Meliaceae

Aglaia Lour.

1. Aglaia aherniana Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 32; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 371; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 291. = Aglaia myriantha Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 295; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 377. = Aglaia irosinensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 371. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, DINAGAT, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Camarines, Cavite, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, PANAY, POLILLO, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Aglaia angustifolia (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 55; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 309; ≡ Hartighsea angustifolia Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 504. = Aglaia stenophylla Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 185; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 379. = Argophilum pinnatum Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 186. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sumatra. LUZON: Camarines Norte, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests. 35-1450m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
3. Aglaia argentea Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 170; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 237; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 24. = Aglaia multifoliola Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 280; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 377. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Found in primary, secondary, riverine forest, evergreen or semi-evergreen, on granite, basalt, sandstone, coral sand, clay or limestone; scattered to locally rather common. Aril eaten by monkeys, hornbills. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Aglaia beccarii C.DC., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1st Sér. 2 (1894) 579; Mabberley & Pannell, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 6 (2007) 38; Type: from Sarawak. = Aglaia brachybotrys Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 274; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 372; Type: FB 15497 Bernardo, Luzon: Cagayan, San Vicente, in dense forest, c. 15m, 15-Apr-1910. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Misamis, PALAWAN. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only in the Philippines from the type collection of Aglaia brachybotrys Merr. Lowland forest. 15m. Native.
5. Aglaia costata Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 146; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 372; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 248; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; Type: Clemens 568, Mindanao: Lanao (Camp Keithley). = Aglaia umbrina Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3317, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13770 (NY, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. HOMONHON, LUZON: Camarines, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevation. 100m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
6. Aglaia crassinervia Kurz ex Hiern, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 556; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 267. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. SAMAR. Notes: 0-1570m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegr., Fl. Indo-Chine 1 (1911) 771; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 213; ≡ Amoora cucullata Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3 (1820) 54. = Amoora aherniana Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 24; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 370. = Amoora conduplifolia Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3324, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 12195, Sibuyan: Magallanes (Magdiwang, N slopes of Mt Giting-giting), along Sinubang creek, 750ft, Apr-1910. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-20m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Aglaia cumingiana Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 409; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 372; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 293; ≡ Hearnia cumingiana (Turcz.) C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 1 (1878) 629. = Aglaia tarangisi Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3314, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BANCALAN, BOHOL, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In primary, secondary and gallery forests, along seashore, on sandy soil. 0-1330m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
9. Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall., Rep. Calcutta Bot. Gard. to G.A.Bushby (1840) 26; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 272; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Milnea edulis Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 430. = Aglaia curranii Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 276; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 373. = Aglaia diffusa Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 277; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 373. = Aglaia samarensis Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 378. Distribution: Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BURIAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines. 0-1670m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
10. Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 1 (1863) 383; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 373; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 243; Joyce et al., Blumea 68 (2023) 34; ≡ Nemedra elaeagnoidea A.Juss., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 19 (1830) 223; Type: from Australia (lecto). = Aglaia pallens (Merr.) Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 297; ≡ Aglaia elaeagnoidea var. pallens Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 413; Type: BS 4122 Fénix (NY, lecto), Camiguin de Babuyanes. = Aglaia parvifolia Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 21; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 378; Type: FB 986 Clark, as '968' (NY, lecto; BM, G, K, US, isolecto), Burias, Jun-1904. = Aglaia cupreolepidota Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 393, as 'cupreo-lepidota'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 373; Type: BS 39579 Ramos (A, lecto; BM, BO, GH, K US, isolecto), Mindoro: Paluan. = Aglaia formosana (Hayata) Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3 (1913) 52; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 374; ≡ Aglaia elaeagnoidea var. formosana Hayata, Enum. Pl. Formosa (1906) 78; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. BALABAC, BANCALAN, BASILAN, BATAN, BATANES, BURIAS, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, JOLO, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Quezon, MALAMAWI, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUTU. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
11. Aglaia elliptica Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 171; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 288; ≡ Hearnia elliptica (Blume) C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 1 (1878) 628. = Aglaia davaoensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3289, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia querciflorescens Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3303, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia robinsonii Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 291; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 378. = Aglaia harmsiana Perkins, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3 (1903) 78; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 374. = Aglaia pauciflora Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 31. = Aglaia longipetiolata Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3295, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia trunciflora Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 303; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 379. = Aglaia langlassei C.DC., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 10 (1907) 151. = Aglaia tayabensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 292. = Aglaia palawanensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 235; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 377. = Aglaia urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3319, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia negrosensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3306, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3319, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia micrantha Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 22; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 376. = Aglaia mindanaensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3306, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia caulobotrys Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 156. = Aglaia antonii Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3278, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia apoana Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 30; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 371. = Aglaia banahanensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 373, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3281, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, BOHOL, BURIAS, BUSUANGA, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT (photos), GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MALAMAWI, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TINAGO. Notes: In evergreen and semi-evergreen primary and secondary forests, not infrequently along rivers and streams, along trails, on various soils ranging from sandy, clay to waterlogged, on limestone and ultramafics, scattered to locally common. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
12. Aglaia eximia Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 506; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 236. Distribution: Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Quezon, SAMAR. Notes: 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
13. Aglaia exstipulata (Griff.) W.Theob., Burmah, 3rd Ed. 2 (1883) 583; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 303; ≡ Euphoria exstipulata Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4 (1854) 547. Distribution: MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: 50-1400m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. brunneostellata Pannell, Kew Bull. 59 (2004) 89; Mabberley & Pannell, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 6 (2007) 54; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known from one collection, Stone et al. 282. Native.
14. Aglaia foveolata Pannell, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 16 (1992) 211; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 266. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Aurora (photos), PANAY. Notes: 6-1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
15. Aglaia grandis Korth. ex Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 56; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 232. = Aglaia bernardoi Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 302; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 372. = Aglaia stellatotomentosa Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 535, as 'stellato-tomentosa'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 379. = Aglaia perfulva Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3302, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, LAGEN, LUZON: Cagayan, Cavite, La Union, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Primary forest, sometimes on ultrabasic rock and limestone. 0-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
16. Aglaia korthalsii Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 42; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 251. Distribution: Bhutan, Borneo, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Camarines Norte (photos), Quezon (photos). Notes: 5-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
17. Aglaia lancilimba Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 294; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 375; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 242; Type: BS 26509 de Mesa & Magistrado (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Paracale, on low hills, 20m. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Norte, Nueva Ecija, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental. Notes: Primary forests. 1-1400m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
18. Aglaia lawii (Wight) C.J.Saldanha, Fl. Hassan Distr. (1976) 392; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 228; ≡ Nimmoia lawii Wight, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 7 (1847) 13. = Aglaia alternifoliola Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 532; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 371. = Aglaia grandifoliola Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 293; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 374. = Aglaia cagayanensis Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 275; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 372. = Aglaia sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3308, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BABUYAN ISLS, BASILAN, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, DALUPIRI, GUIMARAS, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte (photos), Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao, ?Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, ROMBLON, SIBUTU, SIBUYAN, TICAO. Notes: Common in primary forests, riverine forests as well as forests near the seashore in both everwet and seasonal regions, on a wide range of soil types including limestone. 0-1650m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. lawii. Distribution: Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. Native.
    • ssp. oligocarpa (Miq.) Pannell, Kew Bull. 59 (2004) 90; Mabberley & Pannell, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 6 (2007) 67; ≡ Aglaia oligocarpa Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 45. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Native.
19. Aglaia leptantha Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 51; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 261. = Aglaia multiflora Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 73; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 377. = Aglaia laevigata Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 31; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 375. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forests. 20-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
20. Aglaia leucophylla King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64(2) (1895) 66; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 271. = ?Aglaia pallida Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 147; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 377. = Aglaia mirandae Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 295; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 376. = Aglaia agusanensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3275, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, BILIRAN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Rizal, MALAMAWI, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Primary riverine and mossy forests but usually in secondary forests. 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
21. Aglaia luzoniensis (S.Vidal) Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 105; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 376; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 277; ≡ Beddomea luzoniensis S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 84; Type: Vidal 169 (MA), Luzon, Tayabas, Mauban. = Aglaia brevipetiolata Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 14; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 372. = Aglaia rizalensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 289. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, CEBU, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Norte (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TINAGO. Notes: Local name: Malacamote. Throughout the Philippines; common in primary forests, on various soil types including limestone. 10-1400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
22. Aglaia macrocarpa (Miq.) Pannell, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 16 (1992) 65; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 215; ≡ Epicharis macrocarpa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 505. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1750m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
23. Aglaia malaccensis (Ridl.) Pannell, Malaysian Forester 45 (1982) 455; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 216; ≡ Amoora malaccensis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 75 (1917) 16. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Bataan, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: Primary and secondary forests. 12-700m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
24. Aglaia odoratissima Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 171; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 276. = Aglaia affinis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 235; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 371. = Aglaia luzoniensis (S.Vidal) Merr. & Rolfe var. trifoliata Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 105; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 376; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 385. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1870m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
25. Aglaia oligophylla Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 507; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 297. = Aglaia oligantha C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 1 (1878) 603; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 377. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. ALABAT, BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Lanao, PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forests on various soil types including limestone-derived. 0-850m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
26. Aglaia pachyphylla Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 57; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 234; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 24. = ?Aglaia clarkii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 21; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 372. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. CEBU, LUZON: Batangas, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Quezon, Zambales, MASBATE, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Primary and secondary forests on clay, sandstone, limestone. 0-1350m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
27. Aglaia palembanica Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 197; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 304. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BASILAN, LAGEN, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Primary and secondary forests, on flood plains, clay, limestone, etc. 0-450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
28. Aglaia pyriformis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 290; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 294; Type: BS 26604 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost; A, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Aurora, Mt Dingalan, in forest, c. 300m, 9-Sep-1916. = Aglaia puncticulata Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 290; Type: BS 26306 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya (photos). Notes: Primary forests. 300-400m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
29. Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 212; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 246; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2439; Villanueva et al., Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 6497; ≡ Portesia rimosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 297. = Aglaia denticulata Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 410; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 373. = Aglaia reticulata Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3306, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia macrobotrys Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 409; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 376. = Aglaia elliptifolia Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 413; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 374. = Aglaia subviridis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3312, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia diffusiflora Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 410; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 373. = Aglaia lanceolata Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 184; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 375. = Aglaia loheri Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 533; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 376. = Aglaia llanosiana C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 1 (1878) 623; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 375. = Aglaia bulusanensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 373. = Aglaia subviridis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3312, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Aglaia reticulata Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3312, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. ALABAT, BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, BATAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, ROMBLON, SABTANG, SAMAR, SIBUTU, SIBUYAN, TICAO, Y’AMI. Notes: Common in primary forests. Also in thickets and secondary forests along rivers, sometimes along the seashore on limestone. 0-1350m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
30. Aglaia rugulosa Pannell, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 16 (1992) 73; Mabberley & Pannell, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 6 (2007) 88; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. Notes: 10-830m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
31. Aglaia sexipetala Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4 (1854) 505; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 268. = Aglaia aspera Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27 (1864) 42. = Aglaia calelanensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3283, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 11804 (PNH, holo, lost; L, MO, SING, U, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Calelan, Jul-1909. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Forested ridge. Note by L.L.Co: Only known in the Philippines from the type collection of Aglaia calelanensis Elmer. 0-1600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
32. Aglaia silvestris (M.Roem.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 210; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 259; ≡ Lansium silvestre M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1 (1846) 99. = Aglaia acuminata Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 531; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 371; Type: Merrill 9306 (F, GH, US, iso), Palawan: Taytay, 31-May-1913. = Aglaia copelandii Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3286, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 14070 (L, MO, NY, U, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, humid forested slopes, c. 4750ft. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Primary forests. 0-2100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
33. Aglaia smithii Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19 (1898) 635; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 245. = Aglaia ramosii Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 326; Type: Clemens 7406a (UC). = Aglaia bicolor Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 270; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 372. = Aglaia badia Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 270; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 372. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: In primary and coastal forests on clay. 0-40m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
34. Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S.S.Jain & Bennet, Indian J. Forest. 9 (1987) 271; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 221; ≡ Amoora spectabilis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 37. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: 0-650m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
35. Aglaia squamulosa King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64(2) (1895) 68; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 239. = Aglaia cuprea Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3287, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 16058 (PNH, holo, lost; NA, NY, U, US, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, 2000ft., May-1916. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Rizal, Sorsogon. Notes: Forest. 17-2000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
36. Aglaia tenuicaulis Hiern, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 556; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 301. Distribution: MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
    • ssp. tenuicaulis. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. SAMAR. Native.
37. Aglaia teysmanniana (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 48; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 231; ≡ Amoora teysmanniana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 503. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Rizal, PANAY, TICAO. Notes: In Malesia recorded to occur in primary and secondary forests. 0-1670m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
38. Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27 (1864) 43; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 4 (1868) 57; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 306. = Aglaia glomerata Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 30; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 374. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, India, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BASILAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: In Luzon from Isabela to Albay. Common in primary forests. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. tomentosa. Native.
    • ssp. cordata (Hiern) Pannell, Kew Bull. 59 (2004) 91; ≡ Aglaia cordata Hiern, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 557. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Riau Arch, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. Native.

Incertae sedis

1. Aglaia everettii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 271; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 374; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 384; Type: FB 7319 Everett (PNH, holo, lost; apparently no extant iso), Negros: Negros Occidental, Painguion River. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, Surigao, NEGROS. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Native.
2. Aglaia villamilii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 536; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 379; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 385; Type: FB 21866 Villamil (PNH, holo, lost; apparently no extant iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Margosatubig. Slopes in forest, 60m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, POLILLO. Notes: Forests at low elevation. Note by L.L.Co: A post-war specimen, PNH 6527 Castro from Polillo was determined to this species by Merrill. Native.

Excluded

1. Aglaia iloilo (Blanco) Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 533; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 375, excl. all specimens cited which are Aglaia argentea Blume; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 388; ≡ Melia iloilo Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 241. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Merrill’s referral of Blanco’s binomial to Aglaia is untenable because the plant being described by Blanco has opposite winged leaves, a character alien to the genus. Pannell suggests that this is possibly a member of Rutaceae.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Aglaia odorata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 173; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 275; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 377; Pannell in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 383. Distribution: Cambodia, China, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: Commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant, male trees more often than females. Strongly perfumed flowers used for scenting tea or clothes. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Anthocarapa Pierre

Possibly present

1. Anthocarapa nitidula (Benth.) T.D.Penn. ex Mabb., Blumea 31 (1985) 133; ≡ Amoora nitidula Benth., Fl. Austral. 1 (1863) 383. Distribution: Australia, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, ?Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. ?LUZON: ?Pampanga. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: The Philippine record, based on Loher 255 (K, LE, M, P, US) from Luzon (Mt Arayat), was tentatively assigned by Mabberley (1995) to this species. The vegetative parts and overall floral morphology including pollen features fit Anthocarapa, though the (male) flowers are 4-petalled. It may well represent a second species, resembling certain species of Dysoxylum.

Aphanamixis Blume

1. Aphanamixis borneensis (Miq.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(4) (1896) 296; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 193; ≡ Amoora borneensis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 36. = Aphanamixis pulgarensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3336, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13104a (MO, NY, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), wooded flats, 250ft, Apr-1911. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker, Indian Forester 57 (1931) 486; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 188; ≡ Aglaia polystachya Wall., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 429. = Aphanamixis davaoensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3331, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 11087 (MO, NY, iso), Mindanao: Mt Apo (Todaya). Forest, 1500ft, Jul-1909. = Aphanamixis velutina Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3338, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13379 (MO, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, dense woods along Catangan Creek, 1000ft, Aug-1912. = Aphanamixis polillensis (C.B.Rob.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 370; ≡ Amoora polillensis C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 206; Type: BS 3639 Robinson. = Aphanamixis cumingiana (C.DC.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(4) (1896) 296; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 369; ≡ Amoora cumingiana C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 1 (1878) 580. = Aphanamixis coriacea Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 14; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 369; Type: BS 23576 Ramos, Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Pocdal, damp forest, 10-Sep-1915. = Aphanamixis perrottetiana A.Juss., Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19 (1830) 244; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 369. = Aphanamixis pinatubensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3328, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 22179 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Pinatubo, very damp woods among other shrubs and low trees, c. 4000ft, May-1927. = Aphanamixis tripetala (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 211; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 370; ≡ Trichilia tripetala Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 354. = Aphanamixis agusanensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3328, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13447, Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, wooded banks of Catangan stream, 750ft, Aug-1912. = Aphanamixis apoensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3326, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 11732, Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, humid forest S of the Baruring River, 3500ft., Jul-1909. = Aphanamixis obliquifolia Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3333, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 8924, Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, wooded ravines W of the Sablan falls, Mar-1907. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Indochina, Malesia, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka. BASILAN, BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte (photos), Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests. 0-1400(-1800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Azadirachta A.Juss.

1. Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) M.Jacobs, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1961) 75; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 337; ≡ Melia excelsa Jack, Malayan Misc. 1 (1820) 12. = Azadirachta integrifoliola Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 272; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 361. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. BASILAN, LUZON: Laguna, NCR, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests. 0-350m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
2. Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 19 (1832) 221; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 341; ≡ Melia indica (A.Juss.) Brandis, Forest Fl. N.W. India (1874) 67, nom. illeg. = Melia azadirachta L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 385. Distribution: ?Myanmar. CEBU, MINDORO. Notes: Cultivated and naturalized in secondary forest. Neem tree. Naturalized.

Cedrela P.Browne (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Cedrela odorata L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 940. Notes: From tropical America. Source of valuable timber, wood fragrant (cedar); source of antimalarial gedunin; planted throughout the tropics. Invasive in tropical Africa and Galapagos. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Chisocheton Blume

1. Chisocheton cauliflorus Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 188; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 366; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 150. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE (photos), MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland primary forests. 0-470m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Chisocheton ceramicus Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 27; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 179. = Amoora mindorensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 459; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248. = Amoora caesifolia Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3321, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13487, Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, densely wooded ravine near a stream, 750ft., Aug-1912. = Amoora cupulifera Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 145; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 367. = Chisocheton clementis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 145; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 367. ≠ Dysoxylum grandifolium auct. non Merr.; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3368. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Isabela, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Primary and secondary forests. 0-700(-1100)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Chisocheton cumingianus (C.DC.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(4) (1896) 296; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 164; ≡ Dasycoleum cumingianum C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 1 (1878) 541. Distribution: CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. cumingianus. = Chisocheton benguetensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3343, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Dysoxylum sorsogonense Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3378, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Common in primary forests at low and medium elevation to 1300m. Native.
4. Chisocheton curranii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 234; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 367; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 180; Type: FB 4865 Curran. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Thickets in limestone region. 1500m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hiern, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 550; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 183. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. LAGEN. Notes: Mostly, coastal. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Chisocheton macranthus (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 34 (1937) t.3333; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 141; ≡ Clemensia macrantha Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 144. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, MALAMAWI, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte (photos), SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: 0-400m to 550-600m (photos). Native.
7. Chisocheton maxilla-pisticis Mabb., Gard. Bull. Singapore 55 (2003) 189; Mabberley & Pannell, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 6 (2007) 128; Type: from Sabah. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 60m. Native.
8. Chisocheton mendozae F.H.Hildebr. ex Steenis, PJS 91 (1963) 509; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 174; ≡ Amoora fulva Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 187; Type: BS 24497 Ramos. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: 220m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
9. Chisocheton patens Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 169; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 167. = Chisocheton fulvus Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 146; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 367. = Chisocheton tetrapetalus (Turcz.) Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 411; C.DC., Monog. Phan. 1 (1878) 530; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 368. = Chisocheton apoensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3341, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 368. = Chisocheton urdanetensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 368, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3341, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BILIRAN, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: In Luzon from Cagayan to Sorsogon. Common in primary rainforest. 0-500m to 900-1000m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
10. Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27 (1905) 210; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 180; ≡ Trichilia pentandra Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 355. = Chisocheton parvifoliolus Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 297; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 367; Type: FB 25467 Paraiso. = Chisocheton sorsogonensis Elmer ex Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 297. ≠ Chisocheton curranii auct. non Merr.; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3346. Distribution: BABUYAN ISLS, BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela (photos), Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Misamis, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation to 1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. pentandrus. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. BABUYAN ISLS, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, MASBATE, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Widespread in Luzon; common in everwet and seasonal forests, thickets. Sometimes on limestone. Low elevation to 1500m. Native.
    • ssp. medius Mabb., Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 6 (1979) 365; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 182. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Native.
    • ssp. paucijugus (Miq.) Mabb., Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 6 (1979) 366; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 183; ≡ Chisocheton paucijugus Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 27. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: Wetter forests. Native.

Cipadessa Blume

1. Cipadessa baccifera (Roxb. ex Roth) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 6; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 358; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 59; ≡ Melia baccifera Roxb. ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) 215. = Cipadessa warburgii Perkins, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 3 (1903) 79; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 359. Distribution: China, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: In forest edges and thickets. A common treelet with apparently continuous flowering and fruiting typical of early successional forest-edge plants. 0-2200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Didymocheton Blume

1. Didymocheton gaudichaudianus A.Juss., Bull. Sci. Nat. Géol. 23 (1830) 239; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1259; Buhay et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 3086; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (A.Juss.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1869) 125; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 68; Type: from New Guinea. = Dysoxylum blancoi S.Vidal, Cat. Met. Pl. Leños (1880) 22; Type: Vidal 165 (MA), Luzon: Montes de San Mateo. = Dysoxylum decandrum (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27 (1905) 30; Fl. Manila (1912) 276; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 363; ≡ Turraea decandra Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 347; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 218, Luzon: Manila, May-1914. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BASILAN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, ?Camarines Sur (photos), Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Primary and secondary forests, thickets. A common tree, the seeds taken by pigeons. 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum). Native.
2. Didymocheton mollissimus (Spreng.) Mabb., Taxon 70 (2021) 1258; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 24; ≡ Dysoxylum mollissimum (Spreng.) Blume ex G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1 (1831) 683; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 90; ≡ Trichilia mollissima Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 4 (1827) 252; Type: from Java. = Dysoxylum octandrum (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 209; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 364; ≡ Turraea octandra Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 349; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 856, Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling, Mar-1915. = Dysoxylum floribundum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 450; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 363; Type: Vanoverbergh 1470 (B), Luzon: Bontoc subprovince, Bauco, 30-Sep-1914 (12-Sep-1912 in protologue). Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1900m. Native.
3. Didymocheton pauciflorus (Merr.) Mabb., Taxon 70 (2021) 1262; ≡ Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 32; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 365; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 101; Type: Ahern’s Collector FB2430 (PNH, holo, lost; BO, K, NY, P, SING, US, iso), Luzon: Montalban. = Dysoxylum biflorum Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 185; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 362. = Dysoxylum laxum Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 279; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 364. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Isabela, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: ?Davao del Sur (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland primary forests, usually on ridges and riverbanks. 30-1000m. Native.

Dysoxylum Blume ex Raspail

1. Dysoxylum acutangulum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 196; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 129; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1263. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, ?Thailand. LUZON: Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • ssp. acutangulum. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, ?Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
2. Dysoxylum brachybotrys Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 461; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 128; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1263; Type: BS 37012 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost; A, K, L, P, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Malangas. = Dysoxylum revolutum Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3373, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Dysoxylum alternifolium Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3352, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
3. Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 196; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 123; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1263; Type: from Sumatra. = Amoora macrocarpa Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 24; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 370. = Dysoxylum grandifolium Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 24; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 363. = Dysoxylum hexandrum Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 297; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 363. = Dysoxylum panayense Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 299; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 364. = Dysoxylum oblongifolium Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 157. = Dysoxylum bakeri Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3358, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Dysoxylum aurantiacum Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3357, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Dysoxylum benguetense Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3360, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Dysoxylum irigense Merr., ined.; Voucher: BS 42138 Ramos (A), Luzon: Rizal, Mt Irig (Mt Irid), Apr-1923. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Primary and secondary forest, including that on limestone. Common to very common. 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Dysoxylum macrocarpum (Spreng.) Blume ex G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1 (1831) 683; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 116; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1263; ≡ Trichilia macrocarpa Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 4 (1827) 252; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Sorsogon. Notes: 0-1800m. Native.
5. Dysoxylum oppositifolium F.Muell., Fragm. (Mueller) 5 (1866) 177; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 122; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1263; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2439; Type: from Australia. = Dysoxylum palawanense Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 538; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 364. = ?Dysoxylum ramosii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 539; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 365. = Dysoxylum ilocanum Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 298; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 363; Type: FB 25091 Paraiso. = Dysoxylum capizense Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 268; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 362. = Dysoxylum wenzelii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 367; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 366; Type: Wenzel 642 (A, L, US, iso), Leyte. = Dysoxylum turczaninowii C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 1 (1878) 501; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 365. = ?Dysoxylum venosum Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 185; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 366. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, ?Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines. BUSUANGA, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: Lowland forests. 300-650m. Native.
6. Dysoxylum ramosii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 539; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 365; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1264; Type: Ramos 20512 (A, holo, lost; US), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Notes: Also known from Sierra Madre Mtns (PNH 78064, L; PNH 78289, L). Native.
7. Dysoxylum verruculosum Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 377; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 366; Type: Wenzel 28, Leyte: Dagami, 5-May-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Possibly conspecific with Dysoxylum grande Hiern. 60m. Native.

Possibly present

1. Dysoxylum grande Hiern, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 547; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1263; Type: from India. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, ?Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam.

Epicharis Blume

1. Epicharis cumingiana (C.DC.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl), 2nd Ed. 19b (1940) 168; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1265; ≡ Dysoxylum cumingianum C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 1 (1878) 498; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 362; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 85; ≡ Hartighsea cauliflora Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 412; Type: Cuming 1411 (CW, holo; BM, CGE, E, FI, G, G-DC, K, L, OXF, P, iso), Luzon: Albay. = Epicharis pyriformis (Merr.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl), 2nd Ed. 19b (1940) 168; ≡ Dysoxylum pyriforme Merr., PJS 3c (1909) 149; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 365. = Epicharis siargaoensis (Merr.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl), 2nd Ed. 19b (1940) 168; ≡ Dysoxylum siargaoense Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 269; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 365. = Dysoxylum testaceum Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3093. = Dysoxylum sulphureum Elmer ex Merr., LPB 9 (1937) 3380; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 362. = Dysoxylum agusanense Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3350. = Epicharis triangularis (Merr.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl), 2nd Ed. 19b (1940) 168; ≡ Dysoxylum triangulare Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 148; Type: Clemens 981, Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Camp Keithley. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela (photos), MINDANAO: Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, TABLAS. Notes: Forests. Rather common. 0-800m. Native.
2. Epicharis cuneata (Hiern) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl), 2nd Ed. 19b (1940) 168; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1265; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 24; ≡ Dysoxylum cuneatum Hiern, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 549; Type: from Malaysia. = Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 549; Mabberley, Fl Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 86. = Dysoxylum angustifoliolum Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 460; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Type: FB 28910 Cenabre, Baldemor, Aduviso, Palawan. Forests, apparently at low elevation. = Dysoxylum foxworthyi Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3363, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 12823 (PNH, holo, ?lost; F, NA, NY, U, US, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), forested ridge on dry, well-drained soil, 1000ft. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, ?Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LAGEN, MANGSEE, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Dysoxylum cauliflorum). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
3. Epicharis densiflora Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 167; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1265; ≡ Dysoxylum densiflorum (Blume) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 9; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 81; Mabberley & Pannell, Tree Flora Sabah & Sarawak 6 (2007) 162; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1700m. Native.
4. Epicharis parasitica (Osbeck) Mabb., Taxon 70 (2021) 1258; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1966) 247; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 76; Coritico et al., J. Trop. Biol. & Cons. 19 (2022) 149; ≡ Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) Sahni & Bennet, Indian Forester 100 (1974) 202; ≡ Melia parasitica Osbeck, Dagb. Ostind. Resa (1757) 278; Type: from Java. = Dysoxylum fragrans Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3365. = Epicharis longiflora (Merr.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl), 2nd Ed. 19b (1940) 168; ≡ Dysoxylum longiflorum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 538; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 364. = Epicharis leytensis (Merr.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl), 2nd Ed. 19b (1940) 168; ≡ Dysoxylum leytense Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 376; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 364. = Epicharis loheri (Merr.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl), 2nd Ed. 19b (1940) 168; ≡ Dysoxylum loheri Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 30; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 252; Type: Loher 14181, Luzon: Rizal, Angilo, Mar-1914. = Epicharis robinsonii (Merr.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl), 2nd Ed. 19b (1940) 168; ≡ Dysoxylum robinsonii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 540; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 365. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Pollinated by butterflies. Usually in primary forests. 0-2100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Dysoxylum parasiticum). Native.

Goniocheton Blume

1. Goniocheton arborescens Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 177; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1265; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 24; ≡ Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 24; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 103; Coritico et al., J. Trop. Biol. & Cons. 19 (2022) 149. = Dysoxylum sibuyanense Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3376. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU (photos), LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Apayao (photos), Isabela (photos), MINDANAO: Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: A very common tree of primary and secondary forest including that on limestone. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Heynea Roxb.

1. Heynea trijuga Roxb., Bot. Mag. 42 (1815) t.1738; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 41. = Heynea sumatrana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 197; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 273; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 380. = Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv. forma glabra Bentv., Acta Bot. Neerl. 11 (1962) 17. = Scutinanthe engleri Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 298. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BAGUAN, BASILAN, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, PALAWAN, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Forests. 0-1250m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Lansium Correa

1. Lansium domesticum Corrêa, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 10 (1807) 157; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 275; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 368; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 315. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur. Notes: 0-110m. Native.

Melia L.

1. Melia dubia Cav., Diss. 7, Septima Diss. Bot. (1789) 364; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 360; Sivaraj et al., Botany 96 (2018) 331. Distribution: Australia, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Vietnam. CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Along the seashore, and in thickets, second-growth forests, etc., inland, at low and medium altitudes; locally common. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Melia azedarach L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 384; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 360; Mabberley, Gardens' Bull. Singapore 37 (1984) 49; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 330; Sivaraj et al., Botany 96 (2018) 331. Distribution: China, India. Notes: Cultivated ones are primarily Indian cultivars with sweetly scented lilac to pink (occasionally white) flowers and are commonly known as ‘paraiso’. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Munronia Wight

1. Munronia humilis (Blanco) Harms, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 35 (1917) 80; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 32; ≡ Turraea humilis (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27 (1905) 30; Fl. Manila (1912) 274; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 359; ≡ Plagianthus humilis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 526. = Turraea palawanensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 307; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 359; Type: BS 15563 Fenix. Distribution: Java, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand. LUZON: Batangas, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, PALAWAN. Notes: Thickets and ravines, near the seashore. 20-400m. Native.

Prasoxylon M.Roem.

1. Prasoxylon alliaceum (Blume) M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1 (1846) 101; Holzmeyer et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 1266; ≡ Dysoxylum alliaceum (Blume) Blume ex A.Juss., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 19 (1832) 225; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 106; ≡ Guarea alliacea Blume, Flora 7 (1824) 290; Type: from Java. = Dysoxylum klemmei Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 273; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 364. = Dysoxylum platyphyllum Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 375; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 365. = Dysoxylum apoense Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3355. = Dysoxylum rostratum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 304; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 365. = Dysoxylum lanceolatum Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3368. = Dysoxylum euphlebium Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 305; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 363. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao, Surigao, NEGROS, PALAWAN, ?PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary rainforests. 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Dysoxylum alliaceum). Native.
2. Prasoxylon excelsum (Spreng.) Mabb., Taxon 70 (2021) 1258; ≡ Dysoxylum excelsum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 176; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 109; Type: from Java. = Dysoxylum pallidum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 366; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 364. = Dysoxylum altissimum Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 25; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 362. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BABUYAN ISLS, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Quezon, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: In primary and secondary forests, including swamps and limestone forests. 0-1000m. Native.

Pseudoclausena T.P.Clark

1. Pseudoclausena chrysogyne (Miq.) T.P.Clark, Blumea 38 (1994) 291; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 55; Mabberley & Pannell, Tree Flora Sabah & Sarawak 6 (2007) 183; ≡ Walsura chrysogyne (Miq.) Bakh.f., Blumea 16 (1969) 359; ≡ Clausena chrysogyne Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 502. = Walsura brachybotrys Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 378; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 379. = Walsura multijuga King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64 (1895) 83; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 148; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 379. = Walsura palawanensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3393, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: BASILAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • forma velutina (Ridl.) T.P.Clark, Blumea 38 (1994) 294; ≡ Walsura velutina Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1930 (1930) 371; Type: from Sarawak. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland primary forests 0-800m. Native.

Reinwardtiodendron Koord.

1. Reinwardtiodendron celebicum Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19 (1898) 389; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 369; Mabberley, Blumea 31 (1985) 145; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 328; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 24. = Aglaia reinwardtiana Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1966) 230. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests, locally common. 0-600m. Native.
2. Reinwardtiodendron humile (Hassk.) Mabb., Malaysian Forester 45 (1982) 452; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 326; ≡ Lansium humile Hassk., Hort. Bogor. Descr. (1858) 121. = Aglaia dubia (Merr.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1966) 254; ≡ Lansium dubium Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 23; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 368. Distribution: Borneo, China, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. ALABAT, BASILAN, CALAYAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, TICAO. Notes: Rainforests, locally common. 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Sandoricum Cav.

1. Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 237; Fl. Manila (1912) 274; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 361; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Melia koetjape Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 101. = Sandoricum vidalii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 6 (1904) 8; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 361; Type: Merrill 1824 (PNH, holo, lost; B, iso, lost; G, K, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso. = Sandoricum indicum Cav., Diss. 7, Septima Diss. Bot. (1788) 359. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BASILAN, LAGEN, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Camarines, Camarines Sur (photos), Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Norte, Misamis, Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Native and naturalized in the primary and secondary forests of Malesia from sea level to 1200m, or more. The wild form extends from Sumatra eastwards across Malesia to New Guinea. The cultivated forms in the Philippines falls mainly in the ‘kechapi’ category described by Mabberley (1995). Cultivars of this include the ‘native’ santol, corresponding to the Red Sentol of Corner (1940), ‘Manila’, a robust form now cultivated outside Malesia, and ‘Bangkok’, introduced here from Thailand in 1949. Planted and semi-cultivated throughout the settled areas of the Philippines, abundant in some second-growth forests. The wild forms known as Sandoricum vidalii is reported from Luzon. In primary forests at low and medium elevation where it occurs in low densities. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Swietenia Jacq. (Not native)

1. Swietenia macrophylla King, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 16 (1886) t.1550. Distribution: Neotropics. BOHOL, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, NEGROS. Notes: Source of valuable timber (mahogany). Naturalized in secondary forest throughout the Philippines. Naturalized.
2. Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 20; ≡ Cedrela mahagoni L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 940. Distribution: Neotropics. MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Similar to Swietenia macrophylla but leaves with 2-4 pairs of leaflets which are also much smaller. Source of mahogany lumber. Naturalized.

Toona (Endl.) M.Roem.

1. Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 105; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 357; Edmonds in Mabberley, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 12 (1995) 370; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra. BATANES, BOHOL (photos), CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: In Luzon from Cagayan to Sorsogon. Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Note by L.L.Co: Correct status of this species has yet to be determined against the widely-distributed Toona ciliata M.Roem. and Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. The distribution of Toona ciliata largely overlaps with that of Toona sureni. Toona calantas may be a good morphologically distinct species, or simply a large-fruited geographical variant. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
2. Toona ciliata M.Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1 (1846) 139; Edmonds in Mabberley, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 366; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. CALAYAN, LUZON: Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao Occidental, Misamis Occidental, MINDORO. Notes: Primary and disturbed, often riparian, rainforests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Toona sureni (Blume) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 305; Edmonds in Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 363; ≡ Swietenia sureni Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 72. Distribution: Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BATANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: May be a mere geographical variant of Toona ciliata M.Roem. Common to rare in primary and secondary forests, often in logged and disturbed areas, usually on riparian hillsides or slopes. 0-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Turraea L.

1. Turraea pubescens Hell., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 9 (1788) 308; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 25. = Turraea membranacea Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 306; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 359; Type: BS 977 Ramos (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, Jun-1906. Distribution: Cambodia, Java, Philippines, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan (photos), Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales (photos), MARINDUQUE. Notes: Forested slopes, rare and local. 0-700(-1000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Vavaea Benth.

1. Vavaea amicorum Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 212; Merrill, PJS 13c (1918) 301; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 359; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 35; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 106; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11. = Vavaea ardisioides Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2767; Merrill, PJS 13c (1918) 301; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 359. = Vavaea surigaoensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2768; Merrill, PJS 13c (1918) 301; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 360. = Vavaea retusa Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 301; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 360. = Vavaea pilosa Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 302; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 360. = Vavaea heterophylla Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 303; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 360. = Vavaea pachyphylla Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 304; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 360. = Vavaea sorsogonensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 359. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. ALABAT, BASILAN, BATANES, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, HOMONHON, ITBAYAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental (photos), Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUTU, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Primary and secondary lowland forests, on various soil types including limestone and ultramafics, mossy forests on exposed ridges and peaks. 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Walsura Roxb.

1. Walsura monophylla Elmer ex Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 35 (1954) 138; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3391, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; T.P.Clark, Blumea 38 (1994) 285; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 52; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995); Type: Elmer 12903 (PNH, holo, lost; F, G, NY, iso), Palawan: Brooke’s Point, Addison Peak. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Often in stunted ultramafic forests. (?-)385m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
2. Walsura pinnata Hassk., Retzia 1 (1855) 147; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 48, pro parte. = Walsura aherniana Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 34; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 379. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Locally common in forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Xylocarpus Koen.

1. Xylocarpus granatum J.Koenig, Naturforscher (Halle) 20 (1784) 2; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 358; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 378; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988. = Xylocarpus obovatus (Blume) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 4 (1827) 147; ≡ Carapa obovata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 179. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. APULIT, BALABAC, BASILAN, BORACAY (photos), CULION, DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Lanao, Surigao, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. In mangrove swamps bordering tidal streams, often associated with Nypa and Sonneratia. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Xylocarpus rumphii (Kostel.) Mabb., Malaysian Forester 45 (1982) 450; Mabberley et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 12 (1995) 375; ≡ Carapa rumphii Kostel., Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 5 (1836) 1988. ≠ Xylocarpus moluccensis auct. non (Lam.) M.Roem.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 358. Distribution: Palaeotropics from Africa to Pacific Ocean. BORACAY (photos), CEBU (photos), DANJUGAN (photos), HAMORAON, LUZON: Bataan, Quezon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, PUJADA, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Throughout Malesia but so far unrecorded from the Bornean (or New Caledonian) mainland and rare in Sumatra. 0-5m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.