Oxalidaceae

Averrhoa L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 August 2019

Averrhoa bilimbi L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 428; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 266; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 324. Distribution: ?Moluccas. LUZON: Isabela (photos), MINDORO (photos). Notes: Area of origin unknown (Veldkamp 1971), but possibly native to the Moluccas (Blench 2008). Scarcely naturalized in secondary forest. Naturalized.
Averrhoa carambola L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 428; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 266; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 324. = Sarcotheca philippica (Fern.-Vill.) Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 2 (1911) 2. Distribution: LUZON: Isabela (photos), MINDORO (photos). Notes: Area of origin unknown, but possibly native to Java (Veldkamp 1971) or Sri Lanka and the Moluccas (Morton 1987, Dasgupta et al. 2013). Naturalized.

Biophytum DC.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 October 2025

Biophytum fruticosum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 242. Distribution: BOHOL, BONGAO, CEBU (photos), MINDORO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: 0-800m. Native.
- var. fruticosum. Distribution: Cambodia, China, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: 0-800m. Native.
Biophytum microphyllum Veldkamp, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 7 (1971) 164. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi. MINDORO. Notes: 400-600m. Native.
Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 690; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 266; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 324; ≡ Oxalis sensitiva L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 434. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), Cavite, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga (photos), Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (photos), Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 0-250m. Native.
Biophytum umbraculum Welw., Apont. (1859) 590; ≡ Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch, Naturw. Reise Mossambique 1 (1862) 81; Veldk., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 161. = Biophytum apodiscias (Turcz.) Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1 (1874) 437; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 323; ≡ Oxalis apodiscias Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36 (1863) 430. Distribution: Africa, Australia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra (photos), Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.

Oxalis L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 March 2025

Oxalis barrelieri L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 624. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Aurora (photos). Notes: Naturalized on road sides. 0-1500m. Naturalized.
Oxalis corniculata L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 435; Veldk., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 155. = Oxalis repens Thunb., Oxalis (Thunberg) (1781) 16; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 265; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 323. Distribution: BALUT, BATANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Benguet, Cavite (photos), Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, SABTANG, SIASI, SIQUIJOR (photos). Notes: Cryptogenic, but possibly native to SE Asia (Groom et al. 2019). 0-2200(-3000)m. Cryptogenic.
Oxalis debilis Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 5 (1822) 236; Nesom, Phytologia 91 (2009) 516; Type: from Venezuela. = Oxalis corymbosa DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 696; Veldk., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 159; Type: from La Réunion. = Oxalis martiana Zucc., Denkschr. Königl. Akad. Wiss. München 9 (1825) 144; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 265; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 323; Type: from Brazil. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Cavite (photos), Mountain Province, NEGROS. Notes: Naturalized in secondary forest. Naturalized.
Oxalis griffithii Edgew. & Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1 (1874) 436; ≡ Oxalis acetosella ssp. griffithii (Edgew. & Hook.f.) Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 30 (1955) 22; Veldk., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 157. Distribution: China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, MINDORO. Notes: 2500-2900m. Native.
- ssp. formosana (Terao) S.Aoki & J.Murata, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 70 (2019) 165; ≡ Oxalis acetosella ssp. formosana Terao, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 30 (1979) 61; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Known from Mt Pulog. 2500-2900m. Native.

References

Aoki S, T Ohi-Toma & J Murata. 2019. Taxonomic revision of Oxalis subsect. Oxalis (Oxalidaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 70: 159-172
Blench, R. 2008. A history of fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland. In: Occasional Paper 4: Linguistics, archaeology and the human past (Osada, T & A Uesugi). Indus Project, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 115-137
CABI Invasive Species Compendium
Dasgupta, P, P Chakraborty & NN Bala. 2013. Averrhoa carambola: an updated review. International Journal of Pharma Research & Review 2: 54-63
Groom, QJ, J van der Straeten & I Hoste. 2019. The origin of Oxalis corniculata L. PeerJ 7: e6384
Morton, JF. 1987. Fruits of warm climates. Flair Books, Miami, USA, pp. 125-128.
Nesom, G. 2009. Taxonomic notes on acaulescent Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) in the United States. Phytologia 93: 501-526
Veldkamp, JF. 1971. Oxalidaceae. Flora Malesiana series 1, 7: 151-178