Nyctaginaceae

Boerhavia L. (Not native)

1. Boerhavia diffusa L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 3; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 197; EPFP 2 (1923) 133; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 454; Choo et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2022) 24. = Boerhavia coccinea Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) 4. Distribution: America. Notes: Weed in open places in and around towns, road sides, along streams and in open forest. Naturalized.
2. Boerhavia erecta L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 3; Choo et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2022) 28. Distribution: America. LUZON: Laguna. Notes: Open fields, grassland. Naturalized.

Possibly present

1. Boerhavia repens L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 3; Choo et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2022) 30. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, ?Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. ?LUZON: ?Batangas. Notes: Note by P.B. Pelser (4-Nov-23): a photo by Wally Suarez possibly represents this species in the Philippines.

Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Bougainvillea × buttiana Holttum & Standl., Bot. Ser. Field Mus. 23 (1944) 44; Pancho & Bardenas, Baileya 7 (1959) 99; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 456. Distribution: S America. Notes: Discovered in 1910 from Colombia, and taken into cultivation by many European firms. Introduced in Singapore in 1923. Now only known in cultivation. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Bougainvillea glabra Choisy in DC., Prodr. 13, 2 (1849) 437; Pancho & Bardenas, Baileya 7 (1959) 99; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 457. Distribution: S America. Notes: Flowered in Europe in 1860, mentioned from Bogor in 1866, from India in 1869, from Singapore in 1879. Very commonly planted. Flowers under everwet conditions. Cultivated, not naturalized.
3. Bougainvillea peruviana Humb. & Bonpl., Pl. Aequin. 1 (1808) 147; Pancho & Bardenas, Baileya 7 (1959) 97; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 456. Distribution: S America. Notes: Introduced in Singapore in 1938. Three garden varieties. Flowers a little after dry weather. Grows probably best on light soils. Cultivated, not naturalized.
4. Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Sp. Pl. 2 (1799) 348, as ‘Buginvillaea’; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 196; EPFP 2 (1923) 133; Pancho & Bardenas, Baileya 7 (1959) 100; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 457. Distribution: S America. Notes: Introduced in Europe in 1829, recorded from Bogor in 1866, from Singapore in 1879. Very commonly planted. Flowers only in or in response to dry weather. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Ceodes J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

1. Ceodes longirostris (Teijsm. & Binn.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, J. Arnold Arbor. 20 (1939) 328; Rossetto & Caraballo-Ortiz, PhytoKeys 152 (2020) 131; ≡ Pisonia longirostris Teijsm. & Binn., Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 25 (1863) 401; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 134; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 463. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls. JOLO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Native.
2. Ceodes umbellifera J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl., ed. 2. (1776) 142; Rossetto & Caraballo-Ortiz, PhytoKeys 152 (2020) 132; ≡ Pisonia umbellifera (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Seem., Bonplandia 10 (1862) 154; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 134; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 460; ≡ Ceodes umbellifera J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl. (1775) 71. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, China, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Taiwan, Vietnam. Notes: Throughout Malesia, particularly in the E part. Native.

Mirabilis L. (Not native)

1. Mirabilis jalapa L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 177; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 197; EPFP 2 (1923) 132; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 451. Distribution: S America. Notes: Cultivated pantropically as an ornamental or medicinal plant. Occasionally escaping near towns. Cultivated up to c. 1400m. Flowers are ephemeral, opening at c. 4-4:30 pm (and closing at c. 9:00 am), hence the common names ‘alas-cuatro’ or ‘four o’clock’. Naturalized.

Pisonia L.

1. Pisonia aculeata L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1026; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 196; EPFP 2 (1923) 133; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 467. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Native.
2. Pisonia grandis R.Br., Prodr. (1810) 422; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 134; Stemmerik, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1964) 464. = Pisonia alba Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 342; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 196; EPFP 2 (1923) 133. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan. Notes: Dry to semi-dry places, along coasts, sandy or rocky. Often dominant on isolated oceanic islets and atolls. Pisonia ‘alba’ is an almost echlorophyllose cultigen of Pisonia grandis. Native.