Linderniaceae

Artanema D.Don

1. Artanema longifolium (L.) Vatke, Linnaea 43 (1882) 307; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 436; ≡ Columnea longifolia L., Syst. Nat., 12th Ed. (1767) 427; Mant. Pl. 1 (1767) 90; Type: from India. Distribution: Africa, Cambodia, India, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, MINDANAO. Native.
   • var. longifolium. = Artanema sesamoides (Vahl) Benth., Scroph. Ind. (1835) 39; Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 199; ≡ Achimenes sesamioides Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 2 (1791) 71. Distribution: Africa, Cambodia, India, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, MINDANAO. Notes: In forests and scrubs in water and wet areas, as well as at the edges of rice paddies and grasslands. Fl. Jun-Dec. Native.

Bonnaya Link & Otto

1. Bonnaya antipoda (L.) Druce, Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles Rep. 3 (1914) 415; Liang & Wang, Austr. Syst. Bot. 27 (2014) 188; ≡ Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6(Suppl.) (1931) 214; Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 57; ≡ Vandellia antipoda (L.) T.Yamaz., J. Jap. Bot. 30 (1955) 177; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 604; ≡ Ilysanthes antipoda (L.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 467; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 439; ≡ Ruellia antipoda L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 635; Type: from Sri Lanka. = Bonnaya veronicifolia (Retz.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 1 (1824) 41; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 426; ≡ Gratiola veronicifolia Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 8; Type: from Australia. = Cyrtandra capsularis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 17, as 'Kyrtandra capsularis'. = Cyrtandra serrata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 18, as 'Kyrtandra serrata'. = Cyrtandra glaberrima Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 12; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 453 (K, neo; BM, BO, GH, L, isoneo), Luzon: Manila. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Indochina, Japan, Malesia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Sri Lanka, Taiwan. BALABAC, BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan (photos), Cagayan, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PANAY, SAMAR (photos). Notes: Throughout the Philippines; usually very common. A characteristic weed of rice paddies, wet grasslands, open rainforests, and the margins of rivers and streams. Fl. & fr. year-round. 0-1750m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Bonnaya ciliata (Colsm.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 1 (1824) 41; Liang & Wang, Austr. Syst. Bot. 27 (2014) 189; ≡ Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell, Brittonia 2 (1936) 182; Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 51; ≡ Vandellia ciliata (Colsm.) T.Yamaz., J. Jap. Bot. 30 (1955) 177; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 605; ≡ Ilysanthes ciliata (Colsm.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 461; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 440; ≡ Gratiola ciliata Colsm., Prodr. Descr. Gratiol. (1793) 14; Type: from Java. = Lindernia serrata (Roxb.) F.Muell., Syst. Census Austral. Pl. (1882) 97; ≡ Ilysanthes serrata (Roxb.) Urb., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 2 (1884) 436; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 440; ≡ Gratiola serrata Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 140. = Bonnaya brachiata Link & Otto, Icon. Pl. Select. (1821) 25; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 148; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 426; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 348; Type: Chamisso s.n. (K, holo), Luzon: Manila. = Bonnaya personata (Blanco) Hassk., Flora 47 (1864) 56; ≡ Cyrtandra personata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 18, as 'Kyrtandra personata'; Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 13; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 67 (BM, neo; BO, CAL, GH, K, L, isoneo). Distribution: Australia, China, India, Indochina, Malesia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. BOHOL, LUZON: Abra (photos), Bataan, Bulacan, Isabela (photos), NCR, Quezon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: N Luzon to Mindanao, in most islands and provinces. In moist places, settled areas, meadows, fallow rice paddies, roadsides, disturbed natural vegetation, along streams, and open places in forests. Fl. Apr-Dec. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Bonnaya ruelloides (Colsm.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 1 (1824) 41, as 'ruellioides'; Fisher et al., Willdenowia 43 (2013) 221; Liang & Wang, Austr. Syst. Bot. 27 (2014) 192; ≡ Gratiola ruelloides Colsm., Prodr. Descr. Gratiol. (1793) 12; Type: from Java and India. ≠ Gratiola hyssopioides auct. non L.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 11. Distribution: Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Vietnam. LUZON: Laguna, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, PANAY (photos). Notes: In swampy grasslands, rice paddies, plains, riversides, stream sides, and forests. Fl. & fr. Jul-Nov. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Bonnaya sanpabloensis Y.S.Liang & J.C.Wang, Austral. Syst. Bot. 27 (2014) 192; Type: Y.S. Liang 1534 (PNH, holo; TAIF, TNM, TNU, iso), Luzon: Laguna, San Pablo City, 23-Nov-2007. Distribution: China, India, Philippines, Thailand. LUZON: Bulacan, Laguna, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO. Notes: In wetlands, rice fields, and on riversides at low elevation; sometimes sympatric with B. antipoda. Fl. & fr. year-round. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Lindernia All.

1. Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbás, Békésvármegye Fl. (1881) 80; Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 30; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 606; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Anagalloides procumbens Krock., Fl. Siles. (Krocker) 2 (1790) 398. = Torenia quinquenervis Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 70. = Lindernia pyxidaria All., Mélanges Philos. Math. Soc. Roy. Turin 3 (1766) 178; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 438. Distribution: Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Continental Asia, E Asia, Europe, India, Java, Korea, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, PANAY (photos). Notes: In rice paddies and open wet sites, often next to water. Very local in the Philippines. Fl. Jul-Oct; fr. Sep-Nov. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Lindernia rotundifolia (L.) Alston, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6(Suppl.) (1931) 214; ≡ Gratiola rotundifolia L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 174. Distribution: Bangladesh, C & S America, India, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Nepal, Sri Lanka. LUZON, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos). Notes: John Edward Matulina Villasis (28-Jul-2024): This species is widely naturalized in China, Taiwan, SE Asia, and Australia, in wet meadows, rice paddies, shallow ponds, and along slow-moving streams. In the country, it is cultivated commercially in nurseries and private collections as an aquarium plant, with escapes invading wet and disturbed areas outside aquarium settings. Fl. & fr. year-round. Naturalized.

Picria Lour.

1. Picria fel-terrae Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 393; ≡ Curanga fel-terrae (Lour.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 467; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 439. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Cagayan, Kalinga, Laguna, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Forested slopes at low elevation; rare and local. (?-)400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Curanga amara). Native.

Torenia L.

1. Torenia anagallis (Burm.f.) Wannan, W.R.Barker & Y.S.Liang, Austral. Syst. Bot. 31 (2018) 250; ≡ Vandellia anagallis (Burm.f.) T.Yamaz., J. Jap. Bot. 30 (1955) 176; ≡ Lindernia anagallis (Burm.f.) Pennell, J. Arnold Arbor. 24 (1943) 252; Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 45; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 604; ≡ Ruellia anagallis Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 135. = Lindernia cordifolia (Colsm.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 437; ≡ Gratiola cordifolia Colsm., Prodr. Descr. Gratiol. (1793) 15. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BABUYAN ISLS, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur (photos), Bukidnon (photos), South Cotabato, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Babuyan Isls and N Luzon to Mindanao. In damp open places, wet rice paddies, seepage slopes, forest edges, marshy grounds, wet grassy fields, riversides, and along streams. Fl. year-round. 0-1900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Vandellia anagallis). Native.
2. Torenia blancoi Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 346; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 436; ≡ Lindernia blancoi (Merr.) Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 23; ≡ Vandellia multiflora Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 505, nom. illeg., non G.Don; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 157 (K, neo; NY, US, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, thickets near Fort McKinley, 11-Oct-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: NCR, Rizal, Tarlac, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, ?PANAY. Notes: In boulders in bamboo thickets and in recently cleared lands, wet areas, and forested hillsides at low elevation. Fl. & fr. Aug-Dec. Native.
3. Torenia concolor Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 32 (1846) t.62; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 425; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 436; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 296; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 629. Distribution: China, India, Indochina, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: NCR. Notes: Cultivated in the Philippines for ornamental purposes. Naturalized in rice fields. It is a weed in irrigated and rainfed rice fields. Fl. & fr. Jan-Nov. Naturalized.
4. Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 2 (1827) 570; ≡ Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell., Syst. Census Austral. Pl. (1882) 97; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 437; Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 17; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 605; ≡ Vandellia crustacea (L.) Benth., Scroph. Ind. (1835) 25; ≡ Capraria crustacea L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 87. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Indochina, Japan, Malesia, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Sri Lanka, Taiwan. BATANES, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, MINDORO (photos), NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, ROMBLON. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. It is a common weed in a wide range of wet and dry habitats, sometimes clumping and forming dense mats on bare ground if not disturbed. It grows in settlements and along roadsides, on old walls, in disturbed areas, open sites, rice paddies, grasslands, shrublands, rocky places, low-lying areas, forest floors, along the edges of rivers, streams, and ponds, on the beds of drained fishponds. Fl. & fr. year-round. 0-2700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Torenia fournieri Linden ex E.Fourn., Ill. Hort. 23 (1876) 129; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 296. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Tarlac, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Cultivated and naturalized in roadsides, disturbed places, or in fields. Fl. & fr. Jun-Dec. 0-1200m. Naturalized.
6. Torenia grandiflora (Merr.) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll., Willdenowia 43 (2013) 232; ≡ Vandellia grandiflora Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 237; ≡ Lindernia philippinensis Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 13; ≡ Lindernia grandiflora (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 438, nom. illeg.; Type: Merrill 4359 (L, lecto; NY, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Suyoc to Pauai, Oct/Nov-1905. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDORO. Notes: On banks and cliffs and in open places along trails. (?-)1800-2400m. Native.
7. Torenia polygonoides Benth., Scroph. Ind. (1835) 39; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 437; ≡ Legazpia polygonoides (Benth.) T.Yamaz., J. Jap. Bot. 30 (1955) 359; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 599. = Legazpia triptera Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 339. Distribution: Cambodia, India, Laos, Malesia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: Throughout the Philippines in most islands and provinces. Lowland and medium elevation forests, old clearings, etc. Research by Yan et al. (2023) suggests that this species is best placed in Torenia. Native.
8. Torenia subconnivens (Philcox) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll., Willdenowia 43 (2013) 232; ≡ Lindernia subconnivens Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 13; Type: Merrill 7652 (K, holo; L, iso), Luzon: Benguet, May-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, NEGROS. Notes: In mossy, pine, and dipterocarp forests, grasslands at mountain tops, and vegetation along the margins of lakes at higher elevation. Fl. May-Sep. 0-1800m. Native.
9. Torenia violacea (Azaola) Pennell, J. Arnold Arbor. 24 (1943) 255; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 631; ≡ Mimulus violaceus Azaola, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 357. = Torenia peduncularis Benth. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4 (1884) 276; Benth. in Wall., Cat. (1831) No. 3956, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 436. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. JOLO, LUZON: Abra, Batangas, Laguna, NCR, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Stream embankments, old rice paddies, grassland on mountain slopes, forests, and thickets. Fl. & fr. Aug-Nov. 200-2000m. Native.

Possibly present

1. Torenia asiatica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 619. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Java, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, ?Philippines, Tibet, Vietnam. ?LUZON: ?Nueva Vizcaya (photos). Notes: Wally Suarez (pers. comm., 26-Dec-23) contributed a photo of a plant that may represent this species in the Philippines. It was found in a remote place and does not seem to be cultivated in the Philippines. It might therefore be native to the country.

Vandellia L.

1. Vandellia multiflora (Roxb.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 549; ≡ Lindernia multiflora (Roxb.) Mukerjee, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 24 (1945) 131; Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 36; ≡ Torenia multiflora Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 96. Distribution: India, Java, Malaysia, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, NCR, Pampanga, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PANAY. Notes: In marshes, riversides and paddy fields. 0-300m. Native.

Yamazakia W.R.Barker, Y.S.Liang & Wannan

1. Yamazakia pusilla (Willd.) W.R.Barker, Y.S.Liang & Wannan, Austral. Syst. Bot. 31 (2018) 250; ≡ Lindernia pusilla (Willd.) Bold., Zakfl. Java (1916) 165; Merrill, PJS 11c (1916) 312; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 438; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 607; ≡ Vandellia pusilla (Willd.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 246; Fl. Manila (1912) 424; ≡ Gratiola pusilla Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 1 (1797) 105. = Vandellia hirta (Cham. & Schltdl.) T.Yamaz., J. Jap. Bot. 30 (1955) 174; ≡ Torenia hirta Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 2 (1827) 571. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Bataan, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO (photos), NEGROS (photos). Notes: Throughout the Philippines. A common weed in lowland and medium elevations; in cultivated soil, wet grassy habitats, rice paddies, swamps, margins of ponds, wet low-lying areas and forests, or sometimes by water. Fl. & fr. year-round. 200-1600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Yamazakia viscosa (Hornem.) W.R.Barker, Y.S.Liang & Wannan, Austral. Syst. Bot. 31 (2018) 249; ≡ Lindernia viscosa (Hornem.) Bold., Zakfl. Java (1916) 165; Philcox, Kew Bull. 22 (1968) 38; Liu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 608; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 439; ≡ Vandellia viscosa (Hornem.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 246; ≡ Gratiola viscosa Hornem., Enum. Pl. Hort. Hafn. Suppl. (1807) 19. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CORON, LUZON: Bulacan, Cavite, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija (photos), Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Norte, PANAY, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines, but much less common than the preceding. In rice paddies, cultivated lands, swamps, moist shady places, and the edges of forests, often next to rocks. Fl. & fr. May-Dec. 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.