Piperaceae

Peperomia Ruiz & Pavon

1. Peperomia agusanensis C.DC., LPB 6 (1914) 2294; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 18; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 210; Type: Elmer 13635 (PNH, holo, lost?; BISH, BM, CAS, DS, E, G, G-DC, GH, L, LY, MICH, MO, NY, P, U, US, W, Z, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta (Hilong-hilong), Aug-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, NEGROS. Notes: Mossy forests, c. 1800m. Native.
2. Peperomia canlaonensis C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 408; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 18; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 200; Type: Merrill Philip. Pl. 251 (G, holo; FR, G, M, PRC, U, US, Z, iso), Negros: Negros Occidental, Mt Kanlaon, Apr-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Notes: Epiphytic in the mossy forests, c. 1800m. Native.
3. Peperomia copelandii Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 201; Type: Copeland 178 (PNH), Luzon: Benguet, Pauai, May-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: c. 2400m. Native.
4. Peperomia elmeri C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 761; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 216; Type: Elmer 10493 (PNH, holo, lost?; BM, E, F, G, G-DC, GH, HBG, K, L, LY, MO, NY, U, US, W, Z, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, hanging from the under side of a thick inclined humus-covered forest trunk in moist forests at 4000ft, May-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: Lower montane forest, on tree trunks. 1200-1800m. Native.
5. Peperomia exigua (Blume) Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 101; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 219; Peperomia.net (2019); ≡ Piper exiguum Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 11 (1826) 232; Type: from Java. = Peperomia hymenophylla Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 78; Type: Meyen s.n. (B, holo, lost; U, iso), Philippines. Distribution: India, Malesia, Neotropics. MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: Dense woods along Baracatan Creek, 500m, creeping and forming dense patches on wet ledges and cliffs. Native.
6. Peperomia laevifolia (Blume) Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 101; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 207; ≡ Piper laevifolium Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 33; Type: from Java. = Peperomia apoana C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 411; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 18; Type: Copeland 1002 (G-DC, holo), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo. Distribution: Indian Ocean, Java, New Guinea, Philippines. BILIRAN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 244-2400m. Native.
7. Peperomia lagunaensis C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 407; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 206; Type: Merrill 5130 (G-DC, syn; K, NY, US, isosyn); BS 2446, 6079 (G-DC, syn); BS 6210 (G-DC, syn; US, isosyn), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling, 17-Mar-1906. = Peperomia puberulifolia C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 407; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Type: BS 6047 Foxworthy (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Banahaw. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna, Quezon. Notes: Montane forests, on mossy ground, boulders and tree trunks. 800-1700m. Native.
8. Peperomia lanaoensis C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 410; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 226; Type: Clemens 625 (G-DC, holo; F, iso), Mindanao: Lanao del Norte, Maria Cristina Falls. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU (photos), DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Quezon (photos), Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation, lithophytic on boulders, ledges of ravines and along streams. 50-2300m. Native.
9. Peperomia latibracteata Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 224; Type: BS 20126 R.C. McGregor (PNH, holo, lost?; G-DC, K, US, iso), Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, Campote, 15-Jan-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: 1900-2042m. Native.
10. Peperomia leptostachya Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. (1832) 96; Mathieu, Candollea 75 (2020) 48; Type: from Hawaii (lecto). = Peperomia recurvata var. philippinensis Miq., London J. Bot. 4 (1845) 423; Type: Cuming 1920 (K, holo), Philippines. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Malay Peninsula, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet. Native.
11. Peperomia marivelesana C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 762; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 220; Type: Merrill 3721 (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles; Elmer 6820 (G, K, NY, syn), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Nov-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Mossy rocks and tree trunks, 450-1200m. Native.
12. Peperomia merrillii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 411; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 212; ≡ Peperomia bilineata var. merrillii (C.DC.) Quisumb., ined.; Type: Merrill 4180 (G-DC, syn; K, NY, US, isosyn), Luzon: Cavite, Maragondon, Jul-1905; BS 1071 (G-DC, syn; NY, P, US, isosyn); For. Bur. 3359 (G-DC, syn; BR, K, NY, P, US, isosyn); Loher 4585 (K, US, isosyn). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Benguet, Cavite, Kalinga, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon. Notes: Lithophytic. 350-2500m. Native.
13. Peperomia mindoroensis C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 413; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 215; Type: Merrill 6107 & 6184 (PNH, syn, lost?), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Mossy trees, c. 1500m. Native.
14. Peperomia negrosensis C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 760; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 20; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 213; Type: Elmer 9425 (G, holo; BISH, BM, E, L, NY, U, US, W, Z, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, tufted or climbing upon moss-covered rocks in well-shaded ravines, Mar-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Notes: Mossy rocks in shaded ravines. Native.
15. Peperomia pallidibacca C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 763; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 20; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 199; Type: Elmer 9344 (G, holo; BM, E, L, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. = Peperomia ramosii C.DC., Candollea 1 (1923) 315, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Candollea 2 (1925) 188; Type: BS 12113 Ramos (G-DC, holo; BM, G-DC, K, L, US, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Tanay, San Isidro, Jun-1910. = Peperomia panaiana C.DC., Candollea 1 (1923) 330; Type: McGregor 8461 (G-DC, holo; K, iso), Luzon. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Rizal. Notes: In the mossy forests, up to 2200m. Native.
16. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 1 (1815) 64; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 170; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 20; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 218; ≡ Piper pellucidum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 30. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Bangladesh, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, TABLAS. Notes: Naturally widespread pantropical species (Guido Mathieu, pers. comm. 7-Apr-20). 0-230m. Native.
17. Peperomia pellucidopunctulata C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 760; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 20; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 209; Type: Elmer 8436 (G-DC, syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio; Elmer 9970 (G-DC, syn). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PALAWAN. Notes: On rocks and tree trunks at medium and high elevation. 1725-1800m. Native.
18. Peperomia recurvata (Blume) Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 141; ≡ Piper recurvatum Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 11 (1826) 233. Distribution: Java, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, MINDORO. Native.
    • var. longispica (C.DC.) C.DC., Candollea 1 (1923) 321; ≡ Peperomia recurvata forma longispica C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 409; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 20; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 205; Type: Merrill 4425 (G-DC, syn; K, US, isosyn), Luzon: Benguet, Kabayan, Oct/Nov-1905; For. Bur. 4847 Curran (G-DC, syn), Williams 1084 (?syn). = Peperomia vanoverberghii C.DC., Candollea 1 (1923) 321, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Candollea 2 (1925) 188; Type: Vanoverbergh 603 bis (G-DC), Luzon: Mountain Province. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Lithophyte on wet rocky banks or epiphytic on trees at high elevation. Native.
    • var. pilosior (C.DC.) C.DC., Candollea 1 (1923) 406; ≡ Peperomia recurvata forma pilosior C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 408; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 20; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 203; Type: Elmer 6622 (PNH, syn, lost?), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, on mossy cliff, Jun-1904; Bur. Sci. 3501 (US, isosyn). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: Mossy slopes, boulders, etc., above 1400m. Native.
19. Peperomia rubrivenosa C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 409; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 21; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 225; Type: R.S. Williams 1083 (PNH, holo, lost?; G-DC, drawing; NY, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio. = Peperomia macgregorii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 412; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 19; Type: BS 8380 (G-DC). = Peperomia rivulorum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 762; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 21; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 228; Type: Elmer 11147 (PNH, holo?, lost?; BISH, BM, E, G, GH, K, L, LY, MO, NY, US, W, Z, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, creeping and forming patches in thin earth of large, more or less moss-covered boulders lying in streamlets of dense woods near the Sibulan River, 1750ft, Jul-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: On trees and mossy boulders. Mossy forest, 2100m. Native.
20. Peperomia tetraphylla (G.Forst.) Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. (1832) 97; ≡ Piper tetraphyllum G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 5. = Peperomia reflexa (L.f.) A.Dietr., Sp. Pl., 6th Ed. 1 (1831) 180, nom. illeg., non Kunth. = Peperomia reflexa var. capensis (Miq.) C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 451; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 196; ≡ Peperomia reflexa forma capensis Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 169; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 20. = Peperomia reflexa forma subsessilifolia C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 452; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 20; Type: Elmer 8576 (BISH, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. = Peperomia reflexa var. calcicola C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 410; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 20; Type: Elmer 6077 (PNH, holo?, lost?; US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Apr-1904. = Peperomia reflexa forma parvilimba C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 410; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 198; Type: Merrill 3918 (PNH, syn?, lost?), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Arayat, on rocks near the summit, c. 1000m. Distribution: Pantropic. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, MINDORO. Notes: 1000-2456m. Native.
21. Peperomia tomentosa A.Dietr., Sp. Pl., 6th Ed. 1 (1831) 172; ≡ Piper tomentosum Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 1 (1804) 351, nom. illeg., non Mill. = Peperomia tomentosa var. carnosa C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 455; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 21; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 222. Distribution: Indian Ocean, Java, New Guinea, Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos). Notes: 1122m (photos). Native.
22. Peperomia ventenatii Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 125; Type: from Indonesia. Distribution: Java, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Pampanga (photos), Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: 700m (photos). Native.
    • var. pubescens (Miq.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 434; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 21; ≡ Peperomia ventenatii forma pubescens Miq., Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1) (1843) 486, as 'puberula'; Type: Meyen s.n. (B, holo missing). Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Pampanga (photos), Rizal. Notes: 700m (photos). Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Peperomia argyreia (Hook.f.) É.Morren, Belgique Hort. 17 (1867) 2; ≡ Peperomia arifolia var. argyreia Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 93 (1867) t.5634. Notes: An exotic species of American origin, cultivated for its variegated leaves. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Piper L.

1. Piper abbreviatum Opiz, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 157; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 2; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 58; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 579; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo), Luzon. = Chavica populifolia Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 248; Type: Cuming 834 (K, holo), Luzon: Sorsogon Prov. = Piper mearnsii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 447; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 12; Type: BS 2987 Mearns (PNH, holo), Luzon: Aurora, Casiguran. = Piper parvispicum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 156; Type: Warburg 14750 (B, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Dagatpan. = Piper rhombophyllum C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 352; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 14. = Piper rubripunctulatum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 158; Type: Warburg 14746 (B, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Sta Cruz. ≠ Piper miquelianum auct. non C.DC.; Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. (1880) 176; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17. Distribution: Philippines to Solomon Isls and Australia. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 8-2820m. Native.
2. Piper aduncum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 29; Coritico et al., J. Trop. Biol. & Cons. 19 (2022) 150. Distribution: C & S America. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, PANAY. Notes: Widely naturalized, invasive. 350-1000m (photos). Naturalized.
3. Piper agusanense C.DC., LPB 6 (1914) 2291; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 2; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 50; Type: Elmer 13319 (BISH, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta = Mt Hilong-hilong, Cabadbaran. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao, Surigao del Norte. Notes: In forest. Native.
4. Piper angustipeltatum Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 244; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 3; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 98; Type: BS 28846 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Binuang, damp forests along rivers, 19-May-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests along rivers. Native.
5. Piper aristolochiphyllum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 54; Type: BS 45695 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, iso), Luzon: Aurora, Mt Alzapan, on forested slopes, c. 1500m, 6-Jun-1925. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: 1500m. Native.
6. Piper asterostigmum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 91; Type: C.A. Wenzel 3121 (UC, holo; NY, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Placer, in forests, c. 150m, 5-Sep-1927. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Norte. Notes: Lowland forest. Native.
7. Piper aurilimbum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 768; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 3; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 55; Type: Elmer 8866 (MO, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Kalinga, La Union, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Medium elevation forests. 300-833m. Native.
8. Piper baccatum Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 11 (1826) 172; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 4; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 173; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 579; Type: from Java. = Piper sarcopodum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 207; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 4; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 175; Type: BS 16536 Ramos (K, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio, forests near streams, Sep/Oct-1912. Distribution: Borneo, India, Java, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand. LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 300m. Native.
9. Piper baguionum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 775; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 4; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 96; Type: Elmer 8784 (BISH, MO, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. = Piper polycladum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 438; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 14; Type: R.S. Williams 1134 (PNH, holo, lost?; NY 2 sheets, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, 15-Jun-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Rizal. Notes: Montane forests and thickets, 1200-1500m. Native.
10. Piper betle L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 28; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 170; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 3; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 85; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 579; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1195. = Piper anisodorum Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 16; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 1 (1877) 31; ≡ Piper anisum-olens Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 23; Type: non extant; 'Illustrative specimen': Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 788 (US), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Jan-1915. = Piper bathycarpum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 153; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 4, as ‘bathicarpum’; Type: Warburg 14844, Jolo. = Piper puberulinodum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 773; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 14; Type: Elmer 11972 (BISH, MO, US), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, Oct-1909. = Piper carnistylum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 774; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 6; Type: Elmer 8904, Luzon: Quezon, Lucban. = Piper betle var. fenixii (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 89; ≡ Piper fenixii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 425; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Type: BS 3652 E. Fenix (US, iso), Batanes Isls, May-Jun-1907. = Piper betle var. macgregorii (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 89; ≡ Piper macgregorii C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 215; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Type: BS 18491 R.C. McGregor, Biliran: Biliran, in forest, c. 300m. = Piper betle var. densum (Blume) C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 360; ≡ Piper densum Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 11 (1826) 193. = Piper malarayatensis C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 442; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11. = Piper philippinense C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 353; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 175; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 138; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 219; Type: Cuming 485, Luzon: Laguna, Calauan. Distribution: SE Asia. ALABAT, BATAN, BATANES, BILIRAN, BOHOL, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Of SE Asian origin. Widely cultivated in Asia and through Malesia to the Solomon Isls and Fiji. Occurring wild but also extensively cultivated throughout the Archipelago. Gardens, old clearings and secondary forests, 0-1400m. Betel pepper, Ikmo. Cryptogenic.
11. Piper breviamentum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 434; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 4; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 62; Type: R.S. Williams 2104 (PNH, holo, lost?; NY 3 sheets, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, 4-Feb-1905. = Piper copelandii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 447; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 15; Type: Copeland 1298 (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, Apr-1904. = Piper sarcostylum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 216; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 15; Type: Merrill 7305 (US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Agusan River, Oct-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR. Native.
    • var. breviamentum. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, PANAY. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests, ascending to 1200m. Native.
    • var. puberulinervum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 64; Type: BS 38832 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Mt Candoon, in forest, c. 1150m, 25-Jun-1920. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Native.
12. Piper brevicuspe (Miq.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 5; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 26; ≡ Rhyncholepis brevicuspis Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 283; Type: Cuming 1843, Bohol: Bohol. = Piper rhyncholepis C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 344, as 'rhyncholepsis'; De Candolle, PJS 5c (1910) 209; Candollea 1 (1923) 212; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 176; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 138; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 220. = Rhyncholepis cumingiana Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 282; Type: Cuming 1697, Samar. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation damp forests. Rhyncholepis cumingiana Miq. is a different species then Piper cumingiana Miq. 110-666m. Native.
13. Piper brevistigmum C.DC., LPB 6 (1914) 2292; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 5; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 148; Type: Elmer 13684 (BISH, NY US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta = Mt Hilong-hilong, in forest, c. 1000m, Sep-1912. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta = Mt Hilong-hilong), in forest, c. 1000m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao. Native.
14. Piper cacuminum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 765; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 5; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 68; Type: Elmer 6890 (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, in the mossy forest near summit. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Zambales. Notes: Montane mossy forests, 1100-1500m. Native.
15. Piper celtidiforme Opiz, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 152; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 6; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 177; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 580; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo), Luzon. = Piper celtidiforme forma luzonense (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 180; ≡ Piper luzonense C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 350; Type: Jagor 722 (B, holo), Luzon. = Piper celtidiforme forma tubuanense Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 182; Type: BS 36704 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Mt Tabuan. = Piper celtidiforme forma usterii (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 181; ≡ Piper usterii C.DC., Beitr. Kenntn. Philipp. Veg. (1905) 125; Type: Usteri s.n. (PNH, holo; lost?), Guimaras. = Piper celtidiforme var. vaginans Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 182; Type: BS 19822 R.C. McGregor (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Ifugao, Mt Polis. = Piper catubigense Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 244; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 6; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 183; Type: BS 24278 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, US, iso), Samar: Catubig River, on trees in damp forests at low elevation, 13-Mar-1916. = Piper corylistachyum (Miq.) C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 346; De Candolle, PJS 5c (1910) 438; De Candolle, PJS 11c (1916) 218; LPB 3 (1910) 776; Candollea 1 (1923) 188; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 175; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 138; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 219; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 118; ≡ Chavica corylistachya Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 281; Type: Cuming 1044 (K, holo; L, iso), Philippines. = Piper corylistachyum forma d C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 439; Type: Jagor 722 (B), Luzon. = Piper corylistachyum forma d2 C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 439; Type: Gregory 110, Luzon: Quezon, Atimonan. = Piper longilimbum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 221; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Type: BS 17602 Ramos (US, iso), Samar: Mt Canislagan, Mar/Apr-1914. = Piper penninerve C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 157; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 185; Type: Warburg 14744 (B, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Dagatpan. = Piper villirache C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 214; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 17; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 187; Type: BS 15773 E. Fenix (US, iso), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Sumilao, Aug-1912. = Piper warburgii C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 159; Candollea 1 (1923) 285; Type: Warburg 13116 (B, holo), Luzon: Quezon, Sampaloc. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAGRARAY, CATANDUANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Lowland to medium elevation forests and thickets generally. 0-2042m. Native.
16. Piper cordatilimbum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 141; Type: BS 42699 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?), Bohol: Bohol, Bilar, Aug/Oct-1923. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 2-1800m. Native.
17. Piper costulatum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 764; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 7; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 66; Type: Elmer 6805 (NY, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, Nov-1904. = Piper podandrum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 436; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Type: FB 8141 Curran & Merritt, Luzon: Zambales. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PANAY. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. (?-)244-1500m. Native.
18. Piper curtifolium C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 421; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 7; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 76; Type: BS 7107 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Abra, Mt Paraga. = Piper mindorense C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 423; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 12; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 79; Type: FB 4474 Merritt (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Albay, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Forests. 61-2438m. Native.
19. Piper davaoense C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 154; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 7; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 160; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 30; Type: Warburg 14740 (B, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Dagatpan. = Piper laxirameum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 779; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 10; Type: Elmer 10503 (BISH, MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, in dense humid woods of fertile steep ravines at 4000ft, May-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 600-1900m. Native.
20. Piper decumanum L., Herb. Amboin. (Linn.) (1754) 19; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 42; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 581; Blumea 57 (2013) 283; Type: from Moluccas. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN (photos), LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao de Oro (photos), Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Medium elevation forests. 300m to 840m (photos). Native.
21. Piper delicatum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 778; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 74; Type: Elmer 8583 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, in woods at 7000ft of (Mt) Santo Tomas, Mar-1907. = Piper delicatum var. glabrum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 444; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Type: R.S. Williams 1216 (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Sto Tomas. = Piper polisanum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 209; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 14; Type: BS 19617 & 19816 R.C. McGregor (syn), Luzon: Ifugao, Mt Polis. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Mossy forests to about (800-)2042-2400m. Native.
22. Piper dipterocarpinum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 455; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 133; Type: FB 9146 Whitford & Hutchinson (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, near Port Banga, in dipterocarp forest, c. 20m, Jan-1908. = Piper malindangense C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 436; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Type: FB 4758 Mearns & Hutchinson (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Misamis Occidental, Mt Malindang. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Lowland forests. Native.
23. Piper elmeri Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 245; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 151; Type: BS 24256 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Samar: Catubig River, 10-Feb-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, SAMAR. Notes: Damp forests, ascending to 450m on Mt Makiling. Native.
24. Piper ensifolium Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 119; Type: BS 45433 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, US, iso), Luzon: Aurora, Casiguran, in damp forests along stream, low elevation, 29-May-1925. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga. Native.
25. Piper eupodum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 219; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 47; Type: C.A. Wenzel 1005 (syn), Leyte: Leyte, Jaro, Buenavista; BS 15227 Ramos (US, syn), Leyte: Dagami, Aug-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, PANAY. Notes: Forests, c. 500m. Native.
26. Piper firmolimbum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 435; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 9; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 93; Type: Clemens s.n. (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. = Piper firmolimbum var. parvilimbum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 95; Type: Elmer 14517 (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Sep-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 300m. Native.
27. Piper fragile Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 234; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 99; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 581; Type: from New Guinea. = Piper fragile var. multinerve C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 421; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 9; Type: Merrill 3366 (NY, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Pasacao, near seashore. Nov-1903. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls. BUCAS GRANDE, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, POLILLO. Notes: On rocks near the sea, lowland and medium elevation forests and thickets. 0m. Native.
28. Piper fuscinervium Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 83; Type: BS 35380 Martelino & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost?), Panay: Aklan, Libacao. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PANAY. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Native.
29. Piper halconense C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 422; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 9; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 69; Type: FB 4393 Merritt (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon. = Piper cagayanense C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 435; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 5; Type: BS 7484 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Cagayan, Pamplona. = Piper atrospicum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 208; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 3; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 71; Type: BS 15359 Ramos (US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Dagami, in mossy forest, Aug-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO. Notes: Medium elevation forests upwards, ascending to 1500m. Native.
30. Piper interruptum Opiz, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 157; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 9; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 154; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 581; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo), Luzon. = Piper interruptum var. cumingianum (Miq.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 158; ≡ Piper cumingianum Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1844) 329; Type: Cuming 1190 (K, holo), Luzon: Albay. = Piper interruptum var. herbaceum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 448; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 9; Type: Merrill 3182 (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River. = Piper interruptum var. laevirameum (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 158; ≡ Piper laevirameum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 450; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 10; Type: Clemens 1255 (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. = Piper interruptum var. loheri (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 157; ≡ Piper loheri C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 450; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 2; Type: Loher 4552 (US, syn), Luzon: Rizal, San Mateo, 12-Jul-90. = Piper interruptum var. multiplinerve C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 785; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 9; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 159; Type: Elmer 6855, Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles. = Piper interruptum var. subarborescens C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 448; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 10; Type: BS 4585 Ramos (US, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, in forest, Aug-1904. = Piper abraense C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 451; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Type: BS 7195 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, US, iso), Luzon: Abra, Baret, Jan-1909. = Piper clemensiae C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 449; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 6; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 166; Type: Clemens 1200 (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. = Piper elliptibaccum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 449; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 165; Type: BS 6344 C. Robinson (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Maagnas. = Piper loheri forma multiplinerve C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 450; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Type: BS 6015 C. Robinson (syn), Luzon: Laguna, Liliw, Mar-1904; BS 1870 Foxworthy (syn), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao, Dec-1904. = Piper pilispicum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 452; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Type: BS 5720 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Dec-1908. = Piper pulogense C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 453; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 14; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 162; Type: FB 16240 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulag, 2250m, Jan-1909. = Piper samaranum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 223; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 15; Type: BS 17546 Ramos, Samar: Cauayan Valley. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, ?Taiwan. BABUYAN, BATAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests and thickets generally. 20-2400m. Native.
31. Piper lanatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 161. = Piper caninum Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 11 (1826) 214; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 5; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 120; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 580; Suwanphakdee et al., Kew Bull. 73 (2018); Type: from Java. = Piper caninum var. basilanum (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 124; ≡ Piper basilanum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 457; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 4; Type: Hallier s.n. (PNH, holo, lost?), Basilan, Jan-1904. = Piper caninum var. glabribracteum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 459; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 5; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 121; Type: Clemens 176 (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lanao Lake, Camp Keithley. = Piper caninum var. hallieri (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 123; ≡ Piper hallieri C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 458; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 9; Type: Hallier s.n. (PNH, holo, lost?), Basilan, Jan-1904. = Piper caninum var. lanaoense C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 459; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 5; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 122; Type: Clemens s.n. (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Sep-1906. = Piper caninum var. latibracteum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 787; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 6; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 126; Type: Elmer 7627 (BISH, MO, syn); Elmer 7990 (NY, syn), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907; Elmer 8844 (MO, NY, syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. = Piper caninum var. oblongifolium Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 122; Type: BS 35070 Ramos & Pascasio (PNH, holo, lost?), Bucas Grande, in open forests at low elevation, 8-Jun-1919. = Piper acutibaccum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 459; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 2; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 146; Type: BS 10031 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio. = Piper apoanum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 785; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 3; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 131; Type: Elmer 11174 (MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, in bamboo thickets near Sibulan River, c. 800m, Jul-1909. = Piper arborisedens C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 223; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 3; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 145; Type: BS 24934 Ramos (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio, in forest, 20-Aug-1910. = Piper cabadbaranum C.DC., LPB 6 (1914) 2292; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 5; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 143; Type: Elmer 14136 (NY, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta = Mt Hilong-hilong, wind-swept steep forested slopes of Cawilanan Peak, 4000ft, Oct-1912. = Piper dagatpanum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 154; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 7; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 132; Type: Warburg 14739 (B, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Dagatpan, Forests, c. 1300m. = Piper haenkeanum Opiz, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 159; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 9; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 138; Chew, Blumea 20 (1972) 147; Type: Haenke s.n. = Piper malalaganum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 461; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 137; Type: Copeland 696 (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Malalag. = Piper marivelesanum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 155; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Type: Warburg 13640, Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles. = Piper merrittii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 460; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 12; Type: FB 6138 Merritt (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Balete. = Piper negrosense C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 786; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 17; Type: Elmer 9482 (MO, NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, climber upon low trees and over large boulders in the hemp region at 3000ft, Mar-1908. = Piper obovatibracteum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 784; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Type: Elmer 7927 (BISH, L, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, in woods at 800m, May-1907. = Piper parcipilum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 445; Type: M.S. Clemens s.n., Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. = Piper perpunctatum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 219; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Type: Merrill 7246 (US, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Malampaya, Sep-1910. = Piper sablanum (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 135; ≡ Piper caninum var. sablanum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 459; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 6; Type: Elmer 6150 (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Sablan, Apr-1904. = Piper tenuipedunculum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 460; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 16; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 136; Type: R.S. Williams 2343 (PNH, holo, lost?; NY 2 sheets, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, San Ramon, in forests, c. 400ft, 3-Feb-1905. = Piper tenuirameum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 159; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 16; Type: Warburg 13317, Luzon: Rizal, Binangonan. = Piper villilimbum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 788; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 17; Type: Elmer 7382 (L, MO, US, syn), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907; Elmer 7624 (L, MO, NY, syn), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, in woods at 2500ft, May-1907. = Piper viminale Opiz, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 150; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 17; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 126. = Piper densibaccum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 454; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 5; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 131; Type: M.S. Clemens s.n. (G-DC, holo), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mar-1906. Distribution: India, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Thailand. BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BUCAS GRANDE, BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests and thickets, also along streambanks. 0-2401m. Native.
32. Piper langlassei C.DC., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 2 (1898) 273; De Candolle, PJS 5c (1910) 433; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 10; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 91; Type: Langlassé s.n. (P, iso), Luzon: Laguna, base of Mt Banahaw, on calcareous soil, 30-Oct-1894. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, NEGROS. Notes: 976-1067m. Native.
33. Piper lessertianum (Miq.) C.DC., J. Bot. 4 (1866) 164; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 10; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 36; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 581; ≡ Chavica lessertiana Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1843) 270; Type: Cuming 1343 (‘1342’) (BM, holo), Luzon: Cagayan. = Piper lessertianum var. oblongibaccum (C.DC.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 39; ≡ Piper oblongibaccum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 777; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 12; Type: Elmer 9456 (BISH, MO, NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, in woods of densely forested trail, 4000ft, Mar-1908. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. ALABAT, BUCAS GRANDE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Damp forests. 12-2800m. Native.
34. Piper longipedicellatum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 144; Type: BS 38066 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Mt Caua, on slopes in the mossy forest, c. 1800m, 3-Mar-1920. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: Mossy forests, c. 1800m. Native.
35. Piper longistigmum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 770; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 95; Type: Elmer 7578 (MO, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Lowland forests. Native.
36. Piper longivaginans C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 444; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 3; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 72; Type: BS 6069 C.B. Robinson (US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Banahaw, Mar-1909. = Piper crassinodum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 780; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 7; Type: Elmer 8042 (BISH, MO, NY, US, syn); Elmer 7626a (MO, US, syn), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907. = Piper magallanesanum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 212; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Type: Elmer 12313, Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, SIBUYAN. Notes: Medium to high montane forests, ascending to 2500m. Native.
37. Piper macropiper Pennant, Outlin. Globe 4 (1800) 242; Merr., J. Arnold Arb. 29 (1948) 191; Chew, J. Arnold Arb. 53 (1972) 10; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 582; Gajurel & Lua, Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 137; Type: Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 5 (1747) 46. = Piper arborescens Roxb., Hort. Bengal. (1814) 80; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 3; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 20. = Piper arborescens var. angustilimbum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 22; Type: Elmer 7384 (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907. = Piper arborescens var. hirtellum (Miq.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 3; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 23; ≡ Piper miniatum var. hirtellum (Miq.) C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 776; De Candolle, PJS 5c (1910) 422; Candollea 1 (1923) 261; ≡ Chavica miniata var. hirtella Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 473. = Piper glandulosum Opiz, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 158; Type: Haenke s.n. (PRC, lecto; HAL, MO, PRC, isolecto), Luzon. = Piper pilipes C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 423; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 16; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 25; Type: Clemens s.n., Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. = Piper trichophlebium Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 24; Type: Merrill 9404 (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, US, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Binaloan, in forests at low elevation, 19-May-1913. Distribution: Borneo, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Common in lowland and medium elevation forests. 0-2800m. Native.
38. Piper majusculum Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 11 (1826) 210; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 45; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 582; Type: from Java. = Piper rotundistigmum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 425; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 15; Type: Clemens s.n. (G-DC, holo), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. = Piper rotundistigmum var. pilosius C.DC., Candollea 1 (1923) 201; Type: BS 17434 Ramos, Samar. = Piper leyteanum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 220; Candollea 1 (1923) 206; Type: C.A. Wenzel 214, Leyte: Leyte, Dagami. Distribution: Borneo, India, Java, Malaysia, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sumatra, Thailand. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests. 0-1255m. Native.
39. Piper medinillifolium Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 29; Type: BS 15364 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Burauen, 12-Aug-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, SAMAR. Notes: In forests. 150-500m. Native.
40. Piper melanocaulon Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 49; Type: BS 35725 Martelino & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Panay: Iloilo, Mt Bolilao, on the summit, c. 1000m, 29-Jun-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: L.L.Co: Resembles Piper eupodum C.DC., but may be readily distinguished from it by its black branches and leaves, shorter peduncles and spikes, laxly arranged fruits, its glabrous rachis, and its bracts. Native.
41. Piper merrillii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 426; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 12; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 52; Type: Merrill 1809 (PNH, holo, lost?; US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Baco River, Apr-1903. = Piper dagamiense C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 211; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 7; Type: BS 15181 Ramos (US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Dagami. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 0-2042m. Native.
42. Piper multistigmum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 222; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 12; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 163; Type: BS 19819 R.C. McGregor (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Ifugao, Mt Polis, Feb-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: Forest, elevation cited as 1000m (possibly nearer 2000m). L.L.Co: Resembling Piper interruptum Opiz, but stigma 5 or 6. Native.
43. Piper muricatum Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 33; Suwanphakdee et al., Kew Bull. 73 (2018); Type: from Indonesia. Distribution: Borneo, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. Notes: P.B. Pelser & J.P. Collantes (8-Apr-2022): present in the Philippines according to Suwanphakdee et al. (2018), but no specimens cited. Native.
44. Piper myrmecophilum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 211; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 12; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 56; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 583; Type: BS 17599 Ramos (L, US, iso), Samar: Mt Cauayan, Mar/Apr-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Damp forests. 50-400m. Native.
45. Piper nigrum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 28. Distribution: LUZON: Abra, Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: 0-2800m. Native.
    • var. trioicum (Roxb.) C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 363; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 12; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 167; ≡ Piper trioicum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 153. = Piper glabrispicum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 155; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 9; Type: Warburg 14748 (B, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Taumo. Distribution: LUZON: Batangas, Cavite. Notes: Extensively cultivated in the tropics for the well-known spice which is probably the world’s most consumed (peppercorn). Paminta. Native.
46. Piper obtusissimum Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1844) 337; Gajurel & Lua, Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 138; ≡ Piper clypeatum Wall. ex C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16 (1869) 378, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Type: from Singapore. = Piper manillanum Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1844) 339; Type: from Singapore. Distribution: India, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore. MINDANAO: ?Bukidnon, PALAWAN. Native.
47. Piper ovatibaccum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 782; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 80; Type: Elmer 7888 (BISH, MO, NY, US, syn), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, 700m, May-1907; Elmer 8106 (syn), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban. = Piper robinsonii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 445; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Type: BS 6065 C.B. Robinson (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Banahaw. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 285-1524m. Native.
48. Piper parcirameum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 781; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 65; Type: Elmer 10899 (BISH, MO, NY, syn), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, dense forest at 4000ft of Mt Calelan, Jun-1909; Elmer 11274 (BISH, MO, NY, syn), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, dense forest, 3000ft, Aug-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Notes: In forests. 900-1200m. Native.
49. Piper parong Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 105; Type: BS 24465 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, US, iso), Samar: Northern Samar, Palapag, Catubig, 11-Mar-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Lowland thickets and streamside forests. Native.
50. Piper paucinerve C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 156; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 147; Type: Warburg 11929 (B, holo), Luzon: Isabela, Malunu. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela. Native.
51. Piper philippinum Miq., Syst. Piperac. (1844) 322; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 110; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 583; Type: Cuming 912 (de Lessert herbarium, holo), Luzon: Albay (Gardner otherwise cites Cuming 1642 (G or P?)). = Piper albidirameum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 153; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 115; Type: Warburg 14751 (B, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Taumo. = Piper crassilimbum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 210; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 7; Type: Merrill 7649 (US, syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, thickets in limestone region, 1550m, May-1911. = Piper fuscescentirameum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 217; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Type: C.A. Wenzel 1184, Leyte: in forest, c. 500m. = Piper lividum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 155; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Type: Warburg 11930 (B, holo), Luzon: Isabela, Malunu. = Piper lucbanense C.DC., LPB 6 (1914) 2293; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 11; Type: Elmer 7383, Luzon: Quezon, Lucban. = Piper maagnasanum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 429; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 117; Type: BS 6355 C.B. Robinson, Luzon: Camarines Sur, Maagnas. = Piper pendulifolium C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 772; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Type: Elmer 10942 (BISH, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, Jul-1909. = Piper petraeum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 430; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Type: Elmer 6430 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Twin Peaks, on rocks in shady places, May-1904. = Piper psilocarpum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 215; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 8; Type: C.A. Wenzel 896, Leyte: Leyte, Jaro, Buenavista. Forests, c. 500m. Distribution: China, Philippines, Taiwan. ALABAT, BATBATAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BUCAS GRANDE, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests and thickets. 0-2196m. Native.
52. Piper quinqueangulatum Miq., Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 2 (1854) 85; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 583; Type: from Java. = Piper cristatum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 770; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 7; Type: Elmer 10703 (G-DC, lecto; BISH, BM, E, GH, K, MO, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao del Sur (Mt Apo, Todaya), epiphytic in very humid forest along Baruring River, 3500ft, May-1909. = Piper korthalsii Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1 (1863) 139; C.DC., Candollea 1 (1923) 71; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 10; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 169. = Piper korthalsii var. longibracteum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 763; Type: Clemens 463, Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. Distribution: Java, Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Damp lowland to montane forests. 50-2200(-2800)m. Native.
53. Piper ramosii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 426; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 14; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 82; Type: BS 1755 Ramos, Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso. = Piper calvifolium C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 217; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 5; Type: Loher 6794, pro parte (K), Luzon. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PANAY. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. L.L.Co: Nearest to Piper ovatibaccum C.DC., differing in its auriculate leaves and reniform anthers. Native.
54. Piper retrofractum Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 1 (1804) 314; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 14; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 106; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 583; Type: from East Indies. = Piper palawanum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 210; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 13; Type: BS 1553 E. Fenix (US, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Babuyan. = Piper parvifolium Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 23; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 17; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 1 (1877) 32; Type: not extant; 'illustrative specimen': Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 523 (US), Luzon: Bulacan, Angat, Sep-1913, leg. M Ramos. = Piper retrofractum var. latifolium C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 157; Type: Warburg 12125 (B, holo), Luzon: Cagayan, Buguey. = Piper chaba W.Hunter, Asiat. Res. 9 (1809) 391. Distribution: Indochina, Malay Peninsula to Moluccas, Philippines. BABUYAN, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, DALUPIRI, DANJUGAN, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, PUJADA, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland thickets. 0-2000m. Native.
55. Piper ridleyi C.DC., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 6 (1912) 19; Suwanphakdee et al., Kew Bull. 73 (2018); Type: from Malay Peninsula. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Thailand. Notes: P.B. Pelser & J.P. Collantes (8-Apr-2022): present in the Philippines according to Suwanphakdee et al. (2018), but no specimens cited. Native.
56. Piper sarmentosum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 162; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 15; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 101; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 584. = Piper allenii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 441; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 3; Type: Allen 152 (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Surigao. = Piper siassiense C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 443; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 15; Type: Merrill 5311 (NY, US, iso), Sulu Archipelago: Siasi Island, in coconut groves, 12-Oct-1906. = Piper zamboangae C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 424; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 17; Type: Hallier s.n. (PNH, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Zamboanga. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BALABAC, BATANES, CAMIGUIN, JOLO, LUZON: Albay, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI, TURTLE IS. Notes: Lowland thickets, coconut groves, etc. 2-661m. Native.
57. Piper sibulanum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 158; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 103; Type: Warburg 14742 (B, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur. = Piper oophyllum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 430; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 17; Type: Copeland 333 (US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, sea-level in coconut groves, Mar-1904. = Piper williamsii C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 441; Type: R.S. Williams 2750 (PNH, holo, lost?; NY, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Sta Cruz, 13-Apr-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Lowland forests and coconut groves. Native.
58. Piper simile Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 34; Type: BS 33105 (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Bangui to Claveria, c. 500m, 11-Aug-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte. Notes: Medium elevation to high montane forests. 500-1900m. Native.
59. Piper sorsogonum C.DC., Candollea 1 (1923) 223, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Candollea 2 (1923) 188; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 150; Type: Elmer 14921 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin, Sep-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Quezon, Sorsogon. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests. Native.
60. Piper spathelliferum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 164; Type: BS 26383 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost?), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Mt Umingan, on slope near summit of Mt Umingan, c. 400m, 20-Aug-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Kalinga, Nueva Ecija. Notes: L.L.Co: Similar to Piper elliptibaccum C.DC., differing in the presence of glandular brown dots on the lower surface of lamina. Native.
61. Piper subbullatum K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 262; Gardner, Blumea 48 (2003) 64; Blumea 51 (2007) 584; Type: from New Guinea. = Piper lageniovarium C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 797; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 10; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 44; Type: Elmer 10589 (BISH, MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, May-1909. Distribution: New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur. Notes: Medium elevation thickets and forests, streamsides, etc. (0-)1300-1700m. Native.
62. Piper subprostratum C.DC., PJS 5c (1910) 425; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 15; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 40; Type: FB 6751 Merritt (US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, S of Lake Naujan, Mar/Apr-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Native.
63. Piper toppingii C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 783; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 16; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 30; Type: Elmer 8375 (MO, NY, US, syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907; Elmer 5850 (NY, US, syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1904. = Piper chlorocarpum C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 221; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 16; Type: BS 16638 Ramos (US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio, Sep/Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Benguet, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Medium elevation to high-montane forests. 152-2100m. Native.
64. Piper umbellatum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 30; ≡ Lepianthes umbellata (L.) Raf. ex Ramamoorthy, Fl. Hassan Distr. (1976) 52; ≡ Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq., Comm. Phytogr. (1840) 36. = Piper subpeltatum Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 1 (1797) 166; ≡ Piper umbellatum var. subpeltatum (Willd.) C.DC., Enum. Pl. Guatem. 6 (1903) 39; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 16; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 17. = Piper umbellatum var. glabrum C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 333; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 16. Distribution: C & S America. CEBU, LUZON: Abra (photos), Bataan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Naturalized in forests. 700m (photos). Naturalized.
65. Piper urdanetanum C.DC., LPB 6 (1914) 2293; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 16; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 32; Type: Elmer 13713 (BISH, NA, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta = Mt Hilonghilong, Sep-1912. = Piper wenzelii C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 213; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 17; Type: C.A. Wenzel 628 (US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, 30-Mar-1914. = Piper hirtirache C.DC., PJS 11c (1916) 213; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 17; Type: C.A. Wenzel 1168, Leyte: Leyte, Jaro, Buenavista. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Native.
66. Piper varibracteum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 764; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 16; Quisumbing, PJS 43 (1930) 78; Type: Elmer 11998 (BISH, MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, scandent upon trees and overtopping dense thickets along the sea coast on moist sandy soil, Oct-1909. = Piper striatum C.DC., LPB 3 (1910) 776, nom. illeg., non Vahl; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 15; Type: Elmer 11764 (BISH, MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, epiphytic in light woods, c. 3000ft, Sep-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Notes: Sea-level to medium elevation forests. Near Piper curtifolium. Native.

Possibly present

1. Piper longum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 29; Suwanphakdee et al., Kew Bull. 73 (2018). Distribution: Bangladesh, China, Himalayas, India, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, ?Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam. Notes: See Quisumbing (1930).

Incertae sedis

1. Piper jagori C.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 16(1) (1869) 358, as 'jayeri'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 10. = Piper rufinerve Opiz, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 159; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 15. = Piper taumanum C.DC., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 159; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 15. Native.

Zippelia Blume

1. Zippelia begoniifolia Blume, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1830) 1651; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 18; Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 584; ≡ Piper begoniifolium (Blume) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 189; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. JOLO. Notes: Damp forest, c. 700m. Native.