Menispermaceae

Anamirta Colebr.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 March 2026
  1. Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1 (1834) 446; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 145; Forman, Kew Bull. 32 (1978) 329; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 213; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Menispermum cocculus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 340. Distribution: India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand. ALABAT, BASILAN, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, La Union (photos), Laguna, Quezon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato (photos), MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: Sea level and low and medium elevation thickets, apparently with preference to seasonal conditions. 0-200(-?)m (photos). Native.

Arcangelisia Becc.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 August 2017
  1. Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 222; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 145; Forman, Kew Bull. 32 (1978) 334; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 210; ≡ Menispermum flavum L., Herb. Amboin. (Linn.) (1754) 18. Distribution: Borneo, China, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BATANES, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, PONEAS, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TABLAS, TICAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Thickets and forests. 0-1000m. Native.

Cissampelos L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 15 August 2024
  1. Cissampelos pareira L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1031; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 204; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 150. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, CATANDUANES (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Common throughout the Philippines in lowland and medium elevation thickets. 0-1300m. Native.
    • var. hirsuta (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Forman, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 356; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 236; ≡ Cissampelos hirsuta Buch.-Ham. ex DC., Syst. Nat. (Candolle) 1 (1817) 535. = Cissampelos discolor DC. var. cardiophylla A.Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. (1854) 38; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 771; Type: US Explor. Exped. (US, holo), small island in the Sooloo (Sulu) sea. Distribution: LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Common throughout the Philippines in lowland and medium elevation thickets. Native.

Cocculus DC.

  1. Cocculus laurifolius DC., Syst. Nat. (Candolle) 1 (1817) 530; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 81; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 149; Forman, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 479; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 233. Distribution: China, India, Indochina, Japan, Java, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Mountain Province, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Open forests and thickets. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC., Syst. Nat. (Candolle) 1 (1817) 522; Forman, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 374; Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 479; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 231; ≡ Menispermum orbiculatum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 341. = Cocculus sarmentosus (Lour.) Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 233; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 149; ≡ Nephroia sarmentosa Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 692. = Cocculus sarmentosus var. stenophyllus Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 10; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 149; Type: BS 7231 Ramos (NY, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Burgos, Feb/Mar-1917. = Cocculus trilobus (Thunb.) DC., Syst. Nat. (Candolle) 1 (1817) 232; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 149; ≡ Menispermum trilobum Thunb., Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) (1784) 194. = Cocculus cynanchoides C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2 (1835) 79; Type: Haenke s.n. (MO, iso), Luzon. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. BABUYAN ISLS, BATAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, DALUPIRI, ITBAYAT, LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Notes: Possibly introduced in Mauritius and Réunion. Coastal and lowland thickets. 0m. Native.

Cyclea Arn. ex Wight

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 March 2025
  1. Cyclea cauliflora Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 452; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Forman, Kew Bull. 14 (1960) 74; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 241; Type: BS 41512 Ramos (K, US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Cabalian, in damp ravines and deserted clearings, c. 300m. 7-Dec-1922. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, TABLAS. Notes: Damp ravines and deserted clearings, also recorded from a forested ridge. 300-460m. Native.
  2. Cyclea insularis (Makino) Hatus., Mem. Fac. Agric. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 29; Forman, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 240; ≡ Cissampelos insularis Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 24 (1910) 227. = Cyclea insularis var. luxurians Hatus., Mem. Fac. Agric. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 29. Distribution: Japan, Philippines. BATAN. Notes: Thickets and forest slopes. Fl. & fr. May. 100-300m. Native.
  3. Cyclea merrillii Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 312; Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1167; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 151; Forman, Kew Bull. 14 (1960) 72; Pancho, Vasc. Fl. Mt Makiling (1986) 286; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 240; Type: Merrill 2527 (K, US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, 11 to 14-Jun-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Ifugao, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation thickets. Native.

Diploclisia Miers

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 August 2017
  1. Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 225; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 148; Forman, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 363, pro parte (excl. Diploclisia kunstleri); Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 230; ≡ Cocculus glaucescens Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 25. Distribution: China, India, Indochina, Java, ?Moluccas, Myanmar, ?New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation open forests. 0-600m. Native.

Fibraurea Lour.

  1. Fibraurea tinctoria Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 626; Forman, Kew Bull. 40 (1985) 544; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 207. = Fibraurea chloroleuca Miers, Contr. Bot. 3 (1871) 42; Merrill, PJS 17 (1920) 249; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 146. Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. DINAGAT, SAMAR. Notes: Along streams in forest. 0-1000m. Native.

Haematocarpus Miers

  1. Haematocarpus subpeltatus Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 383; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 145; Forman, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 421; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 184; Type: BS 33750 Ramos & Edaño (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Paracale. Forest along stream at low elevation, 22-Dec-1918. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Camarines Norte, PALAUI (photos). Notes: Forest. 0-100m. Native.

Hypserpa Miers

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 May 2026
  1. Hypserpa nitida Miers, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3 (1851) 258; Forman, Kew Bull. 12 (1958) 453; Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 361; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 219. = Hypserpa cuspidata (Hook.f. & Thomson) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd Ser. 7 (1851) 40; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 147; ≡ Limacia cuspidata Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 189. = Hypserpa jagorii Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 211; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 148. = Phytocrene loheri Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 293; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 492, pro parte, leaves only. Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SIBUYAN, SICOGON (photos), SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets and forests. 0-2000m. Native.

Legnephora Miers

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 May 2018
  1. Legnephora philippinensis Forman, Kew Bull. 27 (1972) 278; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 226; Type: PNH 10020 Sulit (L 2 sheets), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Mt Kitanglad, S slope of S peak, Barrio Kibangay, Sitio Katiwayan, semi-open forest, 1800m, 10-Mar-1949. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Known only from the type collection. 1800m. Native.

Limacia Lour.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 November 2017
  1. Limacia blumei (Boerl.) Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 215; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 266; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 148; Forman, Kew Bull. 12 (1958) 448; Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 362; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 223; ≡ Cocculus blumei Boerl., Cat. Pl. Phan. (1899) 40. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. BANCALAN, MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: Lowland thickets and forests. Native.
  2. Limacia scandens Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 620; Forman, Kew Bull. 12 (1958) 449; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 223. = Limacia velutina Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd Ser. 7 (1851) 43; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 148; ≡ Cocculus velutinus Wall., Numer. List (1831) n.4970, nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, ?Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Lanao, Zamboanga. Notes: Low elevation second-growth forests and open habitats. Native.

Parabaena Miers

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 September 2026
  1. Parabaena denudata Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 147; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 147; Forman, Kew Bull. 39 (1984) 108; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 203; Type: R.S. Williams 2137 (US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, 13-Feb-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, LUZON, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Thickets and forests. In Negros along rivers and in thickets in damp ravines. Fl. Feb-May; fr. Aug. 550-600m (photos) to 700-750m. Native.
  2. Parabaena echinocarpa Diels, PJS 8c (1913) 157; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 147; Forman, Kew Bull. 39 (1984) 110; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 204; Type: BS 14722 Ramos (US, iso), Camiguin de Mindanao, male flowers & fruits, Mar/Apr-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Thickets and forests. Fl. Apr-Jun, Nov; fr. Apr, Nov-Dec. 0-500m. Native.
  3. Parabaena elmeri Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 147; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 147; Forman, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 389; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 202; Type: Elmer 5633, Luzon: La Union prov. = Parabaena philippinensis Merr. ex Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 148; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 147; Type: BS 1024 Ramos. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan, La Union, Laguna, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Low to medium elevation thickets and forests. Fl. Feb, May-Jul; fr. Feb, Jul-Oct. Native.

Pericampylus Miers

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 31 Augustus 2026
  1. Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 219; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 148; Forman, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 366; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 229; ≡ Menispermum glaucum Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 4 (1797) 100. Distribution: Tropical & Subtropical Asia. BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIARGAO, SICOGON (photos). Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low and medium elevation open thickets and secondary forests. 0-1700m. Native.

Pycnarrhena Miers

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 May 2018
  1. Pycnarrhena insignis (Hatus.) Forman, Kew Bull. 33 (1979) 568; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 174; ≡ Batania insignis Hatus., Mem. Fac. Agric. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 29. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN. Notes: Known from Mahatao. In thickets. 100m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  2. Pycnarrhena manillensis S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 45; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 144; Forman, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 411; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 175; Type: Vidal 1778 (MA), Luzon: Alrededores de Manila, San Juan del Monte. = Pycnarrhena elliptica Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 54; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 144. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BASILAN, CAMOTES, CEBU (photos), GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, La Union, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Thickets and forests. Fl. May-Nov; fr. Jul-Mar. 0-1600m. Native.
  3. Pycnarrhena tumefacta Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser. 20 (1867) 12; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 20 (1867) 12, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Forman, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 414; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 175; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. = Pycnarrhena membranifolia Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 382; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 144; Type: BS 37356 Ramos & Edaño (US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Malangas. Low elevation forest, 26-Oct-1919. = Pycnarrhena celebica (Boerl.) Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 53; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 144; ≡ Cocculus celebicus Boerl., Cat. Pl. Phan. (1899) 40. = Pycnarrhena merrillii Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 52; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 144; Type: Merrill 1201, Mindoro. = Pycnarrhena balabacensis Yamam., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 34 (1944) 224. = Pycnarrhena batanensis Yamam., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 34 (1944) 226. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Java Sea, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BALABAC, DINAGAT, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora (photos), Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Notes: Forests. 0-400(-2000)m. Native.

Stephania Lour.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 26 December 2025
  1. Stephania corymbosa (Blume) Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. (Walpers) 1 (1842) 96; Forman, Kew Bull. 11 (1956) 63; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 249; ≡ Clypea corymbosa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 27; Type: from Indonesia. = Stephania catosepala Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 268; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 149; Type: Elmer 5851 (P, lecto; B, K, US, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1904. = Stephania ramosii Diels ex Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 265; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 150; Type: BS 13487 Ramos (B, holo), Luzon: Benguet, near Baguio, May-1911. Distribution: Java, Malaysia, Philippines. BOHOL, LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Thickets, forests, limestone ledges and boulders. 0-2000m. Native.
  2. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser. 18 (1866) 14; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 406; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 149; Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1166; Forman, Kew Bull. 11 (1956) 49; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 245; ≡ Menispermum japonicum Thunb., Syst. Veg., 14th Ed. (1784) 892; Type: from Japan. Distribution: BALABAC, BATANES, CAMIGUIN, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Apayao (photos), Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Pampanga, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao de Oro (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: 0-2000m. Native.
    • var. japonica. = Stephania forsteri (DC.) A.Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. (1854) 36; Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1167; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 149; ≡ Cocculus forsteri DC., Syst. Nat. (Candolle) 1 (1817) 517; Type: from French Polynesia. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Malaysia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka. BATANES, CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Pampanga, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets and forests. Native.
    • var. timoriensis (DC.) Forman, Kew Bull. 11 (1956) 55; ≡ Cocculus japonicus (Thunb.) DC. var. timoriensis DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 1 (1824) 96; Type: from Indonesia. = Stephania exigua Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser. 18 (1866) 16; Type: Cuming 1533 (BM, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Batangas. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Malaysia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka. LUZON: Batangas. Native.
  3. Stephania merrillii Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 268; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 150; Hul et al., Phytotaxa 298 (2017) 108; Type: Merrill 5701 (B, holo; US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon. Nov-1906. Distribution: China, Philippines. MINDORO. Native.
  4. Stephania psilophylla (C.Presl) Forman, Kew Bull. 11 (1956) 63; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 251; ≡ Cissampelos psilophylla C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2 (1835) 80; Type: Haenke s.n. (PRC, lecto; BM, HAL, isolecto), Luzon. ≠ Stephania japonica auct. non (Thunb.) Miers; Merr. (1923) 149, pro parte. ≠ Stephania catosepala auct. non Diels; Merr. (1923) 149, pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Sorsogon. Notes: Primary forests and forest edges. 100-1300m. Native.
  5. Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 4 (1827) 316; Forman, Kew Bull. 11 (1956) 58; Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 352; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 248; ≡ Clypea venosa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 27; Type: from Java. Distribution: Cambodia, India, Java, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna (photos), Rizal. Notes: 0-1600m. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Stephania montana Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1915) 189; Forman, Kew Bull. 11 (1956) 69; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 250; Type: from Papua New Guinea. Distribution: New Guinea, ?Philippines. ?LUZON. Notes: Record in the Philippines based on BS 23820, in fruit. 1300-2070m.

Tinomiscium Miers

  1. Tinomiscium petiolare Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 205; Forman, Kew Bull. 40 (1985) 542; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 205. = Tinomiscium molle Diels, PJS 8c (1913) 157; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 146; Type: BS 11359 McGregor (US, iso), Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, vicinity of Dupax, male flowers, Mar-Apr 1912. = Tinomiscium philippinense Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 116; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 146; Type: Elmer 9090. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BILIRAN, CEBU, DEBANGAN, LUZON: Bataan (photos), Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, POLILLO. Notes: Forests. 0-500(-1400)m. Native.

Tinospora Miers

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 24 June 2026
  1. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 183; Forman, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 394; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 194; ≡ Menispermum crispum L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1763) 1468. = Tinospora rumphii Boerl., Cat. Pl. Phan. (1901) 116, nom. illeg.; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 146. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore. BASILAN, CULION, LUZON: Rizal (photos), MINDANAO, MINDORO. Notes: Usually found in thickets near human settlements, probably in most islands and provinces on account of being commonly planted for medicinal purposes. Also reported in primary forest in Mindanao and in dry forest in Mindoro Oriental prov. (Mt Yagaw, 1000m). According to Forman (1986) female flowers and fruits are as yet unknown from Malesia. Merrill (1923) hints at the possibility of this species as being an introduced plant in the Philippines. 0-1000m. Naturalized.
  2. Tinospora glabra (Burm.f.) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 19 (1938) 340; Forman, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 414; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 199; ≡ Menispermum glabrum Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 316. = Tinospora reticulata Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd Ser. 13 (1864) 322; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 204; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 146. Distribution: Andaman Isls, China, Philippines, Solomon Isls. BATANES, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CULION, LUBANG, LUZON: Albay, Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte (photos), Laguna, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Lowland dry thickets, shrubberies and re-growth forests. 0-500m. Native.
  3. Tinospora merrilliana Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 137; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 146; Forman, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 389; Fl. Males., ser. 1, 10 (1986) 191; Type: Clemens 525. = Tinospora negrotica Diels, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (94) (1910) 137; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 146; Type: Elmer 9468 (US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns. Mar-1908. = Tinospora hastata Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3760, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 16960 (NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin, Aug-1916. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. CATANDUANES, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Benguet, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, South Cotabato, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Thickets and forests; in Luzon and Palawan on limestone. 0-1800m. Native.

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