Loranthaceae
Amyema
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 July 2026
- Amyema acuta (Tiegh.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 293; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 74; Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 307; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 240; ≡ Loranthus acutus (Tiegh.) Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 1 (1897) 128; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 135; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 102; ≡ Stemmatophyllum acutum Tiegh., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 546; Type: Cuming 1973, 'Manila'. = Loranthus medinillicola Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 287; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 106; ≡ Amyema medinillicola (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 297; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 76; Type: BS 19842 (US, lecto), Luzon: Ifugao, Mt Polis, Feb-1913. = Amyema mosea Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 77; Type: BS 47338 (UC, lecto), Luzon: Isabela, Mt Moisés, Mar-1926. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Ifugao, Isabela (photos), Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Quirino (photos). Notes: Primary forests, (600-)1200-2400m. Native.
- Amyema apoensis (Elmer) Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 308; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 240; ≡ Dicymanthes apoensis (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 311; ≡ Loranthus apoensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1073; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 102; Type: Elmer 11454 (L, lecto; MO, NY, U, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Humid forests, 1830-2130m. Only recorded host is a Ficus. Native.
- Amyema beccarii (Tiegh.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 294; Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 313; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 243; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; ≡ Stemmatophyllum beccarii Tiegh., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 546; Type: from Sarawak. = Stemmatophyllum nodosum Tiegh., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 546; ≡ Amyema nodosa (Tiegh.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 297; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 87; ≡ Loranthus nodosus (Tiegh.) Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 1 (1897) 128, nom. illeg., non Desr.; Type: Cuming 1952 (P, lecto; BM, K, isolecto), Philippines: 1841. = Amyema hutchinsonii (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 297; ≡ Loranthus hutchinsonii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 138; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 105; Type: FB 4554 Mearns & Hutchinson (L, lecto), Mindanao: Misamis Occidental, Mt Malindang, 1100m, May-1906. = Loranthus merrittii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 134; Fl. Manila (1912) 184. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. DINAGAT (photos), HOMONHON, LUZON: Laguna, Pangasinan, Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Sur (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Mostly in summit forests. Recorded hosts: Barringtonia, Gonystylus, Melastoma, Palaquium, Psychotria, and Schima. 0-1300m. Native.
- Amyema benguetensis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 294; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 73; Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 314; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 244; ≡ Loranthus benguetensis Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 134; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 103; Type: FB 16064 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke (US, lecto; NY, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulag. On pine, 1200m, Jan-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: 1200-1600m. Only recorded host: Pinus kesiya ssp. insularis. Hosts other than dicotyledons are rare in Loranthaceae. Native.
- Amyema cauliflora (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 319; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 245; ≡ Dicymanthes cauliflora (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 311; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 93; ≡ Loranthus cauliflorus Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 185; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 103; Type: Clemens 55 (M, ?lost), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, W of Camp Keithley. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, CAMIGUIN (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur. Notes: 550-1050m (photos). Native.
- Amyema celebica (Tiegh.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 294; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 80; Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 319; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 246; ≡ Rhizanthemum celebicum Tiegh., J. Bot. (Morot), 1st Sér. 15 (1901) 364; Type: from Sulawesi. = Loranthus bicoloratus Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 470; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 103. = Amyema basilanensis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 294; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 82; ≡ Loranthus basilanensis Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 134; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 102. = Amyema lanaensis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 296; ≡ Loranthus lanaensis Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 136; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 105. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN, BUCAS GRANDE (photos), CEBU (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: 0-700(-1900)m. Native.
- Amyema cuernosensis (Elmer) Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 323; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 248; ≡ Dicymanthes cuernosensis (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 311; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 98; ≡ Loranthus cuernosensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 469; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 138; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 103; Type: Elmer 9525 (L, lecto; MO, NY 2 sheets, U, US, isolecto), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, Mar-1908. = Loranthus falcatifolius Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 286; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104; Type: BS 15746 E Fenix (US, iso), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Aug-1912. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Albay, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: 800-1800m. Native.
- Amyema curranii (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 294; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 66; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; ≡ Loranthus curranii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 144; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104; Type: FB 5035 Curran (lost), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Sto Tomas, 2250m, on Podocarpus; Jacobs 7578 (L, neo), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Tabayoc. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Ifugao, Isabela (photos), Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur. Notes: 300m (photos) to 1200-2400m. Native.
- Amyema edanoi (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 328; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 251; ≡ Dicymanthes edanoi (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 311; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 94, as ‘edanoii’; ≡ Loranthus edanoi Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 275; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104; Type: BS 26241 Ramos & Edaño (US, lecto; NY, P, isolecto), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Mt Umingan (Mingan), 40m, Aug/Sep-1916. = Dicymanthes samarensis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 311; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 96; ≡ Loranthus samarensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 276; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 109; Type: BS 24265 Ramos & Edaño (US, lecto), Samar: Catubig River, 12m, Feb/Mar-1916. = Dicymanthes suluana Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 97; Type: BS 43894 Ramos & Edaño (UC, lecto; BO, NY, P, isolecto), Jolo: Mt Dajo, 2000ft (600m), Sep-1924. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, SAMAR. Notes: Recorded hosts: Ficus and Zanthoxylum. 0-1000m. Native.
- Amyema fasciculata (Blume) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 295; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 84; Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 330; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 251; ≡ Loranthus fasciculatus Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 661; Type: from Java. = Amyema aquilonia Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 86; Type: BS 33296 Ramos, Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Mt Palimlim, 1050m, Aug-1918. = Loranthus mirabilis Van Heurck & Müll.Arg., Actes Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. 55 (1872) 47; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 187; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 135; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 107. = Loranthus maganda Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3201; Type: Elmer 22319 (B, MO, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Pinatubo, Camp Stotsenburg, May-1927. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon (photos), Rizal, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
- Amyema haenkeana (C.Presl ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 295; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 63; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 253; ≡ Loranthus haenkeanus C.Presl ex Schult. & Schult.f., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1829) 113; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104; Type: Haenke s.n. (UC, ?iso), Philippines. = Loranthus eucalyptiphyllus Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 444; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104; Type: Vanoverbergh 1505 (P, lecto), Luzon: Mountain Province, Jul-1913. ≠ Loranthus halconensis auct. non Merr.; Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 143, pro parte; Merr. & Merritt, PJS 5 c (1910) 345; EPFP 2 (1923) 105, pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA (photos), CALAMIANES, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Bulacan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-450m. Native.
- Amyema halconensis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 296; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 69; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 254; ≡ Loranthus halconensis Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 271; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 105; Type: Merrill 5664 (US, lecto; NY, isolecto), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon, Nov-1906. = Loranthus spraguei Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 263; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao (photos), MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: 0-100m. Native.
- Amyema hexantha (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 340; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 256; ≡ Dicymanthes hexantha (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 311; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 91; ≡ Loranthus hexanthus Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 137; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 105; Type: R.S. Williams 2565 (NY, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, 2800ft (850m), 4-Apr-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: 850-1800m. Native.
- Amyema incarnatiflora (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 296; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 70; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 257; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3974; ≡ Loranthus incarnatiflorus Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1969; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 105; Type: Elmer 11817 (L, lecto; MO, NA, NY 2 sheets, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, humid forest at 4000ft, Sep-1909. = Loranthus preslii Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1970; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 109; Type: Elmer 13741 (L, lecto; MO, NA, NY 2 sheets, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Sep-1912. = Loranthus fenicis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 281; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104. = Loranthus maritimus Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 282; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 106; Type: BS 15824 E Fenix (US, iso), Mindanao: Surigao, Aug-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao, South Cotabato (photos), Surigao, SAMAR (photos). Notes: 0-1725m. Native.
- Amyema lisae Pelser & Barcelona, Phytotaxa 371 (2018) 27; Type: Barcelona et al. 4459 (PNH, holo; CEBU, CAHUP, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mountains, Balinsasayao - Twin Lakes Natural Park, Sibulan, Brgy Enrique Villanueva, loco dicto Mt Kalbasaan, 1045m, 25-Nov-2017. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Notes: 1050m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
- Amyema luzonensis (C.Presl ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 296; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 72; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 258; ≡ Loranthus luzonensis C.Presl ex Schult. & Schult.f., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1829) 104; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 106; Type: Haenke s.n., Philippines. = Amyema sessilifolia (Tiegh.) Danser, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., 2nd Sect. 29 (1933) 34; ≡ Stemmatophyllum sessilifolium Tiegh., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 506; Type: Cuming 1956 (P, holo), Philippines: ‘Manille’. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CABALITIAN (photos), LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Zambales. Notes: 0-900m. Native.
- Amyema nickrentii Barcelona & Pelser, Phytotaxa 125 (2013) 47; Type: Barcelona 3853 with Pelser (PNH, holo; CHR, L, US, iso), Luzon, Aurora, Baler, Dicasalarin. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: 140-160m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
- Amyema polillensis (C.B.Rob.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 298; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 83; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 262; ≡ Loranthus polillensis C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 200; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 109; Type: BS 10384 R.C. McGregor (US, lecto), Polillo. Oct/Nov-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, POLILLO. Notes: Low elevation. Native.
- Amyema rhytidoderma Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 359; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 263; Type: Jacobs 7332 (L, holo; MO, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulag (Mt Pulog), 16 36’N, 120 54’E, 2300-2500m, primary forest on sandy-loamy soil. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Only known from the type collection. 2300-2500m. Native.
- Amyema seriata (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 365; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 269; Paguntalan et al., Project Tawsi: Sulu Hornbill Project (2020) 40; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 22; ≡ Dicymanthes seriata (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 311; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 92; ≡ Loranthus seriatus Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 285; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 109; Type: BS 16424 Reillo (US, lecto; P, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, Mt Pulongbato, Sep/Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU (photos), JOLO (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur (photos), Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, South Cotabato (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 200-1050m (photos). Native.
- Amyema urdanetensis (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 299; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 273; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 68; ≡ Loranthus urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1963; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110; Type: Elmer 14092 (L, lecto; MO, NY, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, 6000ft (1830m), Oct-1912. = Amyema leytensis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 296; ≡ Loranthus leytensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 278; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 106; Type: BS 15243 Ramos (L, US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Dagami, Aug-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental (photos). Notes: 1830m. Native.
- Amyema vernicosa Barlow, Blumea 36 (1992) 373; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 273; Type: PNH 18467 D.R. Mendoza (L, holo; L, iso), Luzon: Albay, Mayon Volcano, open slope, 1000m, 24-Jun-1953. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Notes: 1000m. Native.
- Amyema verticillata (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 299; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 79; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 274; ≡ Cleistoloranthus verticillatus Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 150; ≡ Loranthus appendiculatus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 78; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 102; Type: FB 16229 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke (PNH, holo, lost; US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulag, 2500m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: 1670-2500m. Native.
- Amyema wenzelii (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 299; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 89; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 274; ≡ Loranthus wenzelii Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 370; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 111; Type: Wenzel 24 (US, lecto; L, isolecto), Leyte: Dagami, Panda, 60m, 20-Apr-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE. Notes: 60-800m. Native.
Amylotheca
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 June 2021
- Amylotheca cleofei Tandang, Galindon & A.S.Rob., Phytotaxa 507 (2021) 114; Type: Amoroso 17680 with Tandang (PNH, holo; CMUH, CAHUP, iso), Mindanao: Davao Oriental, San Isidro, Mt Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, 5-Aug-2019. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental. Notes: 600-700m. (D. Tandang, 6-Jun-25). Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Tandang et al. 2021). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
Cecarria
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 November 2017
- Cecarria obtusifolia (Merr.) Barlow, Brittonia 25 (1973) 34; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 284; ≡ Phrygilanthus obtusifolius Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 189; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 151; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 112; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 10 (1929) 349; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 127; Type: FB 1813 Borden, Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River. Distribution: Australia, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls. LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: Recorded hosts: Calophyllum, Casuarina, Syzygium, Xanthostemon. 300-1350m. Native.
Cyne
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser 10 October 2025
- Cyne baetorta Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 103; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 286; Nickrent & Rule, Phytotaxa 558 (2022) 76; Type: Coode 5651 (L), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Subaan River. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Notes: 1100-1200m. Native.
- Cyne banahaensis (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 306; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 33; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 287; ≡ Lepeostegeres banahaensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 101; ≡ Loranthus banahaensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 288; Type: Elmer 9115, Luzon: Mt Banahaw. = Cyne capitulifera (Merr.) Danser, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 30 (1933) 466; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 36; ≡ Lepeostegeres capituliferus (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 101; ≡ Loranthus capituliferus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 264; Type: Merrill 8270 (PNH, holo, ?lost; B, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, mts back of San Ramon, 1100m, 28-Nov-1911. = Loranthus lagunensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 281. = Cyne alternifolia (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 306; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 35; ≡ Loranthus alternifolius Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 283; Type: FB 13295 Foxworth, DeMesa & Villamil (PNH, holo, ?lost; B, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, opposite the Island of Olutanga, 17-May-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Albay, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, SAMAR, SIARGAO (photos). Notes: Hosts recorded: Engelhardtia sp., Ficus sp. and Lansium domesticum. 0-1100m. Native.
- Cyne barcelonae Nickrent & M.G.Rule, Phytotaxa 558 (2022) 69; Type: Rule MGR19-004 (PNH, holo; FEUH, HNUL, iso), Bucas Grande: Socorro, Brgy Honrado, 22-Jun-2020. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT. Notes: 10-180m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Nickrent & Rule 2022). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
- Cyne quadriangula Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 38; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 288; Nickrent & Rule, Phytotaxa 558 (2022) 76; Type: BS 35119 Ramos & Pascasio (M, holo, lost), Bucas Grande; Rule MGR19-001 (PNH, FEUH, HNUL, isoneo), Bucas Grande: Socorro, Brgy Honrado, 17m, 22-Jun-2019. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte (photos). Notes: Low elevation. 17m. Native.
Decaisnina
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 2 January 2024
- Decaisnina aherniana (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 74; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 294; ≡ Amylotheca aherniana (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 300; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 25; ≡ Loranthus ahernianus Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 184; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 102; Type: FB 2140 Ahern’s collector (US, lecto; BO, MO, NY, SING, isolecto), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, Nov/Dec-1904. = Loranthus acuminatissimus Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 143; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 102; Type: BS 5700 Ramos (US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Dec-1908. = Amylotheca saccata (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 302; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 23; ≡ Loranthus saccatus Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1072; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 109; Type: Elmer 11747 (L, lecto; MO, NA, NY, P, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, Sep-1909. = Loranthus lucidus Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 277; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 106; Type: BS 16647 Ramos (L, lecto; L, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio, Sep/Oct-1912. = Amylotheca cordilimba (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 300; ≡ Loranthus cordilimbus Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 391; Type: BS 43873 R.C. McGregor (UC, lecto; NY, isolecto), Samar: Western Samar, Loquilocon, Jun-1924. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Luzon to Mindanao, widely distributed. Humid forest. Recorded hosts: Litsea, Semecarpus, and Syzygium. 0-1200m. Native.
- Decaisnina amplexicaulis (Danser) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 76; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 295; ≡ Amylotheca amplexicaulis Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 14; Type: BS 38740 Ramos & Edaño (L, lecto), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Mt Candoon, Jun/Jul-1920. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur (photos). Notes: On Chrysophyllum cainito. 230-1500m. Native.
- Decaisnina confertiflora (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 80; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 297; ≡ Amylotheca confertiflora (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 300; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 18; ≡ Loranthus confertiflorus Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 273; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 103; Type: Wenzel 1249 (GH, lecto; GH, MO, NSW, isolecto), Leyte: Leyte, Tigbao, near Tacloban, 25-May-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, SAMAR. Native.
- Decaisnina crassilimba (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 82; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 298; ≡ Amylotheca crassilimba (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 300; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 20; ≡ Loranthus crassilimbus Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 274; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 103; Type: BS 26409 Ramos & Edaño (US, lecto), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Mt Umingan (Mt Mingan), 15-Aug-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija, Rizal, PANAY. Notes: 300-1400m. Native.
- Decaisnina cumingii (Tiegh.) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 82; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 298; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988; ≡ Amylotheca cumingii Tiegh., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 264; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 5; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110; Type: Cuming 1969 (B, ?holo; L, P, iso), Philippines: 'Manille'. = Loranthus mindanaensis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 186; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 142; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 107; Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1070; Type: Copeland 341 (L, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mar-1904. = Loranthus secundiflorus Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 187; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 141; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 109; Type: Bolster 237 (MO, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, on trees in open, parasitic, 40ft, 10-Feb-1905. = Loranthus secundiflorus var. bolsteri Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1067; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 109; Type: Elmer 11701 (L, lecto; MO, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, humid forest at 4250ft (1295m), Sep-1909. = Amylotheca merrillii (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 301; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 10; ≡ Loranthus merrillii Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1068; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 107; Type: Elmer 10617 (L, lecto; MO, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, May-1909. = Loranthus aurantiacus Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1967; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 102; Type: Elmer 13774 (L, lecto; MO, NY, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, steep forested ravine at 3000ft (914m) near the Dalahion River, Sep-1912. = Amylotheca palawanensis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 302; ≡ Loranthus palawanensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 279; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 107; ≡ Loranthus fragilis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 278, nom. illeg., non Sprague; Type: Merrill 9248 (L, lecto; NY, SING, isolecto), Palawan: Palawan, Taytay, May-1913. = Amylotheca hopeae (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 301; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 11; ≡ Loranthus hopeae Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 279; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 105; Type: FB 13297 Foxworthy, de Mesa & Villamil (PNH, holo), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, opposite Olutanga, 20m. = Amylotheca apodotrias Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 8; Type: Clemens s.n. (PNH, holo), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. = Amylotheca tenuis Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 9; Type: Loher 12393 (PNH, holo), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban. = Loranthus subalternifolius Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 188; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 141; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110; Type: Elmer 6191 (NY, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Sablan, Apr-1904. = Loranthus vulcanicus Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 107, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1068, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Voucher: Elmer 17328 (NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Sep-1916. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines. BASILAN, CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Benguet, Camarines, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR (photos), SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Luzon to Mindanao. Humid forests. Recorded hosts: Kibatalia, Shorea. 0-2300m. Native.
- Decaisnina miniata (Danser) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 89; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 301; ≡ Amylotheca miniata Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 301; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 15; ≡ Loranthus miniatus Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1966, nom. illeg., non S.Moore; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 107; Type: Elmer 13276 (UC, lecto; BO, L, MO, NY, P, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Jul-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao, SIARGAO. Notes: Recorded host: Canarium. 0-380m. Native.
- Decaisnina ovatifolia (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 90; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 302; ≡ Amylotheca ovatifolia (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 302; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 22; ≡ Loranthus ovatifolius Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 133; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 107; Type: Clemens 1195 (B, lecto), Mindanao: Lanao del Norte, sea coast between Iligan and Initao, Sep/Oct-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte. Notes: 0-610m. Native.
- Decaisnina revoluta (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 92; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 303; ≡ Amylotheca revoluta (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 302; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 19; ≡ Loranthus revolutus Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 142; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 109; Type: BS 4785 Ramos (US, lecto), Luzon: Zambales, Mt Tapulao (High Peak), 2100m, Dec-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Zambales. Notes: 2100m. Native.
- Decaisnina samaense Tahil, Harvard Pap. Bot. 26 (2021) 471; Type: A. Tahil 420 (CEBU, holo; CAHUP, CEBU, iso), Sulu Archipelago: Simunul Isl, Bakong, secondary forest, 5m, 18-Jul-2021. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SIMUNUL. Notes: 0-5m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Tahil 2021). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
- Decaisnina sumbawensis (Tiegh.) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 95; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 304; ≡ Amylotheca sumbawensis Tiegh., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 265; Type: from Sumbawa. = Amylotheca boholensis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 300; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 12; ≡ Loranthus boholensis Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 141; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 103; Type: BS 1277 R.C. McGregor (NY, lecto; P, US, isolecto), Bohol: Jul-1906. = Amylotheca formicaria (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 300; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 16; ≡ Loranthus formicarum Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1069, as 'formicarium'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104; Type: Elmer 11304 (L, lecto; BO, MO, NY 2 sheets, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, Aug-1909. = Amylotheca agusanensis (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 300; ≡ Loranthus agusanensis Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1962; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 102; Type: Elmer 13405 (L, lecto; MO, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Jul-1912. = Loranthus terminaliflorus Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1970; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110; Type: Elmer 14156 (L, lecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Oct-1912. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. APULIT (photos), BOHOL, LUZON, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato (photos), NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN (photos), PANAY (photos). Notes: Luzon to Mindanao. Humid forests and agricultural lands. Hosts recorded: Citrus, Coffea, Ficus, and Nothofagus. 0-2400m. Native.
- Decaisnina tomentosa M.D.Angeles, Tandang, Caraballo & Buot, Biodivers. Data J. 10 (2022) e78457: 4; Type: Marjorie delos Angeles s.n. (PNH, holo; CAHUP, iso), Samar: Paranas, Samar Island Natural Park, 100m, 3-Jun-2021. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: 100m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Tandang et al. 2022). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
- Decaisnina viridis (Merr.) Barlow, Blumea 38 (1993) 99; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 306; ≡ Amylotheca viridis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 303; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 27; ≡ Loranthus viridis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 189; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 111; Type: FB 816 Borden, Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles. = Amylotheca pentagona (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 302; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 29; ≡ Loranthus pentagonus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 80; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 108. = Loranthus pachycladus Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 99; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 107. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Zambales. Notes: Gallery forests, 0-1650m. Native.
Dendrophthoe
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 8 May 2026
- Dendrophthoe clementis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 307; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 112; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 310; ≡ Loranthus clementis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 185; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 140; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 103; Type: Clemens s.n., Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao. = Loranthus loheri Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 140; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 106. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. APULIT, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Abra (photos), Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Quezon, MINDANAO: ?Zamboanga Sibugay (photos), PABELLON ISLS, PALAWAN (photos), PANAY (photos). Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
- Dendrophthoe hallieri (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 309; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 313; ≡ Loranthus hallieri Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 140; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 105; Type: Hallier 628, Mindanao: Zamboanga. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: Low elevation. Native.
- Dendrophthoe longituba (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 310; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 114; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 316; ≡ Loranthus longitubus Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1961; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 106; Type: Elmer 14043, Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos). Notes: Hosts recorded: Citrus, Dipterocarpus, Hevea, Sandoricum, and Vitex. 0-900-(1850)m. Native.
- Dendrophthoe mearnsii (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 310; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 110; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 317; ≡ Loranthus mearnsii Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 271; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 136; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 106; Type: Merrill 5733 (K, NY, US, syn), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Notes: 1800m. Native.
- Dendrophthoe pauciflora Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 11 (1931) 417; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 318; Type: from Sulawesi. = Dendrophthoe mirifica Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 115; Type: BS 16160 Reillo, Basilan. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. Notes: Recorded host: Sesbania. 0-200m. Native.
- Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1) (1856) 818; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 11 (1931) 417; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 108; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 318; ≡ Loranthus pentandrus L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 63; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 108. = Loranthus shawianus Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1807. Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. LUZON: Zambales, PALAWAN. Notes: Predominantly in humid forests but also in open forests and plantations. Recorded hosts: many. 0-500(-1650)m. Native.
Helixanthera
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 June 2026
- Helixanthera coccinea (Jack) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 317; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 330; ≡ Loranthus coccineus Jack, Malayan Misc. 1 (1820) 8; Type: from Singapore. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar to Vietnam, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Notes: Recorded host: Dalbergia. 0-500(-1800)m. Native.
- Helixanthera ligustrina (Wall.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 317; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 333; Type: from Nepal. = Helixanthera tenuis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 318; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 106; ≡ Loranthus tenuis Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 136; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110; Type: FB 6287 Curran (NY, lecto), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao Forest Reserve; Herb. Ateneo de Manila 217 (syn), Luzon: Rizal prov. Distribution: Himalayas to China and Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Notes: Recorded host: Diospyros. 200-2400m. Native.
- Helixanthera parasitica Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 142; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 101; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 334. = Lanthorus spicifer C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 617. = Loranthus pentapetalus Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 211. Distribution: Borneo, Himalayas to China and Vietnam, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BILIRAN, CEBU (photos), LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis, Misamis Occidental, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: Humid and open forests, also cultivated lands. Recorded hosts: Aglaia, Castanopsis, Casuarina, Decaspermum, Fagraea, Ficus, Hevea, Hopea, Lithocarpus, Quercus, and Saurauia. 0-2000m. Native.
- Helixanthera sessiliflora (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 318; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 104; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 337; ≡ Loranthus sessiliflorus Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 188; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 133; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110; Type: Whitford 1171 (US, lecto), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles; Elmer 6057 (syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio; Merrill 4041 (syn), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Baco River; R.C. McGregor 125 (syn), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Baco River. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Ifugao, Isabela (photos), Kalinga, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: 0-1600m. Native.
Lepeostegeres
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 December 2018
- Lepeostegeres acutibracteus Danser, Blumea 2 (1936) 57; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 341; Type: BS 41187 Ramos (P, holo; B, iso), Busuanga, Sep-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-660m. Native.
- Lepeostegeres cebuensis Barcelona, Nickrent & Pelser, Phytotaxa 266 (2016) 48; Type: Barcelona 4175 with P.B. Pelser & P. Villarta (PNH, holo; CAHUP, CHR, K, L, PUH, US, iso), Cebu: Alcoy, Brgy Nug-as, 17-Dec-2015. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU. Notes: 300-900m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Pelser et al. 2016). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
- Lepeostegeres congestiflorus (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 101; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 31; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 345; ≡ Loranthus congestiflorus Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 147; Type: FB 5037 Curran (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto; B, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet: Mt Tonglon, Sto Tomas. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Davao, Davao del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: (1650-)2000-2800m. Native.
Lepidaria
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 2 May 2022
- Lepidaria quadriflora Tiegh., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42 (1895) 441; Danser, Blumea 2 (1936) 37; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 352; Type: Cuming 1971, Philippines: ‘Manille’. = Lepidella williamsii (Merr.) Danser, Blumea 2 (1936) 37; ≡ Lepidaria williamsii (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 322; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 57; ≡ Loranthus williamsii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 148; Type: R.S. Williams 973, Luzon: Benguet, Baguio. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province (photos). Notes: Recorded hosts: Ficus and other trees (Merrill 1923). 1300m. Native.
- Lepidaria tetrantha (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 322; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 58; Blumea 2 (1936) 394; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 353; ≡ Lepeostegeres tetranthus (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 101; ≡ Loranthus tetranthus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 79; Type: Vanoverbergh 1294 (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto; B, ?M, isolecto), Luzon: Mountain Province, Malawey. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: Highlands. 1890m. Native.
Macrosolen
Last edited by Pieter Pelser 22 April 2022
- Macrosolen acunae (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 343; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 49; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 362; ≡ Elytranthe acunae Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 279; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 100; Type: FB 23386 Acuña (US, lecto), Mindanao: Lanao. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao, Zamboanga. Notes: 150-600m. Native.
- Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 41 (1894) 122; Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 11 (1931) 279; 16 (1938) 5; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 43; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 366; ≡ Elytranthe cochinchinensis (Lour.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 3 (1834) 425; ≡ Loranthus cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 195. = Elytranthe elmeri (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 101; ≡ Loranthus elmeri Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 285. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN. Notes: Humid and open forests and disturbed sites. Recorded host many. Very common in the lowlands but occasionally reaching 2270m. Native.
- Macrosolen curtiflorus (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 344; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 46; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 367; ≡ Loranthus curtiflorus Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1964, as 'curtiflora'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104; Type: Elmer 14089, Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: 1800m. Known only from the type collection. Native.
- Macrosolen dianthus (King & Scort.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 344; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 367; ≡ Loranthus dianthus King & Scort., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 56(2) (1887) 96; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. = Macrosolen subsessilis (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 345; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 55; ≡ Loranthus subsessilis Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 263; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110; Type: Merrill 8315 (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto; B, L, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River. Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur (photos). Notes: 100-600m. Native.
- Macrosolen geminatus (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 344; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 52; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 370; ≡ Loranthus geminatus Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 146; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104; Type: Merrill 5444 (US, lecto; B, NY, isolecto), Mindanao: Surigao, Catel, 5-Oct-1906. = Macrosolen angulatus (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 343; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 54; ≡ Loranthus angulatus Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1074; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 102; Type: Elmer 10804 (NY, lecto; B, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Mt Apo, Todaya, May-1909. = Macrosolen macgregorii (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 345; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 51; ≡ Loranthus macgregorii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 146; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 106; Type: BS 1266 R.C. McGregor (NY, lecto; B, US, isolecto), Bohol: Jun-1906. = Macrosolen worcesteri (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 346; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 53; ≡ Loranthus worcesteri Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 284; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 111; Type: BS 15673 E. Fenix (PNH, holo, lost; B, ?M, US (fragment), iso), Mindanao: Bukidnon, near Sumilao, Aug-1912. Distribution: China, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BOHOL, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Surigao, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Mostly closed humid forests, 0-2300m. Recorded hosts: Alstonia, Castanopsis, Grewia, Nothofagus, Opocunonia, Pittosporum. Native.
- Macrosolen melintangensis (Korth.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1) (1856) 830; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 372; ≡ Loranthus melintangensis Korth., Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 17 (1839) 281. = Macrosolen bellus Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 48; Type: BS 30447 Ramos and Chan (M), Catanduanes. = Macrosolen demesae (Merr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 344; ≡ Loranthus demesae Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 280; Type: from Sumatra. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. CATANDUANES, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: 1000-2350m. Native.
- Macrosolen surigaoensis (Elmer) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 345; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 45; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 377; ≡ Loranthus surigaoensis Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1966; Type: Elmer 14098, Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: 1875m. Known only from the type collection. Native.
- Macrosolen zamboangensis Mazo, Nickrent & Pelser, Webbia 77 (2022) 129; Type: Mazo 37 (PNH, holo; CMUH, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, Leon B. Postigo, Brgy Tinuyop, Oro River, 17-Mar-2021. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: 320-350m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Mazo et al. 2022). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
Scurrula
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 8 November 2019
- Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 349; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 383; ≡ Loranthus atropurpureus Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 9 (1823) 186; Type: from Java. = Scurrula philippensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 3 (1834) 422; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 121; ≡ Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 3 (1828) 204; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 108; Type: Chamisso s.n., Philippines. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. BILIRAN, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte (photos), Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO. Notes: Recorded hosts: Acacia, Averrhoa, Grewia, Myristica, Pterocarpus, and Terminalia. 0-600(-2300)m. Native.
- Scurrula ferruginea (Roxb. ex Jack) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 350; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 123; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 385; ≡ Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb. ex Jack, Malayan Misc. 1 (1820) 279; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 104; Type: from Sumatra (?lost). Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forests and disturbed sites. Recorded hosts: Coffea, Melastoma, Pithecellobium, and Saurauia. Possibly hybridizes with other Scurrula species. 0-1000(-1850)m. Native.
- Scurrula parasitica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 110; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 118; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 387; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3974; ≡ Loranthus parasiticus (L.) Merr., PJS 15 (1919) 232; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 108. = Loranthus confusus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 261; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 103. = Loranthus similis Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 262; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110. = Loranthus sphenoideus Blume, Fl. Javae Loranth. (1828) 23; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 110. = Scurrula fusca (Blume) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 3 (1834) 421; ≡ Loranthus fuscus Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 9 (1823) 192; Type: from Java. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Common in a range of primary forests and disturbed sites. Recorded hosts: Annona, Dalbergia, Dendrophthoe, Glochidion, Manglietai, Melastoma, Moringa, Nerium, Schima, and Xylocarpus. 0-1800(-2250)m. Native.
Taxillus
- Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 16 (1938) 40; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 392; ≡ Loranthus chinensis DC., Coll. Mém. 6 (1830) 28.; Type: from China. = Taxillus estipitatus (Stapf) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1929) 355; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 11 (1931) 445; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 125; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 108; ≡ Loranthus estipitatus Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4 (1894) 221. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar to China, Philippines, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Mesic and open forests. Recorded hosts: Acacia, Casuarina, Ficus, Litsea, Melastoma, and Scleropyrum. (0-)600-1650(-2700)m. Native.
Thaumasianthes (Endemic)
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 May 2018
- Thaumasianthes amplifolia (Merr.) Danser, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 30 (1933) 465; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 39; Barlow, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 13 (1997) 394; ≡ Lepeostegeres amplifolius (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 101; ≡ Loranthus amplifolius Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 277; Type: BS 17448 Ramos, Samar: Catbalogan, damp forests at low elevation, 22-Apr-1914. = Thaumasianthes ovatibractea (Merr.) Danser, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 30 (1933) 466; Danser, PJS 58 (1935) 40; ≡ Lepeostegeres ovatibracteus (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 101; ≡ Loranthus ovatibracteus Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 278; Type: BS 24135 Ramos, Samar: Caminiwan on the Catubig River, low elevation, 8-Feb-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, SAMAR. Notes: Lowlands. Originally presumed extinct but collections from the 1990s have been made (more information to follow!). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
References
- Barlow, BA & D Wiens. 1973. The classification of the generic segregates of Phrygilanthus (= Notanthera) of the Loranthaceae. Brittonia 25: 26-39.
- Barlow, BA. 1991. Conspectus of the genera Scurrula L. and Taxillus Tieghem (Loranthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 36: 63-85
- Barlow, BA. 1991. Conspectus of the genus Amyema Tieghem (Loranthaceae). Blumea 36: 293-381
- Barlow, BA. 1993. Conspectus of the genera Amylotheca, Cyne, Decaisnina, Lampas, Lepeostegeres, and Loxanthera. Blumea 38: 70-101
- Barlow, BA. 1995. New and noteworthy Malesian species of Loranthaceae. Blumea 40: 15-31
- Barlow, BA. 1997. Loranthaceae. Flora Malesiana ser. 1, 13: 209-401
- Danser, BH. 1931. The Loranthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique du Buitenzorg ser. 3, 11: 233-519.
- Danser, BH. 1933. Thaumasianthes eine neue Loranthaceengattung aus den Philippinen. Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 30: 464-474
- Danser, BH. 1935. A revision of the Philippine Loranthaceae. Philippine Journal of Science 58: 1-151. (Treats both Loranthaceae and Viscaceae)
- Danser, BH. 1936. Miscellaneous notes on Loranthaceae 9-15. Blumea 2: 34-59
- Mazo, KRF, DL Nickrent & PB Pelser. 2022. Macrosolen zamboangensis (Loranthaceae), a new mistletoe species from Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines. Webbia 77: 127-134
- Merrill, ED. 1909. A revision of Philippine Loranthaceae. Philippine Journal of Science 4: 129-153
- Nickrent, DL & MGQ Rule. 2022. An evaluation of the genus Cyne (Loranthaceae) including a new species and rediscovery and neotypification of the rare C. quadriangula. Phytotaxa 558: 67-80.
- Paguntalan, LJ, PGC Jakosalem, ART Reintar, SM Olimpos, M Sandoval & YC del Prado. 2020. Project Tawsi: Sulu Hornbill Project. Final Report. Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Foundation Inc. and United States Agency for International Development Protect Wildlife Project.
- Pelser, PB & JF Barcelona. 2013. Discovery through photography: Amyema nickrentii, a new species of Loranthaceae from Aurora Province, Philippines. Phytotaxa 125: 47-52
- Pelser, PB, DL Nickrent, ART Reintar & JF Barcelona. 2016. Lepeostegeres cebuensis (Loranthaceae), a new mistletoe species from Cebu, Philippines. Phytotaxa 266: 48-52
- Pelser, PB, SMB Olimpos, P O’Byrne & JF Barcelona. 2018. A new species of Amyema (Loranthaceae) and a new Gastrodia (Orchidaceae) record for the Philippines from Negros Island. Phytotaxa 371: 25-32.
- Tahil, AA. 2021. Decaisnina samaense (Loranthaceae): a new mistletoe species from Simunul island, Philippines. Harvard Papers in Botany 26: 471-474.
- Tandang, DN, JMM Galindon, NE Lagunday, FP Coritico, VB Amoroso & AS Robinson. 2021. Amylotheca cleofei sp. nov. (Loranthaceae), a new species and genus record for the Philippines. Phytotaxa 507: 113-120.
- Tandang, DN, M delos Angeles, IE Buot Jr, MP Devkota & MA Caraballo-Ortiz. 2022. Decaisnina tomentosa (Loranthaceae), a new species of mistletoe from Samar Island, Philippines. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e78457