
Plantaginaceae
Adenosma
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 August 2019
- Adenosma bilabiata (Roxb.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 434; ≡ Erinus bilabiatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3 (1832) 92; Hort. Beng. (1814) 47, nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: India to Malay Peninsula. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PALAWAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets. Native.
- Adenosma javanica (Blume) Koord., Exkursfl. Java 3 (1912) 175; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 434; ≡ Herpestis javanica Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 748. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, Laguna, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests along small streams. Native.
Bacopa
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 September 2017
- Bacopa floribunda (R.Br.) Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 43 b (1891) 76; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 422; EPFP 3 (1923) 435; ≡ Herpestis floribunda R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. (1810) 442. Distribution: Africa, Australia, India, Java. CEBU, LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: A characteristic rice paddy weed. Native.
- Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 43 b (1891) 77; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 422; EPFP 3 (1923) 435, as ‘monnieria’; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 585; ≡ Lysimachia monnieri L., Cent. Pl. II (1756) 9. Distribution: Pantropic. BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, POLILLO. Notes: Lowland open wet places, chiefly within the influence of salt or brackish water. Native.
Bythophyton
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 September 2017
- Bythophyton indicum (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 4 (1884) 286; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 436; ≡ Micranthemum indicum Hook.f. & Thomson, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 9 (1857) 245. Distribution: India, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: In shallow water, and along the marshy margin of a small pond, c. 2200m. Native.
Digitalis (Not native)
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 26 July 2021
- Digitalis purpurea L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 622; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 589. Distribution: Europe. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: In the Philippines commonly cultivated as an ornamental at high elevation, e.g. Cordillera Highlands of N Luzon. Naturalized at Mt Data in Mountain Province (L. Molina-Magtoto, pers. comm. 21-Jul-21). Naturalized.
Dopatrium
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 September 2017
- Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth., Scroph. Ind. (1835) 31; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 426; EPFP 3 (1923) 435; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 589; ≡ Gratiola juncea Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 2 (1799) 16. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, W Asia. LUZON: NCR, Rizal, PANAY. Notes: Lowland old rice paddies. Very local in the Philippines. Native.
Ellisiophyllum
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 September 2017
- Ellisiophyllum pinnatum (Wall. ex Benth.) Makino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 20 (1906) 91; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 441; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 591; ≡ Ourisia pinnata Wall. ex Benth., Scroph. Ind. (1835) 47. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Mossy forests on the highest mountains, 2000-2400m. Native.
Hemiphragma
- Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wall., Tent. Fl. Nepal. (1824) 16; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 441; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 597. = Nertera dentata Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 15; Type: Elmer 6239 (BISH, L, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Sto Tomas, forming dense mats in clay-like soil at c. 2000m, May-1904. Distribution: China, Himalayas, Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Notes: High montane regions, 2000-2600m, in open grasslands, marshy borders of sluggish streams, etc. Native.
Limnophila
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 May 2023
- Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr., Interpret. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 466; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 432; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 599; ≡ Ambulia aromatica Lam., Encycl. 1 (1783) 128. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Korea, Laos, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Davao, PALAWAN, POLILLO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Lowlands to medium elevation, ascending to 1600m, in marshes and open wet places. Native.
- Limnophila chinensis (Osbeck) Merr., Am. J. Bot. 3 (1916) 581; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 433; ≡ Columnea chinensis Osbeck, Dagb. Ostind. Resa (1757) 230. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao del Sur. Notes: Low and medium elevation open swampy places. Native.
- Limnophila fragrans (G.Forst.) Seem., Fl. Vit. (1865) 180; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 423; EPFP 3 (1923) 433; ≡ Ruellia fragrans G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 44. Distribution: Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Taiwan. CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Laguna (photos), POLILLO. Notes: Lowland rice paddies. Native.
- Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth., Scroph. Ind. (1835) 25; ≡ Columnea heterophylla Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 3 (1832) 97. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos). Native.
- Limnophila indica (L.) Druce, Bot. Exch. Club (1914) 420; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 433; ≡ Hottonia indica L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1762) 208. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Korea, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur. Notes: Lowlands and medium elevation, ascending to 1500m, in shallow sluggish streams. Native.
- Limnophila manilensis Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 246; Fl. Manila (1912) 423; EPFP 3 (1923) 433; Type: Merrill 7432 (US, iso), Luzon: Manila and vicinity, Jan/Feb-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bulacan, NCR, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: Lowlands, in wet fallow rice paddies. Native.
- Limnophila obovata Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 439; EPFP 3 (1923) 433; Type: Merrill 7227 (L, US, iso), Palawan, Sep-1910. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland, along small streams, often in shallow water, in shaded places. Native.
- Limnophila repens (Benth.) Benth., Prodr. 10 (1846) 387; ≡ Stemodia repens Benth., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 17 (1832) t.1470. = Limnophila stolonifera (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 345; EPFP 3 (1923) 434; ≡ Diceros stoloniferus Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 349; Type: Not extant, possible neotype: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 201. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: Lowland fallow rice paddies. Native.
- Limnophila rugosa (Roth) Merr., Interpret. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 466; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 434; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 601. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO (photos), NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Lowlands, open wet places. Native.
Possibly present
- Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 750; ≡ Hottonia sessiliflora Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2 (1791) 36. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Java, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice, but no specimens cited.
Microcarpaea
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 September 2017
- Microcarpaea minima (K.D.Koenig ex Retz.) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 100; EPFP 3 (1923) 436; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 612; ≡ Paederota minima K.D.Koenig ex Retz., Observ. Bot. 5 (1789) 10. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: Rice paddies, c. 1200m. Native.
Picria
- Picria fel-terrae Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2 (1790) 393; ≡ Curanga fel-terrae (Lour.) Merr., Interpret. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 467; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 439. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Cagayan, Kalinga, Laguna, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Forested slopes at low elevation, ascending to 400m; rare and local. Native.
Plantago (Not native)
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 November 2020
- Plantago lanceolata L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 113; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 491. Distribution: Europe. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Naturalized weed in gardens (Merrill 1923). Naturalized.
- Plantago major L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 112; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 444; EPFP 3 (1923) 491. Distribution: Africa, Eurasia. CEBU, LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Mountain Province. Notes: Not native, naturalized in waste places in and around towns (Merrill 1923) and in secondary forest. Naturalized.
Russelia (Not native)
Cultivated, not naturalized
- Russelia equisetiformis Schltdl. & Cham., Linnaea 6 (1831) 377. = Russelia juncea Zucc., Flora 15 (Beibl.) (1832) 99; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 421; EPFP 3 (1923) 431. Distribution: C America. Notes: Cultivated for ornamental purposes, occasionally spontaneous on damp stone walls in towns. Cultivated, not naturalized.
Scoparia (Not native)
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 November 2020
- Scoparia dulcis L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 116; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 420; EPFP 3 (1923) 441; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 621. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Aurora, Isabela, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Now pantropic in distribution. Low and medium elevation, a very common weed in the settled areas. Naturalized.
Veronica
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 April 2021
- Veronica javanica Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 746; Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 345; Steenis, Mountain Fl. Java (1972) Pl. 51-4; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 632. Distribution: Africa, China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Near trails, 2000m. Native.
- Veronica monantha Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 385; EPFP 3 (1923) 441; Type: Merrill 6593 (US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulag, May-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Mossy forest, c. 2600m. Native.
References
- Backer, CA & RC Bakhuizen van den Brink. 1965. Flora of Java 2: 445-446.
- Backer, CA & RC Bakhuizen van den Brink. 1965. Flora of Java 2: 498-515.
- Liu, HY.1998. Scrophulariaceae. In TC Huang (ed). Flora of Taiwan 2nd edition: 582-646.
- Moody, K. 1989. Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia. IRRI, Philippines
- Yamazaki, T. 1985. Flora of Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam 21: 1-217.