis tenella for Philippine plants? Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. (1841) 397; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 173; ≡ Poa curvula Schrad., Gött. Gel. Anz. 3 (1821) 2073. Distribution: Africa. LUZON: NCR. Notes: P.B. Pelser (29-Nov-20): I have thus far not seen any specimens and assume here that it is not naturalized. Weeping lovegrass. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. (1841) 406; Veldkamp, Blumea 47 (2002) 182; ≡ Poa pectinacea Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 1 (1803) 69. Distribution: America. LUZON. Notes: P.B. Pelser (29-Nov-20): I have thus far not seen any specimens and assume here that it is not naturalized. Tufted lovegrass. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br., Narr. Exped. Zaire (1818) 478; ≡ Poa ciliaris L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 875. Distribution: Old World tropics & subtropics, ?Philippines.
  2. Eragrostis elongata (Willd.) J.Jacq., Ecl. Gram. Rar. (1813) t.3; ≡ Poa elongata Willd., Enum. Pl. (Willdenow) (1809) 108. Distribution: ?Philippines, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Australia. Notes: L.L.Co: This has been misapplied to several species, e.g. Eragrostis atrovirens, Eragrostis brownii, Eragrostis cumingii, Eragrostis luzoniensis. Actually it is the same as the New Guinea - Australian Eragrostis diandra (R.Br.) Steud.

Excluded

  1. Eragrostis interrupta P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 71; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 89. Distribution: Australia. Notes: P.B. Pelser (29-Nov-20): The text in Veldkamp's unpublished 'Annotated checklist of Philippine herbaceous Gramineae' suggests that the name Eragrostis interrupta has been misapplied in the Philippines for plants of Egragrostis brownii (Kunth) Nees and Eragrostis cumingii Steud.

Eremochloa Buse

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 September 2017
  1. Eremochloa ciliaris (L.) Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 331; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 39; Buitenhuis & Veldkamp, Blumea 46 (2001) 406; ≡ Nardus ciliaris L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 53. Distribution: Australia, Cambodia, China, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela. Notes: Open grasslands at low elevation. Rare. Native.

Eriachne R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 February 2026
  1. Eriachne pallescens R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 184; Benth. Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 630; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 82; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 79. Distribution: India to China through Malesia to Australia, Philippines. BUSUANGA, CULION, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Zambales, MANAMOC, PALAWAN. Notes: Open grassy places. (?-)550m. Native.
  2. Eriachne triseta Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 237; Pilg. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 147; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 82; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 93; ≡ Massia triseta (Nees ex Steud.) Balansa, J. Bot. (Morot), 1st Sér. 4 (1890) 165. Distribution: Sri Lanka to Australia. CULION, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Zambales, PALAWAN. Notes: Open grasslands at low elevation. Native.

Eriochloa Kunth

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 July 2020
  1. Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.E.Hubb., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930 (1930) 256; Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 276; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 29; ≡ Agrostis procera Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 19. = Eriochloa ramosa (Retz.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 775; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 85; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 58; ≡ Milium ramosum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 6 (1791) 22. = Eriochloa procera var. involucrata (Hack. ex Merr.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 276; ≡ Eriochloa ramosa var. involucrata Hack. ex Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 349; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 58. Distribution: Africa to Australia. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Albay, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAN MIGUEL. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Annual. Usually in open, damp grasslands at low and medium elevation. 0-250m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Eulalia Kunth

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 December 2019
  1. Eulalia leschenaultiana (Decne.) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18 (1947) 2; ≡ Andropogon leschenaultianus Decne., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3 (1834) 357. ≠ Pollinia fulva auct. non (R.Br.) Benth.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 33. Distribution: India to China, Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, MINDANAO, MINDORO. Notes: Open grasslands, sandy river bars, etc., at low and medium elevation, ascending to 1200m. Native.
  2. Eulalia maritima (Merr.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 68 (1922) 204; ≡ Pollinia maritima Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 326; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 34. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUMBUCAN. Notes: Sandy seashore. Distribution and habitat suggest sea dispersal. Synonym of Eulalia ridleyi (Hack.) Stapf ex Ridl.? Native.

Eulaliopsis Honda

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 September 2017
  1. Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E.Hubb., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 33 (1935) t.3262; ≡ Andropogon binatus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 21. = Ischaemum angustifolium (Trin.) Hack. ex Oliv., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 18 (1888) t.1773; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 37; ≡ Spodiopogon angustifolius Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 300. Distribution: Afghanistan to China, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Open grasslands at low and medium elevation, ascending to 1400m. Native.

Eustachys Desv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 September 2017
  1. Eustachys tenera (J.Presl) A.Camus, Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. 5 (1925) 208; ≡ Chloris tenera (J.Presl) Scribn., Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 10 (1899) 41; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 84; ≡ Cynodon tener J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 291. Distribution: China, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand. BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, South Cotabato, NEGROS, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, SULUAN. Notes: Open places at low elevation. 1066m. Native.

Festuca L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 March 2022
  1. Festuca bromoides L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 75; ≡ Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2 (1822) 124. Distribution: Europe. LUZON: Benguet. Naturalized.
  2. Festuca leptopogon Stapf, Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 354. Distribution: India to China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. LUZON. Notes: Known from Mt Simacoco (BS 40326 Ramos & Edaño, L). Photos. Native.
  3. Festuca myuros L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 74; Merrill, PJS 14 (1919) 369; ≡ Vulpia myuros (L.) J.F.Gmel., Fl. Bad. 1 (1805) 8. = Festuca megalura Nutt., J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2nd Ser. 1 (1847) 188; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 92; ≡ Vulpia megalura (Nutt.) Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36 (1909) 358; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 131. Distribution: Europe, W Asia. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province (photos). Notes: In open grassy places, 1460-2300m. Merrill (1922): “A native of the west coast of North and South America, introduced in Portugal, and a recent introduction in Benguet”. Naturalized.

Fimbribambusa Widjaja

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 November 2020
  1. Fimbribambusa horsfieldii (Munro) Widjaja, Reinwardtia 11 (1997) 81; ≡ Bambusa horsfieldii Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 115; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 6. = Bambusa cornuta Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 113; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 94. Distribution: Java, New Guinea, Philippines, ?Sulawesi. LUZON: Benguet, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: In ravines along small streams, 1000-1600m. Native.

Garnotia Brongn.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 February 2018
  1. Garnotia stricta Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. (1831) 132; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 81. Distribution: BASILAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO. Notes: (?-)350-2300m. Native.
    • var. acutigluma (Steud.) Veldkamp, Blumea 59 (2015) 232; ≡ Garnotia acutigluma (Steud.) Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 55 (1941) 393; ≡ Urachne acutigluma Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 121; Type: from Java. Distribution: China, Moluccas, Nepal, Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO. Native.
    • var. longiseta Hack., Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 12 (1909) 141; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 81; Type: Merrill in Kneucker Gram. Exsicc. 744 (W, holo; B, BM, E, G, K, L, UC, US, WAG, iso). = Garnotia mindanaensis Santos, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 33 (1943) 135; Type: Bartlett 17235 (MICH, holo; US, iso). Distribution: Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, ?Sumatra. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: Chiefly in the montane zone, but occurring also at low or medium elevation. (?-)350-2300m. Native.
    • var. stricta. = Garnotia philippinensis Santos, J. Arnold Arbor. 25 (1944) 94; Type: Ramos BS 42963 (US, holo; K, PNH (lost), UC, iso). Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON, MINDANAO. Notes: N Luzon to Mindanao. On talus slopes, along streams, etc., at low and medium elevation. Native.

Gigantochloa Kurz ex Munro (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 November 2020
  1. Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr., Amer. J. Bot. 3 (1916) 61; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 96; Wong in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 109; Widjaja, Reinwardtia 10 (1987) 353; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 21; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3975; ≡ Bambusa levis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 272; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 310 (K, holo; BM, BO, L, iso), Luzon: Tayabas, Mar-1914. = Dendrocalamus curranii Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 271; Type: Curran BF 10177 (K, holo; BO, iso), Luzon: Tayabas, Sampaloe, Mar-1908. = Gigantochloa scribneriana Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 390; Type: Lamson-Scribner 14 (PNH, holo, lost), Cuyo. Area of origin unknown. Distribution: CAMIGUIN, CULION, CUYO, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), POLILLO. Notes: Probably an introduced species in the Philippines. Usually planted, but reportedly naturalized to a certain degree (Wong 1995). Secondary forest and in and around settlements. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja, Reinwardtia 10 (1987) 323; Widjaja in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 102. Notes: Area of origin unknown. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27 (1864) 226; Widjaja, Reinwardtia 10 (1987) 316; Rifai in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 104; ≡ Bambusa thouarsii var. atter Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar. (Hasskarl) (1848) 41. Distribution: MINDANAO: Davao, POLILLO. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Hackelochloa Kuntze

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 September 2017
  1. Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 776; ≡ Mnesithea granularis (L.) de Koning & Sosef, Blumea 31 (1986) 295; ≡ Cenchrus granularis L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 575; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 329; Fl. Manila (1912) 79; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 41; Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 83. Distribution: Pantropic. BATAN, CEBU, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, TAKLONG. Notes: In most islands and provinces (Santos 1986). In disturbed soil, open waste places, old clearings, etc., at low and medium elevation. Native.

Heteropogon Pers.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 December 2021
  1. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 836; ≡ Andropogon contortus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1045; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 83; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 44; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 83. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, China, Europe, India, Japan, Middle East. CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Not native to the Philippines (Merrill 1912); in open grasslands at low and medium elevation, often very abundant. Naturalized.
  2. Heteropogon triticeus (R.Br.) Stapf ex Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912 (1912) 432; ≡ Andropogon triticeus R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 201; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 48. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, LUZON: Abra, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental. Notes: Open grasslands at low or medium elevation. 9m. Native.

Holcus L. (Not native)

Possibly present

  1. Holcus lanatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1048. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet (photos). Notes: Possibly represented in photos by Leonard Co. Possibly naturalized if indeed present.

Hymenachne P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 May 2023
  1. Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2 (1829) 276; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 84; ≡ Panicum amplexicaule Rudge, Pl. Guian. (1805) 21; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 92; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 61. Distribution: Australia, India to China, S America. ALABAT, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: In open swamps and along swampy margins of lakes and streams at low elevation. 9-472m. Native.
  2. Hymenachne aurita (J.Presl ex Nees) Balansa, J. Bot. (Morot), 1st Sér. 4 (1890) 144; ≡ Dallwatsonia aurita (J.Presl ex Nees) J.R.Grande, Phytoneuron 2014 (2014) 22: 3; ≡ Panicum auritum J.Presl ex Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2 (1829) 176; Presl in Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 305. = Panicum auritum var. procerius J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 305; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 92; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 61. = Sacciolepis insulicola (Steud.) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18 (1947) 3; ≡ Panicum insulicola Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1853) 78. Distribution: Malesia, New Guinea, Sri Lanka to China. BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, CULION, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Common in open, rather wet places, swampy margins of lakes and sluggish rivers. 0-1500m. Native.

Hyparrhenia Andersson ex E.Fourn.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 November 2020
  1. Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 360; ≡ Andropogon filipendulus Hochst., Flora 29 (1846) 115. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental, MINDORO. Notes: 1100-1951m. Native.
    • var. filipendula. Distribution: Africa, Madagascar. Naturalized.
    • var. pilosa (Hochst.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 304; ≡ Andropogon filipendulus var. pilosus Hochst., Flora 29 (1846) 115. = Hyparrhenia filipendula var. lachnatherus (Benth.) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 635; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 44. = Andropogon filipendulus forma bispiculata Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 269; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 45. Distribution: Africa to Australia, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Sur, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental. Notes: In the Cordillera Highlands of Luzon. Open grasslands. 1100-1600m. Native.
  2. Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 304; ≡ Trachypogon rufus Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2 (1829) 345. Distribution: LUZON: Bataan, MINDORO. Naturalized.
    • var. rufa. Distribution: Africa, Indian Ocean. LUZON: Bataan. Notes: Naturalized in open grassland. P.B. Pelser (30-Nov-20): Not listed by Veldkamp in his unpublished 'Annotated checklist of Philippine herbaceous Gramineae', but he did annotate a specimen in L using this name (Vera Santos 7713). Naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Hyparrhenia newtonii (Hack.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 363; ≡ Andropogon newtonii Hack., Bol. Soc. Brot., 1st Sér. 3 (1885) 137.
    • var. newtonii. Distribution: Africa, China to Indochina and New Guinea, Madagascar, ?Philippines.

Ichnanthus P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 May 2023
  1. Ichnanthus pallens (Sw.) Munro ex Benth., Fl. Hongk. (1861) 414; ≡ Hildaea pallens (Sw.) C.Silva & R.P.Oliveira, Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 93 (2015) 229; ≡ Panicum pallens Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 23. Distribution: BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: 333-1400m. Native.
    • var. pallens. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, S America. LUZON, MINDORO. Native.
    • var. major (Nees) Stieber, Syst. Bot. 12 (1987) 207; ≡ Panicum pallens var. majus Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2 (1829) 138. = Ichnanthus vicinus (F.M.Bailey) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 70; ≡ Panicum vicinum F.M.Bailey, Syn. Queensl. Fl. Suppl. 3 (1890) 82. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Bangladesh, Caribbean, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: On forested slopes and ridges. Known from Cebu from Bicknell 1172. 333-1400m. Native.

Imperata Cyrillo

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 17 July 2025
  1. Imperata conferta (J.Presl) Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 55 (1941) 549; ≡ Saccharum confertum J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 346. = Imperata exaltata ssp. merrillii Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 264; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 31. Distribution: SE Asia to New Guinea. ALABAT, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CEBU, JOLO, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL, SIARGAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Probably much more widespread, although much less common than the next species. On exposed ridges. Probably not really distinct from Imperata cylindrica (Delia Co, pers. comm.). 152-2250m. Native.
  2. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Nomencl. Bot. (Raeusch.), 3rd Ed. (1797) 10; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; ≡ Lagurus cylindricus L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 878. = Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii (Retz.) Benth. ex Pilg., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 137; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 76; ≡ Saccharum koenigii Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 16. = Imperata cylindrica var. major (Nees) C.E.Hubb. & Vaughan, Grasses Mauritius (1940) 96; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 34; ≡ Imperata koenigii var. major Nees, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. (1841) 90. Distribution: Africa, Asia, Australia, Pacific Ocean. ALABAT, BASILAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, DALUPIRI, HOMONHON, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Quezon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Open slopes, often gregariously occupying enormous areas, forming characteristic kogonales, the name of these areas being taken from its almost universal local name kogon. Some sources consider this species to be native to SE Asia, whereas others don't. 0-2300m. Cryptogenic.

Isachne R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 8 September 2019
  1. Isachne albens Trin., Sp. Gram. (Trinius) 1 (1828) t.85. = Isachne magna (Merr.) Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 327; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 59; ≡ Isachne beneckei var. magna Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 350; Type: Merrill 4541 (PNH, lost; K, lecto). = Isachne apoensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2676; Type: Elmer 11578 (US 00134039, lecto; PNH lost, BO, BISH, E, HBG, K, L, NY, isolecto). Distribution: LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: 500-2940m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. albens. Distribution: India to Taiwan, New Guinea, Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao, NEGROS. Notes: In the mossy forest. 600-2400m. Native.
  2. Isachne clarkei Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 24; Type: from India. = Isachne beneckei Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 51 (1901) 459; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 350; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 58. Distribution: Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand. DINAGAT, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: Open wet places, borders of cold pools and sphagnum swamps, and on narrow forested ridges, 800-2600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 778; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 59; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 86; ≡ Milium globosum Thunb., Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) (1784) 49. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Notes: (?-)700-2500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Isachne minutula (Gaudich.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 2 (1831) t.117; ≡ Panicum minutulum Gaudich., Voy. Uranie (1829) 410. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BUCAS GRANDE, CALAYAN, CULION, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: 0-760m. Native.
  5. Isachne myosotis Nees, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2 (1850) 98; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 349; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 60. = Isachne debilis Rendle ex Forbes & Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36 (1904) 322; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 350; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 58. = Isachne micrantha Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 168; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 59. = Isachne incrassata (Hack.) Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 168; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 59; ≡ Isachne debilis var. incrassata Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 268. = Isachne pauciflora Hack., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 80; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 60. = Isachne depauperata (Hack.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 58; ≡ Isachne pauciflora var. depauperata (Hack.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 288; ≡ Isachne beneckei forma depauperata Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 350. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand. BASILAN, BATAN, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAN MIGUEL. Notes: 100-2940m. Native.
  6. Isachne pangerangensis Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 1 (1854) 54. = Isachne pangerangensis var. halconensis Hack., PJS 3c (1908) 167; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 60; Type: Merrill 6203 (W, lecto; K, L, PNH lost, isolecto), Mindoro: Mt Halcon. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Benguet, MINDORO, NEGROS. Native.
  7. Isachne pulchella Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 476. = Isachne conferta Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 261; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 58. = Isachne miliacea Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) 58; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 89; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 59. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. BILIRAN, BUSUANGA, CULION, LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, PANAY. Notes: Open wet places, old rice paddies, boulders and ledges along streams at low or medium elevation, often abundant. 300-2929m. Native.
  8. Isachne schmidtii Hack., Bot. Tidsskr. 24 (1901) 97. ≠ Isachne kunthiana auct. non (Wight & Arn. ex Steud.) Nees ex Miq. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. BOHOL, LUZON. Notes: (?-)700m. Native.
  9. Isachne stricta Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 463; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 60; Type: Elmer 10425 (US, lecto; PNH lost, B, BISH, BO, E, HBG, K, L, NY, U, US, Z, isolecto). Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, NEGROS. Native.
  10. Isachne vulcanica Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 169; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 60; ≡ Isachne clementis var. vulcanica (Merr.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 282; Type: Merrill 6975 (US, lecto; PNH lost, B, BO, K, L, isolecto), Negros: Kanlaon Volcano, Apr-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Notes: Cushion plant on bare slopes of the old crater of Kanlaon Volcano, 1100-2100m. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Isachne arfakensis Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 56 (1942) 4; Type: not from the Philippines. Distribution: New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, ?Philippines. ?LUZON: ?Benguet. Notes: 2400m. P.B. Pelser (8-Sep-2019): Not listed for the Philippines by Veldkamp (2018). Misapplied name for the morphologically similar Isachne albens var. albens? See Jose Vera Santos 7832 (PNH). 2408m.
  2. Isachne brassii Hitchc., Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 54 (1929) 146. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, ?Philippines, Sulawesi. ?DINAGAT, ?LUZON. Notes: 200-975m. P.B. Pelser (8-Sep-2019): Not listed for the Philippines by Veldkamp (2018). Misapplied name for the morphologically similar Isachne minutula?
  3. Isachne villosa (Hitchc.) Reeder, J. Arnold Arbor. 29 (1948) 314; Henty, Man. Grasses New Guin. (1969) 114; ≡ Isachne brassii var. villosa Hitchc., Brittonia 2 (1936) 123. Distribution: New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, ?Philippines. Notes: L.L.Co: Philippine materials determined by Santos as Isachne cf. brassii may belong to this species; this species is mentioned by Henty (1969) but not seen. P.B. Pelser (8-Sep-2019): Not listed for the Philippines by Veldkamp (2018). Misapplied name for the morphologically similar Isachne clarkei?

Ischaemum L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 September 2017
  1. Ischaemum barbatum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 6 (1791) 35. = Ischaemum barbatum var. gibbum (Trin.) Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11 (1942) 175; ≡ Ischaemum aristatum var. gibbum (Trin.) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 204; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 80; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 37; ≡ Ischaemum gibbum Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 295. = Ischaemum barbatum var. imbricatum (Hack.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 294. Distribution: Australia, India to China. BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CEBU, CORON, CULION, GUIMARAS, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Kalinga, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, PALAWAN. Notes: Open grasslands at low and medium elevation; often common. 4-2259m. Native.
  2. Ischaemum ciliare Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 6 (1791) 36; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 37, excl. Batan specimens cited (which are Ischaemum setaceum). Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BATAN, LUZON. Native.
  3. Ischaemum glaucescens Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 263; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 37. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: In shallow water, borders of Lake Manguao, at low elevation. 50m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  4. Ischaemum merrillii Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 266; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 38. = Ischaemum arundinaceum var. radicans Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 266. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: In open rather wet places, c.1500m. Native.
  5. Ischaemum minus J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 329. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, S America. Native.
  6. Ischaemum muticum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1049; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 330; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 38. Distribution: India to Australia, Philippines. BALABAC, BATAN DE ALBAY, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Norte, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL, SEMIRARA, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAGANAK. Notes: A common beach grass in the Philippines. 0-169m. Native.
  7. Ischaemum philippinense Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11 (1942) 175. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Native.
  8. Ischaemum polystachyum J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 328. = Ischaemum digitatum Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. (1831) 70. = Ischaemum intermedium Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. (1831) 73; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 80; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 38. = Ischaemum todayense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2678; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 39. Distribution: Malay Peninsula to New Guinea and Pacific Ocean, Philippines. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Open wet grassy places, ravines in secondary forests, etc. at low elevation. (?-)20-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Ischaemum pubescens Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 264; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 38. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. DUMARAN, LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Twice found. open grasslands at low elevation. Native.
  10. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb., Icon. Stirp. Rar. 1 (1791) 1; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 87. = Ischaemum rugosum var. distachyum (Cav.) Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 330; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 80; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 38; ≡ Colladoa distachya Cav., Icon. (Cavanilles) 5 (1799) 37. Distribution: India to China, Malesia, Philippines. BUSUANGA, CATANDUANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte, Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Annual. Open usually rather wet grasslands. 0-305m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Ischaemum setaceum Honda, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 38 (1924) 54; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 57. ≠ Ischaemum ciliare auct. non Retz.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 37, as to Batan specimens cited only. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN. Notes: Open grasslands and wet littoral cliff, locally rare. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Ischaemum australe R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 205. Distribution: Indochina to Australia, ?Philippines.
  2. Ischaemum timorense Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1830) 369. Distribution: India to Pacific Ocean, ?Philippines.

Koordersiochloa Merr.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 September 2017
  1. Koordersiochloa longiarista (A.Rich.) Veldkamp, Reinwardtia 13 (2012) 301; ≡ Streblochaete longiarista (A.Rich.) Pilg., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9 (1926) 516; Steenis, Mountain Fl. Java (1972) pl. 22-15; ≡ Trisetum longiaristum A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2 (1850) 417. = Koordersiochloa javanica Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 67; Merrill, PJS 30 (1926) 390. Distribution: Africa, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Mossy forest, c. 2400m. Native.

Leersia Sw.

  1. Leersia hexandra Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 21; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 78; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 88. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: N Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Open freshwater wetlands, rice paddies, etc. at low and medium elevation. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

  1. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 21; ≡ Phalaris oryzoides L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 55. Distribution: Europe, N America, W & E Asia. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice, but no specimens cited.

Leptaspis R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 September 2017
  1. Leptaspis banksii R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 211. = Leptaspis cumingii Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 416; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 76. Distribution: Australia, Java, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. BONGAO, JOLO, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Misamis, South Cotabato (photos). Notes: In forests at low or medium elevation. 160-1630m. Native.
  2. Leptaspis zeylanica Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1853) 8. Distribution: Africa to Solomon Isls, Philippines. MINDANAO. Native.

Leptatherum Nees

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 September 2019
  1. Leptatherum nudum (Trin.) C.Hui Chen, Kuoh & Veldkamp, Blumea 54 (2009) 179; ≡ Microstegium nudum (Trin.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 68 (1922) 201; ≡ Pollinia nuda Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 307; Hack. in DC., Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 178; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 34. Distribution: Africa, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Mossy forest clearings. 2000-2400m. Native.

Lepturus P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser. 13 September 2017
  1. Lepturus repens (G.Forst.) R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 207; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 91; ≡ Monerma repens (G.Forst.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 117; Hack., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 81; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 93; ≡ Rottboellia repens G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 9. Distribution: BANCORAN, BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CAOHAGAN DE SAMAR, CEBU, CULION, CUYO ARCHIPELAGO, GUIMARAS, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Quezon, MANTIGUE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PALMAS, PANDANON, SAN MIGUEL, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAGANAK, TAMLANGON, TAWI-TAWI, URSULA. Notes: 0m. Native.
    • ssp. repens. Distribution: Africa to Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BANCORAN, BATAN, CAOHAGAN DE SAMAR, CEBU, CULION, CUYO ARCHIPELAGO, GUIMARAS, LUZON, MANTIGUE, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PALMAS, SAN MIGUEL, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAMLANGON, URSULA. Notes: Sandy and rocky seashores, also as a coarse lawn grass. Native.

Lolium L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 November 2020
  1. Lolium temulentum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 83. Distribution: Africa, Eurasia, Europe. Notes: Naturalized as a weed in rice (Moody 1989). Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Lolium multiflorum Lam., Fl. Franç. (Lamarck) 3 (1779) 621. Distribution: Africa, Eurasia, Europe. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Lophatherum Brongn.

  1. Lophatherum gracile Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. (1831) 50; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 91; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 92. = Lophatherum gracile var. pilosum A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 25 (1919) 495; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 91. Distribution: Australia, India to Japan, Malesia, Philippines. BASILAN, BUSUANGA, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Notes: In forests, along trails, and in old clearings, chiefly at medium elevation. 600-1166m. Native.

Megathyrsus (Pilg.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacobs (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 15 December 2021
  1. Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacobs, Austrobaileya 6 (2003) 572; ≡ Panicum maximum Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. (Jacquin) 1 (1781) t.13; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 93; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 65; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 53; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 197; ≡ Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.Webster, Austral. Paniceae (1987) 24. Distribution: Africa, Indian Ocean, Middle East. CEBU, LUZON: NCR, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: Extensively cultivated for forage purposes. Waste areas, roadsides. Invasive species (CABI 2017). Guinea grass. Naturalized.

Melinis P.Beauv. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 December 2020
  1. Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 54; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 94. Distribution: Africa, S America. LUZON, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Naturalized in open fields. Forage grass. Naturalized.
  2. Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka, Biblioth. Bot. 38 (1988) 55; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 118; ≡ Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.Hubb., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1934 (1934) 110; ≡ Saccharum repens Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 1 (1797) 322. Distribution: Africa, Middle East. APO, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet (photos), Cagayan (photos), Zambales (photos), MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS. Naturalized.
    • ssp. repens. = Rhynchelythrum roseum (Nees) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. ex Bews, World's Grasses (1929) 223; ≡ Tricholaena rosea Nees, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill. (1841) 17. Distribution: Africa, Middle East. APO, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON, MINDANAO, NEGROS. Notes: Naturalized as weed in rice (Moody 1989). Naturalized.

Microchloa R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter Pelser, 14 September 2017
  1. Microchloa indica (L.f.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 13; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3 (1893) 356; Hack., Fedde Repert. 7 (1909) 373; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 74; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 83; ≡ Nardus indica L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 105. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Albay, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal. Notes: Open dry grasslands at low and medium elevation. Native.

Microstegium Nees

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 September 2019
  1. Microstegium biaristatum (Steud.) Keng, Sinensia 3 (1932) 92; ≡ Andropogon biaristatus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 379. = Pollinia glabrata var. elmeri (Hack.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 34; ≡ Pollinia monantha var. elmeri Hack., PJS 3c (1908) 167. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDORO. Native.
  2. Microstegium eucnemis (Nees ex Steud.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 68 (1922) 200; ≡ Pollinia eucnemis Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 409. Distribution: India, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. LUZON: Benguet. Native.
  3. Microstegium fasciculatum (L.) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 453; ≡ Andropogon fasciculatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1047. = Microstegium ciliatum (Trin.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 68 (1922) 201; ≡ Pollinia ciliata Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 306. = Microstegium monanthum (Nees ex Steud.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 257; ≡ Pollinia monantha Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 410. = Microstegium vagans (Nees ex Steud.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 68 (1922) 200; ≡ Pollinia vagans Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 410. = Microstegium gratum (Hack.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 258, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; ≡ Pollinia grata Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 175. = Microstegium montanum (Nees ex Steud.) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 455; ≡ Pollinia montana Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 409; Type: from Java. Distribution: Africa, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO. Notes: Thickets in damp ravines. 100-18590m. Native.
  4. Microstegium glabratum (Brongn.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 68 (1922) 201; ≡ Pollinia glabrata (Brongn.) Trin., Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 1 (1836) 70; Hack. in DC., Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 179; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 34; ≡ Eulalia glabrata Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. (1831) 93. Distribution: Borneo, China, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. BALUT, BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Open ravines, thickets, and old clearings at low and medium elevation. 700-1219m. Native.
  5. Microstegium spectabile (Trin.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 68 (1922) 200; ≡ Pollinia spectabilis Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 305. Distribution: Borneo, Hong Kong, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. LUZON, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, South Cotabato, Zamboanga Sibugay. Notes: Usually in rather wet grasslands, particularly in gullies and at forest margins. Native.
  6. Microstegium tenue (Trin.) Hosok., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 28 (1938) 150; ≡ Pollinia tenuis Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 307; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 35. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: Annual. Dry open slopes, on and about cliffs, etc.. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 260; ≡ Pollinia viminea (Trin.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 35; ≡ Andropogon vimineus Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 268. Distribution: Africa, Bhutan, India, Indochina, Japan, Java, Korea, Middle East, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Rizal. Notes: Annuals. Open wet slopes and in the mossy forest. 1200-2200m. Native.

Miscanthus Andersson

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 September 2017
  1. Miscanthus depauperatus Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 170; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 32. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Notes: Synonym of Miscanthus sinensis Andersson? Native.
  2. Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 166; ≡ Saccharum floridulum Labill., Sert. Austro-Caledon. (1824) 13. ≠ Miscanthus japonicus auct. non (Thunb.) Andersson; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 32. ≠ Miscanthus sinensis auct. non Andersson; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 32. Distribution: China to Pacific Ocean, New Guinea, Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, BATAN, BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: In thickets, exposed ridges, road cuts and ravines, along streams, volcanic craters, fumaroles, etc., often gregarious. 100-2700m. Native.
  3. Miscanthus sinensis Andersson, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 12 (1855) 166. Distribution: Borneo, China, Japan, Korea, Philippines. BATAN, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Occurs along volcanic crater vegetation on Mt Kanlaon. Cultivated forms with striped leaves are possibly also present. 900-1000m. Native.

Mnesithea Kunth

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 July 2022
  1. Mnesithea glandulosa (Trin.) de Koning & Sosef, Blumea 31 (1986) 290; ≡ Coelorachis glandulosa (Trin.) Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5 (1925) 204; ≡ Rottboellia glandulosa Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 250; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 40; Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 67; Type: from Java. Distribution: Myanmar to New Guinea, Philippines. BALABAC, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CULION, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO: Maguindanao del Sur, Sultan Kudarat, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, SIASI, TAKLONG, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In thickets, old clearings, along roads and railroads, etc. (?-)1525m. Native.
  2. Mnesithea laevis (Retz.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 154; ≡ Rottboellia laevis Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 3 (1783) 11. Distribution: LUZON: Albay, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO. Notes: 610m. Native.
    • var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) de Koning & Sosef, Blumea 31 (1986) 286; Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 94; ≡ Heteropholis cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton, Kew Bull. 35 (1981) 816; ≡ Thaumastochloa cochinchinensis (Lour.) C.E.Hubb., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 34 (1936) t.3313; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 296; ≡ Phleum cochinchinense Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 48; Type: Loureiro s.n. (BM, holo). = Ophiuros monostachyus J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 330; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 79; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 41. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines. LUZON: Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, Zamboanga. Notes: In open grasslands at low and medium elevation. Native.
  3. Mnesithea mollicoma (Hance) A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 25 (1919) 57; ≡ Rottboellia mollicoma Hance, J. Bot. 9 (1871) 134; Type: Hance 7558 (G, lecto; K, fragm. L, W, isolecto). = Rottboellia triflora F.T.Hubb., PJS 9c (1914) 257; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 40; Type: Ledesma s.n. (BH, holo; A, US, W, iso). Distribution: Java, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam and Thailand to China. PALAWAN. Notes: Borders of thickets at low elevation. Native.
  4. Mnesithea rottboellioides (R.Br.) de Koning & Sosef, Blumea 31 (1986) 291; ≡ Coelorachis rottboellioides (R.Br.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 68 (1922) 197; ≡ Rottboellia rottboellioides (R.Br.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916 (1917) 644; ≡ Ischaemum rottboellioides R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 206; ≡ Rottboellia ophiuroides Benth., Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 514, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 40; Type: R. Brown 6156 (BM, holo; ?CANB, MEL, NSW). = Rottboellia ophiuroides var. intermedia Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 265; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 40; Type: Elmer 6393 (BO, K, PNH lost, W, lecto). Distribution: Australia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BOHOL, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PANAY, SIARGAO. Notes: In open grasslands at low and medium elevation, pine forest, disturbed sites, often common. (?-)1800-2320m. Native.

Muhlenbergia Schreb.

  1. Muhlenbergia huegelii Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 6 (1841) 293. = Muhlenbergia arisanensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7 (1918) 87; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 80. Distribution: India to China and Taiwan, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: In the Cordillera Highlands. Along small streams, in old clearings, and in the mossy forest, 1300-3000m. Native.

Neololeba Widjaja

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 November 2020
  1. Neololeba atra (Lindl.) Widjaja, Reinwardtia 11 (1997) 114; ≡ Bambusa atra Lindl., Penny Cyclop. 3 (1835) 357; Widjaja in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 53. Distribution: Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: Planted in gardens and bambuseta. Native.

Ophiuros Gaertn.

Last edited by Pieter Pelser, 14 September 2017
  1. Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 780; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 329; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 41; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 96; ≡ Aegilops exaltata L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 575. = Ophiuros tongcalingii (Elmer) Henrard, Blumea 4 (1941) 520; ≡ Rottboellia tongcalingii Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2680. Distribution: Australia, India to China, Malesia, Philippines. LUZON: Bulacan, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: In open rather damp places, borders of thickets, etc. at low and medium elevation. Common. 930m. Native.

Oplismenus P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 September 2017
  1. Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 54; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 94; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 71; ≡ Panicum burmanni Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 3 (1783) 10. Distribution: Pantropic. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, PANAY. Notes: In thickets at low elevation. Native.
  2. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 54; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 94; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 71; Santos, Guide to Philip. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 98; ≡ Panicum compositum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 57. = Oplismenus compositus var. lasiorhachis Hack., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 81; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 71. = Oplismenus compositus var. rariflorus (J.Presl) U.Scholz, Phanerog. Monogr. 13 (1981) 96; ≡ Oplismenus rariflorus J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 320. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, CULION, GUIMARAS, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, MULIGI, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines (Santos 1986). In thickets, old clearings, etc., at low and medium elevation; often common. 0-2195m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 54; ≡ Panicum hirtellum L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 870. = Oplismenus undulatifolius var. imbecillis (R.Br.) Hack., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 81; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 72; ≡ Orthopogon imbecillis R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 194. = Oplismenus aemulus (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 487; ≡ Orthopogon aemulus R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 194. Distribution: Pantropic. CATANDUANES, CEBU, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: In thickets and forests at low and medium elevation. Along streams in shaded places and on ridges in the mossy forest, at low and medium elevation. A variable species. (?-)220-2400m. Native.
  4. Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 54; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 72; ≡ Panicum undulatifolium Ard., Animadv. Bot. Spec. Alt. (1764) 14. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Eurasia, Malesia, Middle East, Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: Synonym of Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv.? 500-2350m. Native.

Oryza L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Edward Matulina Villasis, 14 July 2024
  1. Oryza meyeriana (Zoll. & Moritzi) Baill., Hist. Pl. (Baillon) 12 (1894) 166; Benth. ex Pilg. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 145; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 77; Borromeo, Philip. Agricultural Scientist 83 (2000) 135; Bon & Borromeo, Philip. Crop Science 27 (2002) 55; ≡ Padia meyeriana Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz. (Moritzi et al.) (1846) 103; Type: from Java. = Oryza abromeitiana Prodoehl, Bot. Arch. 1 (1922) 234; Type: Merrill 116 (B, holo, lost; PNH lost, US, iso), Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, Quiangan, Jun-1902. = Oryza meyeriana var. granulata (Nees & Arn. ex Watt) Duist., Blumea 32 (1987) 185; ≡ Oryza granulata Nees & Arn. ex Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. India 5 (1891) 500. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: In forests, bamboo thickets, and damp places by streams or dry riverbanks under full or partial shade and often on sloping areas of dryland and upland habitats avoiding standing water, at low and medium elevation; in gray sand, alluvium, or laterite soils. It is photoperiod-insensitive and adapted to aerobic soils. 183m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Oryza minuta J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 208; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 77; Borromeo, Philip. Agricultural Scientist 83 (2000) 135; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo; MO, iso), Luzon. = Oryza manilensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 219; Fl. Manila (1912) 98; Type: Ramos BS 2194 (PNH, holo, lost; BO, K, US, W, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Mar-1907. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Maguindanao del Norte, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: In open wet places and areas beside streams and riverbanks under partial shade, at low and medium elevation; in fertile alluvial clay or loamy soils. J.E.M. Villasis(14-Jul-24): There has been a longstanding confusion between Oryza minuta and O. officinalis, and the two species are sometimes been treated as synonyms. Oryza minuta has been recorded for Australia and various regions of Asia, probably based on specimens of O. officinalis previously being identified as O. minuta. However, Oryza minuta has only been found in Papua New Guinea and the Philippines (Vaughan & Morishima 2003), and populations outside of these areas are most likely misidentified. 33m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Oryza officinalis Wall. ex Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. India 5 (1891) 501; Steud., Syn. Pl. Gram. (1854) 3; Borromeo, Philip. Agricultural Scientist 83 (2000) 135; Bon & Borromeo, Philip. Crop Science 27 (2002) 54; Type: from India. = Oryza minuta var. silvatica (A.Camus) Veldkamp, Blumea 37 (1992) 232; ≡ Oryza latifolia var. silvatica A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 27 (1921) 456. Distribution: Australia, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: In forests or forest edges and open vegetation, in seasonally wet areas, and along lakesides, streams, or rivers, up to 1500m, with some populations growing under full sunlight and others in partial or complete shade; it prefers alluvial silt soils or sandy soils on limestone. (?)-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Oryza rufipogon Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3 (1851) 5; Borromeo, Philip. Agricultural Scientist 83 (2000) 135; Type: from Bangladesh. = Oryza nivara S.D.Sharma & Shastry, Indian J. Genet. Pl. Breed. 25 (1965) 161; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 290. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: In swamps, open ditches, swampy grasslands, deepwater ricefields, at the edges of lakes or ponds, and sites with stagnant or slow, running water; in clay/loam soil and black soil, in full sun. Only known from the shores of Lakes Apo and Napalit in Bukidnon (Labarosa et al. 2020). The two populations are very distinct from each other, with the population on the first lake having longer leaves, culms, and awns than the other population. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Oryza sativa L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 333; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 97; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 77; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 98; Type: from India. = Oryza sativa var. luzonica Gustchin, Riz & Rizic. 8 (1934) 39. = Oryza sativa var. philippensis Gustchin, Riz & Rizic. 8 (1934) 30. = Oryza sativa var. manilensis Körn., Handb. Getreidebaus 1 (1885) 234. = Oryza aristata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 274, nom. illeg. = Oryza sativa var. aristida Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 273. = Oryza sativa var. binamban Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 273. = Oryza sativa var. glutinosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 273. = Oryza sativa var. lamuyo Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 273. = Oryza sativa var. pilosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 275. = Oryza sativa var. praecox Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 274. = Oryza sativa var. quinanda Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 274. = Oryza sativa var. rubra Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 275. = Oryza sativa var. violacea Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 275. Distribution: LUZON: Albay (photos), PALAWAN (photos), PANAY (photos). Notes: Throughout the Philippines, in most islands and provinces, but nowhere wild, and of prehistoric introduction. In wet, inundated fields under full sun, partially submerged in fresh or brackish water in fertile, loamy soils. Adventitious plants may occur near or around rice-growing areas, but they cannot establish populations in the wild. Cultivated across about 4.8 Mha of paddy fields in the country, the rice plant is enormously variable, and there are many named varieties that occur in the archipelago. Rice. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Ottochloa Dandy

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 February 2018
  1. Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy, J. Bot. 69 (1931) 55; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 92; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 65; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 49; ≡ Panicum nodosum Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 1 (1833) 97. = Ottochloa arnottiana (Steud.) Dandy, J. Bot. 69 (1931) 55; ≡ Panicum arnottianum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1853) 59. = Ottochloa fusca (Ridl.) Dandy, J. Bot. 69 (1931) 55; ≡ Hemigymnia fusca Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5 (1925) 228. Distribution: Africa, Australia, India to China, Malesia, Philippines. ALABAT, BALABAC, BASILAN, BICAWAYAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CULION, DINAGAT (photos), JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Bulacan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In most islands and provinces (Santos 1986). Shaded places, thickets, old clearings, etc., low and medium elevation; common. 0-866m. Native.

Panicum L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 21 November 2023
  1. Panicum bisulcatum Thunb., Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal., 2nd Ser. 7 (1815) 141; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 188. = Panicum acroanthum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 87; Quisumbing, PJS 41 (1930) 315. Distribution: China, India to Japan, Indochina, Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: Known from Balabac from Mt Caunayan, BS 49704 Ramos & Edaño; secondary forest near stream at low elevation. Native.
  2. Panicum brevifolium L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 59; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 61; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 189. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Laos, Madagascar, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, ?Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, CULION, LUZON: Ifugao, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In thickets, along trails in shaded places, etc., at low elevation. Native.
  3. Panicum caudiglume Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 51 (1901) 428; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 92; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 62; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 101; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 190. Distribution: Java, Java Sea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. CULION, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: In open waste places at low elevation, in regions with distinct seasonal climate. 200m. Native.
  4. Panicum curviflorum Hornem., Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl. (1819) 116; Veldk., Eijs & Zoetemeyer, Blumea 34 (1989) 77. = Panicum curviflorum var. suishaense (Hayata) Veldkamp, Blumea 34 (1989) 81; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 191; ≡ Panicum suishaense Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7 (1918) 62. ≠ Panicum trypheron auct. non Schult.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 69; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 107. Distribution: China, India, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand. BUSUANGA, CULION, LUZON: Cagayan, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SEMIRARA. Notes: Across Malesia to New Guinea; in open grasslands at low and medium elevation. 610m. Native.
  5. Panicum humile Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 84; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 64; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 100; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 194. = Panicum walense Mez, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34 (1904) 146, as 'watense'. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan. BUSUANGA, CULION, GUIMARAS, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Kalinga, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: In dry areas, open waste places, grasslands, etc., at low and medium elevation. Annual. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Panicum luzonense J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 308; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 64; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 102; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 195; Zuloaga, Darwinia 10 (2022) 340; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, lecto; LE, W, isolecto), Luzon. = Panicum cambogiense Balansa, J. Bot. (Morot), 1st Sér. 4 (1890) 142; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 290; Type: from Cambodia. = Panicum extensum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1853) 72, nom. illeg., non Desv.; Type: Cuming 652 (P, lecto; BM, G, K, L, W), Philippines. ≠ Panicum tuberculatum auct. non J.Presl; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 69. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, PALAWAN, PANAY, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Annual. In open waste places, old clearings, rice fields, etc., at low and medium elevation. 50-244m. Native.
  7. Panicum miliaceum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 58; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 39; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 28; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 1 (1877) 52; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 358; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 65; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 198. Notes: Originally from C Asia, now cultivated as a cereal or fodder in warm and temperate regions, sporadically so in former times in Malesia. Naturalized.
  8. Panicum mindanaense Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 360; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 65; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 199. Distribution: Philippines to New Guinea. BICAWAYAN, BUSUANGA, CULION, GUIMARAS, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Lanao, Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: In open places, abandoned gardens, grasslands, etc. 0-75m. Native.
  9. Panicum notatum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 18; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 199. = Panicum cordatum Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 376; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 63; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 104. Distribution: Borneo, India to China and Taiwan, Java, Java Sea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sulawesi, Sumatra. CULION, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Ifugao, La Union, Mountain Province, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TAKLONG. Notes: Perennial. in thickets, roadsides, old clearings, steep slopes, etc., at low and medium elevation. Native.
  10. Panicum paludosum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 310; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 93; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 66; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 104; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 200; Zuloaga, Darwinia 10 (2022) 345; Type: from India. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, PANAY. Notes: In shallow water along margins of streams and lakes, rice fields, often floating, locally dominant. Low and medium elevation. Native.
  11. Panicum repens L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 87; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 93; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 67; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 106; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 202. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: Probably not native to the Philippines (Veldkamp 1996). In open lowlands, sunny to slightly shaded, especially near the sea, but also inland locally. (?-)1500m. Naturalized.
  12. Panicum sarmentosum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 311; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 68; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 106; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 203. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, CULION, LUZON: Bataan, Cavite, NCR, Quezon, Zambales, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: In thickets and secondary forests, old clearings, steep river banks, at low and medium elevation, often locally common. 166-244m. Native.
  13. Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 434; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 108; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 205; Zuloaga, Darwinia 10 (2022) 359; Type: from Sumatra. = Panicum crispum Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 41; Type: Merrill 1764 (L, neo; GH, NY, SING, isoneo), Benguet: 1-May-1914. = Panicum psilopodium Trin., Gram. Panic. (1826) 17; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 93; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 66; Type: from India. Distribution: Africa, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Maguindanao del Norte. Notes: In Malesia along the ‘drought track’ through Wallacea; in open wet places, forest edge, edge of rice fields, grassy roadside, low and medium elevation, ascending to 1400m. Annual. Native.
  14. Panicum trichoides Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 24; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 68; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 207. Distribution: Neotropics. CULION, LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan. Notes: Annual. In thickets at low and medium elevation. 2250-2350m. Naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Panicum elegantissimum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 52. Distribution: China to Indochina and ?Philippines.
  2. Panicum incomtum Trin., Gram. Panic. (1826) 200. Distribution: ?Philippines, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Australia.

Paspalum L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 21 November 2023
  1. Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius, Acta Helv. Phys.-Math. 7 (1772) 129; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 87; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 56; Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 290; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 62; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 31. Distribution: Neotropics. BASILAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, HOMONHON, LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Common throughout and widespread throughout the Philippines. In the settled areas, about towns, along trails, streams, etc., often very abundant. Naturalized.
  2. Paspalum dilatatum Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 5 (1804) 35; Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 293; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 291. Distribution: America. LUZON. Notes: Pantropical weed. Naturalized in rice fields. Naturalized.
  3. Paspalum distichum L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 855; Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 295. Distribution: America. LUZON. Notes: Pantropical weed, probably introduced in Malesia. Wet marshlands, swamps, in polluted, shallow`water, along irrigation ditches, etc., up to 1725m. Invasive species (CABI 2017). Naturalized.
  4. Paspalum notatum Flüggé, Gram. Monogr., Paspalum (1810) 106; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 291. Distribution: S America. LUZON. Notes: Widely cultivated and naturalized in rice fields. Naturalized.
  5. Paspalum paniculatum L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 855. Distribution: Africa, Neotropics. LUZON. Naturalized.
  6. Paspalum scrobiculatum L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 29; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 344; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 86; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 56; De Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 302. = Paspalum scrobiculatum var. auriculatum (J.Presl) Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 345; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 86; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 57; ≡ Paspalum auriculatum J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 217. = Paspalum scrobiculatum var. bispicatulum Hack. ex Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 86; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 57. = Paspalum scrobiculatum var. horneri (Henrard) de Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 307; ≡ Paspalum horneri Henrard, Blumea 1 (1935) 306. = Paspalum orbiculare G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 7; De Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 299. = Paspalum longifolium var. pseudo-orbiculare Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 321; Type: Santos 5 (MICH, holo). = Paspalum commersonii Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 175. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, CULION, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL. Notes: Throughout the Philippines, in open grasslands at low and medium elevation; common and somewhat variable. 2-2000m. Native.
  7. Paspalum sumatrense Roth, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 316. = Paspalum scrobiculatum var. philippinense Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 345; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 57. = Paspalum longifolium Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 283; Hort. Beng. (1814) 7, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 86; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 56; De Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30 (1985) 297; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 111. = Paspalum longifolium var. trichocoleum Hack., PJS 3c (1908) 167; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 56. Distribution: Philippines, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Pacific Ocean. BALABAC, BASILAN, BOHOL, CEBU, DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Sultan Kudarat, Surigao, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALASAN, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIASI, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In open, usually rather wet lands, open level grasslands at low and medium elevation. 305-1200m. Native.
  8. Paspalum urvillei Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 24. Distribution: S America. LUZON. Notes: Not native to the Philippines, cultivated and escaping. Naturalized.
  9. Paspalum vaginatum Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 21; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 57. ≠ Paspalum distichum auct. non L.; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1882) 310; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 87. Distribution: America. CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Ilocos Sur, La Union, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Naturalized in open wet lands, usually in places subject to the influence of salt or brackish water. 0m. Naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Paspalum plicatulum Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 1 (1803) 45. Distribution: S America. Notes: Veldkamp pers. comm.: Said by 't Mannetje & Jones (Prosea 4, 1992) to be widely cultivated in Malesia, but only two New Guinea collections have been seen.

Perotis Aiton

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 September 2017
  1. Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 787; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 51; ≡ Anthoxanthum indicum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 28. Distribution: India to Australia, Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, NCR, Nueva Ecija, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: In open grasslands at low and medium elevation. Native.
  2. Perotis rara R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 172; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 51; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 113. Distribution: Thailand and Malay Peninsula through Philippines to Australia. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, MINDORO. Notes: On dry open slopes at low and medium elevation. 0m. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Perotis hordeiformis Nees, Bot. Beechey Voy. (1838) 248. Distribution: China, ?Philippines, SE Asia.

Phalaris L. (Not native)

Possibly present

  1. Phalaris minor Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 3 (1783) 8; Merrill, PJS 2c (1907) 421; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 78; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 114. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Europe, India, Middle East, Nepal, Pakistan, W Asia. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Known in the Philippines from BS 2785 Mearns at c. 1500m. Probably a mere casual and not truly naturalized.

Phragmites Adans.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 August 2025
  1. Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. (Steudel), 2nd Ed. 2 (1841) 324; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 381; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 87; ≡ Arundo karka Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 21. = Phragmites vallatorius (Pluk. ex L.) Veldkamp, Blumea 37 (1992) 233; ≡ Arundo vallatoria L., Herb. Amboin. (Linn.) (1754) 15, nom. inval. ≠ Phragmites vulgaris auct. non (Lam.) Trin.; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 100; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 87. ≠ Phragmites australis auct. non (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 291. ≠ Arundo madagascariensis auct. non Kunth; Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 159; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 87. ≠ Neyraudia madagascariensis auct. non (Kunth) Hook.f.; Merrill, PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 381; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 87. Distribution: Africa to Japan, Australia, Pacific Ocean. BOAAN, CEBU, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), Camarines, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SABTANG, SIBUYAN, TURTLE ISLS. Notes: Along slow streams and margins of lakes at low and medium elevation, often forming dense thickets. 10-900m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Phyllostachys Siebold & Zucc. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 May 2024

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Phyllostachys aurea (André) Carrière ex Rivière & C.Rivière, Bull. Soc. Acclim. France, 3rd Sér. 5 (1878) 716; Chengde & Widjaja in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 129; ≡ Bambusa aurea André, Pl. Feuill. Ornem. (1866) 102. Distribution: China, Japan. LUZON: Benguet. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Poa L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 16 January 2022
  1. Poa annua L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 68; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 181; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 92; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 115. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, China, Eurasia, India, Japan, Korea, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Very common in open waste places. Annual. Invasive species (CABI 2017). 1500-2400m. Naturalized.
  2. Poa pratensis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 67. = Poa luzoniensis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 180; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 92. Distribution: Continental Asia, Europe, N America. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Borders of cold marshes and streams, c. 2400m. Perennials. Naturalized.

Pogonatherum P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 September 2017
  1. Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 1 (1833) 478; ≡ Andropogon crinitus Thunb., Syst. Veg., 14th Ed. (1784) 903. = Cinna filiformis Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 9. = Pogonopsis tenera J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 333. = Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack., Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 12 (1906) 178; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 76; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 35; ≡ Saccharum paniceum Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 1 (1785) 595. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BATAN, BATANES, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL. Notes: Common on banks of ravines, along streams on cliffs and steep banks, etc., at low and medium elevation. 0-2042m. Native.

Polytoca R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 September 2017
  1. Polytoca digitata (L.f.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916 (1917) 641; ≡ Apluda digitata L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 434. = Polytoca heteroclita (Roxb.) Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 1 (1911) 99; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 29; ≡ Coix heteroclita Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 572. Distribution: India to New Guinea, Philippines. BOHOL, BUSUANGA, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat. Notes: In open grasslands at medium elevation. Native.
  2. Polytoca punctata (R.Br.) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 102; ≡ Chionachne punctata (R.Br.) Jannink, Blumea 47 (2002) 566; ≡ Sclerachne punctata R.Br., Pl. Jav. Rar. (Bennett) (1838) 15. Distribution: Java, Java Sea, Madura. LUZON: Batangas, NCR. Notes: 10m. Native.

Polytrias Hack. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 December 2020
  1. Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp, Blumea 36 (1991) 180; ≡ Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 29 (1938) 320; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 285; ≡ Phleum indicum Houtt., Nat. Hist. (Houttuyn) 2(13) (1782) 198. = Polytrias amaura (Buse) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 788; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 35, as ‘amaurea’; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 116; ≡ Andropogon amaurus Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 360, nom. illeg., nom. superfl. Distribution: Java. CEBU, JOLO, LUZON: Zambales (photos), MINDANAO, MINDORO. Notes: Commonly used as a lawn grass (Santos 1986). In open grasslands in and about towns at low elevation, weed in rice fields. Naturalized.

Pseudechinolaena Stapf

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 September 2017
  1. Pseudechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 495; ≡ Echinolaena polystachya Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 1 (1816) 119. = Panicum uncinatum Raddi, Agrostogr. Bras. (1823) 41; Trin., Gram. Pan. (1826) 174; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 362; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 69. Distribution: Pantropic. BOHOL, MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: Occurring as ground cover under plantation shade or thickets, also on open land, c. 650m. Native.

Pseudopogonatherum A.Camus

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 21 November 2023
  1. Pseudopogonatherum contortum (Brongn.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 255; ≡ Pollinia contorta (Brongn.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916 (1917) 641; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 33; ≡ Eulalia contorta (Brongn.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 775; ≡ Pogonatherum contortum Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. (1831) 90. = Pseudopogonatherum koretrostachys (Trin.) Henrard, Blumea 4 (1941) 521; ≡ Eulalia koretrostachys (Trin.) Henrard, Blumea 4 (1941) 521; ≡ Andropogon koretrostachys Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 2 (1833) 273. Distribution: China, Indochina, Philippines, Thailand to Moluccas. LUZON: Abra, Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental. Notes: In open grasslands chiefly at medium elevation. Weak annual. 20m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Pseudopogonatherum irritans (R.Br.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 68 (1922) 68; ≡ Pollinia irritans (R.Br.) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 155; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 34; ≡ Saccharum irritans R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 203. Distribution: Philippines, Thailand to Australia. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: South Cotabato. Notes: In open grasslands, c. 1000m. Perennial. Native.
  3. Pseudopogonatherum quadrinerve (Hack.) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18 (1947) 3; ≡ Eulalia quadrinervis (Hack.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 775; ≡ Pollinia quadrinervis Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 158; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 35. Distribution: India to China, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Open slopes in pine forest, 1400-2200m. Native.
  4. Pseudopogonatherum trispicatum (Schult.) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18 (1947) 3; ≡ Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 453; ≡ Andropogon trispicatus Schult., Mant. (Schultes) 2 (1824) 452. = Eulalia lagopus (Hack.) Henrard, Blumea 4 (1941) 521; ≡ Pollinia argentea var. lagopus Hack., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 79; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 33. = Pollinia argentea (Brongn.) Trin., Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 1 (1836) 71; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 77; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 33. Distribution: Australia, China to New Guinea, Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SEMIRARA. Notes: Open grasslands. 0-1890m. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Pseudopogonatherum speciosum (Debeaux) Ohwi, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18 (1947) 3; ≡ Pollinia speciosa (Debeaux) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 159; ≡ Erianthus speciosus Debeaux, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 32 (1878) 53. Distribution: India to Japan and Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines. ?CULION. Notes: Merrill 472 (US) possibly represents this species in the Philippines.

Pseudoraphis Griff.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 September 2017
  1. Pseudoraphis brunoniana (Griff.) Pilg., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10 (1928) 209; ≡ Panicum brunonianum Griff., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 5 (1836) 547. Distribution: India to Philippines. LUZON: NCR, Nueva Ecija, Rizal. Native.
  2. Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 62 (1952) 69; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 116; ≡ Panicum spinescens R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 193. = Chamaeraphis aspera Nees, Numer. List (1848) n.8679, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 96. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand. LUZON: Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: C Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. In shallow stagnant water, floating in ponds, ride fields, ditches, etc. 50-2000m. Native.

Pseudosorghum A.Camus

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 September 2017
  1. Pseudosorghum fasciculare (Roxb.) A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 26 (1920) 662; ≡ Andropogon fascicularis Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 269. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
  2. Pseudosorghum zollingeri (Steud.) A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 1st Ser. 26 (1920) 663; ≡ Andropogon zollingeri Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 369. Distribution: Bangladesh, Java, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. BATAN, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, NCR. Notes: Not in Taiwan. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Pseudostachyum Munro (Not native)

Possibly present

  1. Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 142; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 22. Distribution: Himalayas to China and Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines.

Racemobambos Holttum

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 November 2020
  1. Racemobambos hirsuta Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 15 (1956) 272; Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 153. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Native.

Rottboellia L.f.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 16 January 2022
  1. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton, Kew Bull. 35 (1981) 817; ≡ Stegosia cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 51. = Rottboellia exaltata L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 114; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 78; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 39. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BATAN, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 350-1500m. Native.
  2. Rottboellia paradoxa de Koning & Sosef, Blumea 31 (1986) 306. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Cavite. Notes: Once found on Mt Santo Tomas. Native.

Rytidosperma Steud.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 16 January 2022
  1. Rytidosperma oreoboloides (F.Muell.) H.P.Linder, Telopea 6 (1996) 614; ≡ Danthonia oreoboloides (F.Muell.) Stapf, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 27 (1901) t.2606; ≡ Festuca oreoboloides F.Muell., Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria 1 (1889) 39. = Monostachya centrolepidioides Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 331; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 92; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 95. Distribution: Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: In Benguet near the summit of Mt Pulag. Cushion-forming perennial in open grasslands. 2800m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Saccharum L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 May 2023
  1. Saccharum officinarum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 54; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 78; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 32; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 118. Distribution: PALAWAN. Notes: Cultivated throughout the Philippines, in some islands and provinces very extensively, being one of the major crops of the Philippines. Sugar cane. Naturalized.
  2. Saccharum spontaneum L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 183; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989. = Saccharum spontaneum ssp. indicum Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 117; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 77; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 32. Distribution: BATAN, CEBU, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SIARGAO. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. spontaneum. Distribution: Africa to Australia. LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Open areas at low and medium elevation, often gregarious and almost exclusively occupying large areas. (?-)1500m. Native.

Sacciolepis Nash

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 March 2025
  1. Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21 (1908) 8; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 120; ≡ Panicum indicum L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 184; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 92; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 64. = Sacciolepis indica var. angusta (Trin.) Keng, Clav. Gen. Sp. Gram. Prim. Sin. (1957) 220; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 64; ≡ Panicum angustum Trin., Sp. Gram. (Trinius) 3 (1835) t.334. Distribution: Africa to Japan, Australia, Philippines. BALABAC, BASILAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CEBU, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Common in open wet grasslands at low and medium elevation. 166-1322m. Native.
  2. Sacciolepis myosuroides (R.Br.) Chase ex E.G.Camus & A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 460; ≡ Panicum myosuroides R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 189; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 65. Distribution: Australia, India to Pacific Ocean, Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Open wetlands at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Schizachyrium Nees

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 September 2017
  1. Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 359; ≡ Andropogon brevifolius Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 26; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 335; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 43. = Schizachyrium brevifolium ssp. paradoxum (Buse) Henrard, Blumea 1 (1935) 308; ≡ Schizachyrium paradoxum Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 359. Distribution: Pantropic. BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: In open grasslands at low and medium elevation. Annual. 137m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Schizachyrium fragile (R.Br.) A.Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 2nd Sér. 70 (1924) 87; ≡ Andropogon fragilis R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 202; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 82. Distribution: Australia, Moluccas, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Zambales, MANAMOC, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Notes: In dry open grasslands at medium elevation. Annual. 1524m. Native.
  3. Schizachyrium pseudeulalia (Hosok.) S.T.Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 80 (1969) 77; ≡ Microstegium pseudeulalia Hosok., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 28 (1938) 151. = Schizachyrium fragile var. luzoniense (Hack.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 338; ≡ Andropogon fragilis var. luzoniensis Hack., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 267; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 45. = Schizachyrium fragile var. malayanum (Merr.) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 338; ≡ Andropogon fragilis var. malayanus Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 45. Distribution: Philippines to Australia. BOHOL, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Lanao, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, MINDORO. Notes: Annual. Very close to the preceding. Native.
  4. Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6(Suppl.) (1931) 334; ≡ Andropogon sanguineus (Retz.) Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 101; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 47; ≡ Rottboellia sanguinea Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 3 (1783) 25. Distribution: India to China, Madagascar, New Guinea. CULION, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, South Cotabato. Notes: On open slopes at low elevation. Perennial. Native.

Schizostachyum Nees

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 June 2025
  1. Schizostachyum brachycladum (Kurz ex Munro) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 39(2) (1870) 89; Dransfield in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 132; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 23; ≡ Melocanna zollingeri var. brachyclada Kurz ex Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 26 (1868) 134. Distribution: MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: Native of tropical Asia. Cultivated mainly as an ornamental in the Philippines and has spread out in the settled areas of the archipelago. Naturalized.
  2. Schizostachyum curranii Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 277; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 97; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 24. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao. Notes: Mossy forest edges, c. 2000m. Native.
  3. Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merr., Amer. J. Bot. 3 (1918) 62; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 98; Roxas & Dransfield in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 138; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 29; ≡ Bambusa lima Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 271. = Schizostachyum hallieri Gamble, PJS 5c (1910) 274. ≠ Schizostachyum longispiculatum auct. non (Munro) Kurz. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BASILAN, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR. Notes: In thickets and secondary forests, sometimes gregarious; a species having unusually long internodes, these being up to 120 cm in length. low and medium elevation. 45-300m. Native.
  4. Schizostachyum lumampao (Blanco) Merr., Amer. J. Bot. 3 (1916) 65; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 99; Virtucio & Sinohin in Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 140; Santos, Guide Philipp. Fl. Fauna 4 (1986) 30; ≡ Bambusa lumampao Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 272. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: In secondary forests, but more frequently gregarious and occupying extensive areas at low and medium elevation where forests have been destroyed. 30-122m. Native.
  5. Schizostachyum textorium (Blanco) Merr., Amer. J. Bot. 3 (1916) 64; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 99; ≡ Bambusa textoria Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 270. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, La Union, Rizal. Notes: In secondary forests at low elevation. Native.

Scrotochloa Judz.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 September 2017
  1. Scrotochloa urceolata (Roxb.) Judz., Phytologia 56 (1984) 300; ≡ Leptaspis urceolata (Roxb.) R.Br., Pl. Jav. Rar. (Bennett) (1838) 23; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 76; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 89; ≡ Pharus urceolatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 611. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, NCR, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In thickets and forests at low and medium elevation. 117-1030m. Native.

Sehima Forssk.

  1. Sehima nervosa (Rottler) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1917) 36; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 120; ≡ Andropogon nervosus Rottler, Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4 (1803) 218. = Andropogon philippinensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 367; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 47. Distribution: Africa to Australia. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, ?MINDANAO: ?Misamis Oriental, ?PALAWAN. Notes: Dry open rocky slopes at low elevation. Indigenous in Ilocos Norte. An introduced grass cultivated in some improved grasslands in Luzon and Mindanao (fide Santos 1986). Native.

Setaria P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 November 2025
  1. Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 47; ≡ Panicum barbatum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 171. Distribution: Africa. CEBU, LUZON: Quezon (photos). Notes: Pantropically introduced. Annuals. Naturalized.
  2. Setaria clivalis (Ridl.) Veldkamp, Misc. Pap. Landbouwhoogeschool 19 (1980) 317; ≡ Panicum clivale Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 45 (1906) 242. = Setaria laxa Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 366; Fl. Manila (1912) 96; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 73. Distribution: Sumatra to Indian Ocean. LUZON: Batangas, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO. Notes: Thickets and fallow lands at low elevation. 50m. Native.
  3. Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp, Blumea 39 (1994) 376; ≡ Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 419; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 108; ≡ Panicum flavidum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 15; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 90; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 64. Distribution: Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BASILAN, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Cagayan (photos), Laguna, NCR, Rizal, Tarlac, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Terrestrial perennials. A common weed in open waste places in and about towns at low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Paspalidium flavidum). Native.
  4. Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 51; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 73; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 122; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 295; ≡ Panicum italicum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 56. = Setaria helvola (L.f.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 491; ≡ Panicum helvolum L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 107. Distribution: C Asia. BALABAC, BATAN, BUSUANGA, CULION, LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Very rarely cultivated. Naturalized in rice fields. Annuals. Italian Millet. Naturalized.
  5. Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42 (1914) 186; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 73; ≡ Panicum palmifolium J.Koenig, Naturforscher (Halle) 23 (1788) 208. = Setaria palmifolia var. blepharoneuron (A.Braun) Veldkamp, Floribunda 1 (1988) 22; ≡ Panicum neurodes var. blepharoneuron A.Braun, Index Seminum (Berlin) 1855(App.) (1855) 20. Distribution: India to China, Japan to New Guinea. BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. Introduced in tropical America. Perennials. Common in thickets, old clearings, abaca plantations, etc., at low and medium elevation. (?-)200-2133m. Native.
  6. Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen, Lejeunia 120 (1987) 161; ≡ Cenchrus parviflorus Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 6 (1804) 52. = Setaria flava (Nees) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 46; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 95; ≡ Panicum flavum Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2 (1829) 238. ≠ Setaria geniculata auct. non (Lam.) P.Beauv.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 72; ?Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 295. Distribution: America. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, DUMARAN, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan (photos), MINDANAO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines, not native. Open grasslands at low and medium elevation. (?-)1800m. Naturalized.
  7. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 891; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 295; ≡ Panicum pumilum Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 4 (1816) 273. = Setaria pallide-fusca (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930 (1930) 259; ≡ Panicum pallide-fuscum Schumach., Beskr. Guin. Pl. (1827) 58. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, China, Continental Asia, Europe, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CATANDUANES, CEBU, ITBAYAT, LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice. 30-2195m. Native.
  8. Setaria punctata (Burm.f.) Veldkamp, Blumea 39 (1994) 381; ≡ Paspalidium punctatum (Burm.f.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 419; ≡ Panicum punctatum Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 26; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 90; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 67. Distribution: Africa to Indian Ocean, China, Malesia, Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, SAMAR. Notes: In shallow water and in open muddy places at low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Paspalidium punctatum). Native.
  9. Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 51; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 74; ≡ Panicum verticillatum L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 82. = Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., N.S. 26 (1919) 77; Henrard, Blumea 3 (1940) 415; ≡ Panicum adhaerens Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 20. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, W Asia. BABUYAN ISLS, BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: NCR, Rizal. Notes: Perhaps native in Malesia, now widely cultivated. Open waste places. Native.
  10. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 51; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 95; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 74; ≡ Panicum viride L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 870. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Continental Asia, Europe, Japan, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Ryukyu Isls, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Cagayan, Mountain Province, Rizal, PALAWAN. Notes: Not native to the Philippines (Merrill 1912). Occurring rarely in open waste places and along road sides. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb., Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1930) 795; ≡ Panicum sphacelatum Schumach., Beskr. Guin. Pl. (1827) 78. = Setaria splendida Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1930) 799; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 123. Distribution: Africa. LUZON, MINDANAO. Notes: Now widely cultivated. South African pigeon grass, African bristlegrass. Cultivated. P.B. Pelser (11-Dec-20): I have thus far only seen specimens from plants grown in cultivation, so I here assume that it is not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Setaria geminata (Forssk.) Veldkamp, Blumea 39 (1994) 377; ≡ Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1920) 583; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 291; ≡ Panicum geminatum Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 18. Distribution: Africa, India, Madagascar, Middle East, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice, but no specimens cited. Possibly naturalized if indeed present.

Sorghum Moench

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 November 2023
  1. Sorghum × almum Parodi, Revista Argent. Agron. 10 (1943) 361. Notes: Hybrid of Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum halepense. Introduced in the Philippines ('t Mannetje & Jones 1992), but no specimens have been seen. Rhizomatous perennial. Johnson grass, a back-cross of this with Sorghum halepense is reported for Malesia as a noxious weed, but no records seen. Native.
  2. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Methodus (Moench) (1794) 207; ≡ Holcus bicolor L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 301. = Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot., Fl. Lusit. 1 (1804) 88; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 84; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 48; ≡ Holcus sorghum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1047. = Sorghum vulgare Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 1 (1804) 101. Distribution: Africa. CULION. Notes: Widely cultivated in the Philippines with innumerable forms. Annual. Naturalized.
  3. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 1 (1805) 101; ≡ Holcus halepensis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1047. Distribution: Africa to C Asia and Indochina. Notes: Invasive species (CABI 2017). Naturalized.
  4. Sorghum laxiflorum F.M.Bailey, Syn. Queensl. Fl. Suppl. 3 (1890) 84. = Andropogon baileyi F.Muell., Vict. Naturalist 8 (1891) 16; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 43. Distribution: Philippines to Australia. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDANAO. Notes: Annual. Open grassy slopes at medium elevation, ascending to 1200m. Naturalized.
  5. Sorghum nitidum (Vahl) Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 1 (1805) 101; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 174; ≡ Andropogon nitidus (Vahl) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 166; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 84; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 47; ≡ Holcus nitidus Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 2 (1791) 102. = Andropogon nitidus forma hirsuta Pilg., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 140; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 47. = Andropogon serratus Thunb., Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) (1784) 41; Hack. in DC., Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 520; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 337; Fl. Manila (1912) 84; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 48. = Sorghum nitidum var. parviflorum (Hack.) Ohwi; Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 18 (1947) 4; ≡ Andropogon serratus subvar. parviflorus Hack.; Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 6 (1889) 521. Distribution: Australia, Japan, Malesia, Sri Lanka to China, Taiwan. BATAN, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union (photos), Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SEMIRARA. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. Perennials. Open grasslands at low and medium elevation. 30-950m. Native.
  6. Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc., Lingnan Sci. J. 7 (1931) 249; ≡ Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. var. propinquus (Kunth) Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 84; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 45; ≡ Andropogon propinquus Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 1 (1833) 502. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Sri Lanka to China. BALABAC, BATAN, LUZON: Apayao, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. Rhizomatous perennials. Often common. 0-333m. Native.

Sphaerobambos S.Dransf.

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 November 2016
  1. Sphaerobambos philippinensis (Gamble) S.Dransf., Kew Bull. 44 (1989) 432; ≡ Bambusa philippinensis (Gamble) McClure, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 9 (1973) 68; ≡ Guadua philippinensis Gamble, PJS 8c (1913) 203; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 96. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental. Notes: Probably from thickets or secondary forests. Native.

Sphaerocaryum Nees ex Hook.f. (Not native)

Possibly present

  1. Sphaerocaryum malaccense (Trin.) Pilg., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 45 (1938) 2; ≡ Panicum malaccense Trin., Gram. Panic. (1826) 204. Distribution: Sri Lanka to China and ?Philippines.

Spinifex L.

Last edited to Pieter B. Pelser, 20 September 2017
  1. Spinifex littoreus (Burm.f.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 229; Fl. Manila (1912) 97; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 76; ≡ Stipa littorea Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 29. Distribution: Australia, India to China, Malesia. APO, BASILAN, BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, GUIMARAS, HERMANA MAYOR, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), JOLO, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MANTIGUE, MINDANAO: Davao, Misamis, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PUJADA, SANTA CRUZ ISLS. Notes: Common on sandy sea shores. Inflorescences unisexual, forming large spiny balls. Magsaysay Isl. 0m. Native.

Sporobolus R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 December 2020
  1. Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay, Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 25 (1955) 242; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 295; ≡ Agrostis africana Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 1 (1810) 254. = Sporobolus indicus var. capensis Engl., Hochgebirgsfl. Afrika (1892) 127. Distribution: Africa, Middle East, Sri Lanka. LUZON: Benguet. Naturalized.
  2. Sporobolus diandrus (Retz.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. (1812) 26; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 80; ≡ Sporobolus indicus var. diandrus (Retz.) Jovet & Guédès, Taxon 22 (1973) 163; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 125; ≡ Agrostis diandra Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 19. = Spermachiton involutum Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 25. = Sporobolus indicus var. flaccidus (Roem. & Schult.) Veldkamp, Blumea 35 (1991) 433; ≡ Agrostis elongata var. flaccida Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 368. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. BASILAN, BATAN, CABUCAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Lanao, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SABTANG, TAGANAK, TURTLE ISLS. Notes: Common in open grasslands, lawns and waste places about towns. 1-2000m. Native.
  3. Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton, Kew Bull. 19 (1965) 291; ≡ Agrostis fertilis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 170. = Sporobolus indicus var. major (Buse) Baaijens, Blumea 35 (1991) 437; ≡ Sporobolus diandrus var. major Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 343. ≠ Sporobolus indicus auct. non (L.) R.Br.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 80. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: 914-975m. Native.
  4. Sporobolus humilis J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 241. Distribution: Cambodia, Indian Ocean, Java, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, Cagayan, NCR, Pampanga, Tarlac, MINDORO. Notes: Perennials. 0m. Native.
  5. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 170; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 98; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 80; ≡ Agrostis indica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 63. Distribution: America. LUZON: Isabela (photos), NCR (photos), Rizal. Notes: Naturalized? Naturalized.
  6. Sporobolus pilifer (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 1 (1833) 611; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 80; ≡ Vilfa pilifera Trin., Gram. Unifl. Sesquifl. (1824) 157. Distribution: Africa, C & S America, China, India, Japan, Korea, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: On banks, in open grasslands, etc., at medium elevation. (?-)1200-1800m. Native.
  7. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth, Révis. Gramin. 1 (1829) 67; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 99; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 81; ≡ Agrostis virginica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 63. = Sporobolus humilis ssp. minor Veldkamp, Blumea 35 (1991) 420. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: ?Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, NCR, Rizal. Notes: Sandy beach, along tidal streams within the influence of salt or brackish water. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

  1. Sporobolus hancei Rendle, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36 (1904) 387. Distribution: China, ?Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan.

Stenotaphrum Trin. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 15 July 2022

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 794, as 'secundum'; ≡ Ischaemum secundatum Walter, Fl. Carol. (1788) 249. Distribution: Africa, America, Caribbean. LUZON. Notes: Native to tropical Atlantic sea shores. Grown as a lawn grass. P.B. Pelser (11-Dec-20): I have thus far only seen specimens from plants grown in cultivation, so I here assume that it is not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Stenotaphrum helferi Munro ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 7 (1896) 91. Distribution: China, Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.

Themeda Forssk.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 November 2022
  1. Themeda arguens (L.) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 657; Jansen, Act. Bot. Neerl.1 (1952) 479; ≡ Stipa arguens L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 117. Distribution: Andaman Isls to Vietnam and Australia, Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province, Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental, MINDORO. Native.
  2. Themeda arundinacea (Roxb.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 363; A.Camus in Lecompte, Fl. Gén. Indochine 7 (1922) 363; Jansen, Act. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1952) 481; Sajise et al., Kalikasan 3 (1974) 73; ≡ Anthistiria arundinacea Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 251. = Themeda gigantea var. vulpina (Andersson) Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 670; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 50; ≡ Anthistiria vulpina Andersson, Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal., 3rd Ser. 2 (1856) 245. Distribution: Borneo, India to China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula. JOLO, LUZON: Albay, La Union, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, MASBATE, SIBUYAN. Native.
  3. Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. ex Duthie, Fodder Grass. N. Ind. (1888) 89; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 50; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; ≡ Anthistiria gigantea Cav., Icon. (Cavanilles) 5 (1799) 36. = Perobachne secunda J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 348. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Solomon Isls. BATAN, BOHOL, CANIMO, CULION, HOMONHON, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Abra, Albay, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIBUYAN, SULUAN. Notes: Open grasslands on dry steep slopes. (?-)2000m. Native.
  4. Themeda triandra Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 178; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 81; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 50; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 125. = Themeda australis (R.Br.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 420; ≡ Anthistiria australis R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 200. Distribution: Africa to Australia, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand. BATAN, BATANES, BUSUANGA, GOLO, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Kalinga, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, SABTANG, SEMIRARA. Notes: Open grasslands at low and medium elevation. Frequently abundant and gregarious over large areas. 2-2300m. Native.
  5. Themeda villosa (Poir.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 364; Dur. & Jacks., Index Kew. Suppl. 1 (1906) 424; ≡ Anthistiria villosa Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 1 (1810) 396. Distribution: BATAN, BOHOL, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SABTANG. Notes: 100-300m. Native.
    • var. villosa. Distribution: India and China to New Guinea. CEBU, MINDANAO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Native.
    • var. polyantha (Brongn. ex Buse) Veldkamp, Blumea 61 (2016) 37; ≡ Androscepia gigantea var. polyantha Brongn. ex Buse, Pl. Jungh. (1854) 364. = Themeda intermedia (Hack.) Bor, Indian Forest Rec., Bot. 1 (1938) 96; Dur. & Jacks., Index Kew Suppl. 1(1906) 424; Jansen, Act. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1952) 481; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3975; ≡ Themeda gigantea var. intermedia Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 675. = Themeda gigantea ssp. intermedia var. dubia Hack., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 675; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 50. Distribution: India to Australia, Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, SABTANG. Notes: 100m. Native.

Thuarea Pers.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 20 September 2017
  1. Thuarea involuta (G.Forst.) R.Br. ex Sm., Cycl. 35 (1817) s.n.; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 97; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 75; ≡ Ischaemum involutum G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 73. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BATAN, BONGAO, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAOHAGAN DE SAMAR, CEBU, GUIMARAS, KALANGGAMAN, KINAPUSAN, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Isabela (photos), Quezon, Rizal, MANTIGUE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIASI, SULUAN, TAWI-TAWI, TURTLE ISLS, URSULA. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. On sandy beaches and in thickets back of the beach, often common. 0-500m. Native.

Thysanolaena Nees

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 April 2025
  1. Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 3 (1930) 312; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 127; ≡ Melica latifolia Roxb. ex Hornem., Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl. (1819) 117. = Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 794; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 53; ≡ Agrostis maxima Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 319. Distribution: China, India, Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SAN MIGUEL. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. Banks of ravines, slopes, about cliffs, etc., at low and medium elevation. (?-)146-2000m. Native.

Tripidium H.Scholz

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 May 2023
  1. Tripidium arundinaceum (Retz.) Welker, Voronts. & E.A.Kellogg, Taxon 68 (2019) 255; ≡ Erianthus arundinaceus (Retz.) Jeswiet, Arch. Suikerindustr. Ned. Ned.-Indie 12 (1925) 399; ≡ Saccharum arundinaceum Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 14; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 32. = Imperata exaltata (Roxb.) Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. (1831) 101; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 322; ≡ Saccharum exaltatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 245. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. ALABAT, LUZON: Benguet, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 250-500m. Native.

Tripogon Roem. & Schult.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 20 September 2017
  1. Tripogon chinensis (Franch.) Hack., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2nd Sér. 3 (1903) 503; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 85; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 128; ≡ Nardurus filiformis var. chinensis Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 2nd Sér. 7 (1884) 147. Distribution: China, E Asia, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: Known from BS 33237 Ramos. On dry open rocky slopes at low elevation. Native.

Tripsacum L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 December 2020
  1. Tripsacum andersonii J.R.Gray, Phytologia 33 (1976) 204. ≠ Tripsacum lanceolatum auct. non E.Fourn.; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 129. Distribution: C America. LUZON. Notes: Introduced in the Philipines in 1909 and is cultivated in improved pastures throughout the archipelago (Santos 1986). According to Veldkamp (pers. comm.), only seen from Luzon. Open fields. Naturalized.

Triticum L. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Triticum aestivum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 85; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 130. = Triticum vulgare Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauphiné (Villars) 2 (1779) 153; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 93. Distribution: India, Middle East, Pakistan. LUZON. Cultivated, not naturalized.
    • ssp. aestivum. Distribution: LUZON. Notes: Formerly cultivated in certain provinces in Luzon, now planted to a limited extent in N Luzon. Wheat. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Urochloa P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 May 2024
  1. Urochloa brizantha (A.Rich.) R.D.Webster, Austral. Paniceae (1987) 233; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 417; ≡ Brachiaria brizantha (A.Rich.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 531; ≡ Panicum brizanthum A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2 (1850) 363. = Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D.Webster, Austral. Paniceae (1987) 234; ≡ Brachiaria decumbens Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 528. Distribution: Africa, Indian Ocean, Middle East. Naturalized.
  2. Urochloa distachyos (L.) T.Q.Nguyen, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3 (1966) 13; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 420; Vorontsova, Candollea 77 (2022) 226; ≡ Brachiaria distachyos (L.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 565; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 276; ≡ Panicum distachyon L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 183; Type: from India. = Panicum miliiforme J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 300; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo; B, HAL, W, iso), Luzon. Distribution: Madagascar, Middle East, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, SE Asia. LUZON: NCR, NEGROS, PANAY, ?SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: 6m. Native.
  3. Urochloa fusiformis (Reeder) Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 420; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 420; ≡ Brachiaria fusiformis Reeder, J. Arnold Arbor. 29 (1948) 274; Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 236. = Brachiaria fusiformis var. pilicoronata (Ohwi) Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 236; ≡ Brachiaria villosa var. pilicoronata Ohwi, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 18 (1947) 5; Type: Merrill 11606 (BO). Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Benguet, Cavite, Ilocos Sur, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: South Cotabato. Native.
  4. Urochloa glumaris (Trin.) Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 420; Vorontsova, Candollea 77 (2022) 227; ≡ Panicum glumare Trin., Gram. Panic. (1826) 143. = Brachiaria paspaloides (J.Presl) C.E.Hubb., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 34 (1938) t.3363; ≡ Urochloa paspaloides J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 318; Scribn., Rept. Missouri Bot. Gard. 10 (1899) 54; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo; MO, W, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, 1792. = Panicum ambiguum Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 6th Sér. 3 (1834) 243; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 61. ≠ Panicum distachyon auct. non L.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 63. Distribution: India, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Malesia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BASILAN, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Sorsogon, MAMBAHENAUHAN, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PALMAS, PANAY, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. Open, more or less waste places, old clearings, etc., at low and medium elevation. 44m. Native.
  5. Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3 (1966) 13; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 424; ≡ Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 526; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 60; ≡ Panicum muticum Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 20. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Laguna, PANAY. Notes: Originally from Brazil, now planted as pasture grass throughout the tropics. Widely established in the Philippines (Santos 1986). Perennials. Invasive species (CABI 2017, as Brachiaria mutica). Naturalized.
  6. Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1920) 601; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 67; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 427; ≡ Brachiaria reptans (L.) Gardner & C.E.Hubb., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 34 (1938) t.3363; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 62; ≡ Panicum reptans L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 871. Distribution: Pantropic. ALABAT, BASILAN, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, DALUPIRI, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LUZON: Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PALMAS, PANAY, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines (Santos 1986). A weed of cultivation and overgrazed pasture. Low and medium elevation. 0-200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Brachiaria reptans). Native.
  7. Urochloa subquadripara (Trin.) R.D.Webster, Austral. Paniceae (1987) 252; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 429; ≡ Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc., Lingnan Sci. J. 7 (1928) 21; Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 239; ≡ Panicum subquadriparum Trin., Gram. Panic. (1826) 145. = Brachiaria miliiformis (J.Presl) Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22 (1920) 35; ≡ Panicum miliiforme J.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 300. ≠ Panicum distachyon auct. non L.; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 91; EPFP 1 (1923) 63. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, CORON, GUIMARAS, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Bulacan, NCR, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIASI. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. Annuals. Open waste places in and about towns at low and medium elevation; common. Withstands dry conditions and a useful lawn grass on gravelly soil. 3-607m. Native.
  8. Urochloa villosa (Lam.) T.Q.Nguyen, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3 (1966) 14; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 431; ≡ Brachiaria villosa (Lam.) A.Camus, Fl. Indo-Chine 7 (1922) 433; Jansen, Reinwardtia 2 (1953) 236; ≡ Panicum villosum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 173. = Panicum coccospermum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1 (1854) 62; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 62. Distribution: Africa, China, India, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CULION, LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao. Notes: Probably introduced in the Philippines where found before 1905. Open grassy slopes and banks chiefly at medium elevation, ascending to 1500m. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Urochloa eminii (Mez) Davidse, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45 (1993) 1258; ≡ Panicum eminii Mez, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34 (1904) 135. = Urochloa ruziziensis (R.Germ. & C.M.Evrard) Morrone & Zuloaga, J. Arnold Arbor., Suppl. Ser. 1 (1991) 269; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 429; ≡ Brachiaria ruziziensis R.Germ. & C.M.Evrard, Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 23 (1953) 373. Distribution: Africa. LUZON. Notes: Widely cultivated. P.B. Pelser (14-Dec-20): I have thus far only seen specimens from plants grown in cultivation, so I here assume that it is not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Possibly present

  1. Urochloa ramosa (L.) T.Q.Nguyen, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3 (1966) 13; Veldkamp, Blumea 41 (1996) 427; ≡ Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 9 (1919) 542; ≡ Panicum ramosum L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 29. Distribution: Africa, ?Philippines, Tropical & Subtropical Asia. ?LUZON: ?Bataan.

Yushania Keng

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 November 2020
  1. Yushania niitakayamensis (Hayata) Keng f., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6 (1957) 357; Dransfield & Widjaja, PROSEA 7 (1995) 154; ≡ Sinarundinaria niitakayamensis (Hayata) Keng f., Techn. Bull. Natl. Forest. Res. Bur. 8 (1948) 1; ≡ Arundinaria niitakayamensis Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 21 (1907) 49; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 94. Distribution: China, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), MINDORO. Notes: In mossy thickets, sphagnum swamps, and open grasslands, 2200-2700m. Native.

Zea L. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Zea mays L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 971; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 74; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 28. Distribution: America. Cultivated, not naturalized.
    • ssp. mays. Notes: Extensively cultivated in most parts of the Philippines, in some islands and provinces a staple article of food. Corn or maize. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Zea mexicana (Schrad.) Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan. (Post & Kuntze) (1903) 600; ≡ Euchlaena mexicana Schrad., Index Seminum Hort. Acad. Gotting. 1832 (1832) 3. = Euchlaena luxurians Durieu & Asch., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1st Ser. 1 (1877) 107. Distribution: C America. Notes: Introduced to the Philippines in the late years of the Spanish occupation and again in the early years of the American occupation and was cultivated experimentally for forage purposes. It has not persisted in cultivation, but see Santos (1986). Cultivated, not naturalized.

Zoysia Willd.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 20 September 2017
  1. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 230; Fl. Manila (1912) 85; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 51; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) 133; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 439; ≡ Agrostis matrella L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 185. = Zoysia tenuifolia Thiele, Linnaea 9 (1835) 309. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BATAN, CEBU, HERMANA MAYOR, HOMONHON, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, PANIQUIAN. Notes: Originally from sandy beaches, now commonly cultivated as a lawn grass. Also occurring in open places chiefly along or near tidal streams. 50-250m. Native.
  2. Zoysia pacifica (Goudsw.) M.Hotta & Kuroki, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 45 (1994) 71; ≡ Zoysia matrella var. pacifica Goudsw., Blumea 26 (1980) 172; Santos, Guide Philip. Fl. & Fauna 4 (1986) t. 87. Distribution: Moluccas, Pacific Ocean. LUZON: NCR, Rizal. Notes: Widely cultivated for lawns, tennis courts, golf courses. Throughout the Philippines (Santos 1986). Native.

References