Loganiaceae

Geniostoma J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 Juni 2026
  1. Geniostoma rupestre J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1776) 24; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 371; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11. = Geniostoma batanense Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 427; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 309. = Geniostoma brevipes Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 384; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 309. = Geniostoma cumingianum Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1 (1857) 97; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 310. = Geniostoma fasciculatum Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1928) 190, as 'fasciculata'. = Geniostoma laxum Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2746; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 310. = Geniostoma lancilimbum Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 304; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 310. = Geniostoma longipes Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 296; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 310. = Geniostoma mindanaense Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2747. = Geniostoma nigrescens (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 305; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 310; ≡ Tayotum nigrescens Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 105. = Geniostoma pachyphyllum Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 448; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 310. = Geniostoma philippinense Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 259. = Geniostoma pulgarense Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1808; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 310. = Geniostoma ramosii Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 304; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 310. = Geniostoma stenophyllum Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 329; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 310. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. BATAN, BATANES, BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-2800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. rupestre. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sumatra, Taiwan. BATAN, BATANES, BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Native.

Mitrasacme Labill.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 November 2025
  1. Mitrasacme indica Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. (Wight) 4 (1850) t.1601; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 384. = Oldenlandia brachyphylla Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 448; Type: Merrill Philip. Pl. 705 (US, poss. iso; not cited in the original publication). ≠ Mitrasacme alsinoides auct. non R.Br.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 311. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: NCR. Notes: Note by P.B. Pelser (28-Sep-19): See Gibbons et al. 2015 for notes about the name Mitrasacme prolifera R.Br. Old rice paddies and open wet grasslands (Merrill 1912). 0-500m. Native.
  2. Mitrasacme micrantha Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 22 (1928) 517; Gibbons et al., Telopea 18 (2015) 499; Type: from Australia. ≠ Mitrasacme pygmaea auct. non R.Br.; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 382. Distribution: Australia, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Native.
  3. Mitrasacme pygmaea R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 453; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 382. = Mitrasacme nudicaulis Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 849; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 311. ≠ Mitrasacme alsinoides auct. non R.Br.; Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 116. Distribution: LUZON: Abra (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: 0-2000(-3150)m. Native.
    • var. pygmaea. Distribution: Australia, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Rizal. Native.
    • var. malaccensis (Wight) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 30 (1955) 23; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 383; ≡ Mitrasacme malaccensis Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. (Wight) 4 (1849) t.1601. ≠ Mitrasacme polymorpha auct. non R.Br.; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4 (1883) 80; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 311. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, Indochina, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal. Native.

Mitreola L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 July 2025
  1. Mitreola petiolata (J.F.Gmel.) Torr. & A.Gray, Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 2 (1846) 45; Merrill, PJS 11c (1917) 307; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 311; ≡ Cynoctonum petiolatum J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat., 13th Ed. (1791) 443. = Cynoctonum mitreola (L.) Britton, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5 (1894) 258; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 375; ≡ Ophiorrhiza mitreola L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 150. Distribution: America, Australia, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, LUZON: Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Bound to areas subject to a dry season. Fl. at the end of the rainy season. 0-600m. Native.

Neuburgia Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 July 2025
  1. Neuburgia celebica (Koord.) Leenh., Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 6 (1962) 367; ≡ Couthovia celebica Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19 (1898) 537; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 313. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, MINDORO. Notes: In both dry and swampy sites, along riverbanks. Fl. mainly Jan-May; fr. Mar, Jul. 0-400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Norrisia Gardner

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 December 2025
  1. Norrisia malaccensis Gardner, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1 (1849) 327; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 341; Wong & Sugau, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 2 (1996) 221; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11. = Norrisia philippinensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1482; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 311; Type: Elmer 12058, Sibuyan: Magallanes, Mt Giting-Giting, Mar-1910. Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. DINAGAT (photos), HOMONHON, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-920m. Native.

Spigelia L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 July 2024
  1. Spigelia anthelmia L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 149. Distribution: America. MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte (photos). Notes: Open to semi-open abandoned farmlands and along road leading to forest interiors (M.G.Q. Rule, pers. comm., 10-Nov-20). Naturalized.

Strychnos L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 July 2026
  1. Strychnos angustiflora Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1 (1856) 102. ≠ Strychnos nux-vomica auct. non L.; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 349, only as to Philippine specimens. Distribution: China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDORO. Notes: Along the coast above tide level. Fr. Apr. Once collected in the Philippines in Puerto Galera Bay. Native.
  2. Strychnos axillaris Colebr., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 12 (1819) 356; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 358; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11. = Strychnos cenabrei Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 433; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 312. = Strychnos impressinervis A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1917 (1917) 180; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 312. = Strychnos wenzelii Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 202; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 313. = Strychnos tesseroidea A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1917 (1917) 206; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 313. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, DINAGAT (photos), HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-2000m. Native.
  3. Strychnos ignatii P.J.Bergius, Mater. Med. (Bergius) 1 (1778) 146; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 312; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 347; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam. BILIRAN, HOMONHON, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Sea level and lowland dipterocarp or mixed forests, sometimes along riverbanks. Fl. Jan-Sep; fr. Jan-Dec. Fruits reportedly eaten by monkeys and civet cats. Lowland to 1500m. Native.
  4. Strychnos lanata A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911 (1911) 299; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 312; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 355. Distribution: Cambodia, Philippines, Thailand. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur. Notes: Rainforest along river. Fl. Sep. 350-700m. Native.
  5. Strychnos luzonensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 332; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 312; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 358. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Known only from the type. Humid forest. Fl. May. Elmer 15571 cited by Elmer (1908) and Merrill (1923), and Elmer 8251 cited by Merrill (1923) are Strychnos minor. 500m. Native.
  6. Strychnos minor Dennst., Schlüssel Hortus Malab. (1818) 33. = Strychnos dubia A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912 (1912) 298; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 312. = Strychnos merrillii A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911 (1911) 297; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 312. = Strychnos multiflora Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1 (1857) 102; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 312. = Strychnos similis A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912 (1912) 38; Kew Bull. (1917) 153; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 313. ≠ Strychnos colubrina auct. non L.; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 355. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. APULIT, CULION, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte (photos), Isabela, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Fl. mainly Jul-Nov; fr. Jan-Dec. 0-1850m. Native.
  7. Strychnos oleifolia A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1917 (1917) 156; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 313; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 353. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forests. Fl. May. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  8. Strychnos ovata A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1909 (1909) 360; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 313; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1962) 351. = Strychnos panayensis A.W.Hill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1917 (1917) 148; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 313. Distribution: Borneo, China, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. APULIT, BABUYAN ISLS, BICAWAYAN, BUYAYAO (photos), CALAMIANES, DALUPIRI, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, TICAO. Notes: Lowland thickets and forests, along riverbanks. Fl. May-Jun; fr. Feb, May. 0-250m. Native.

References