Lamiaceae

Labiatae

Achyrospermum Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 November 2024
  1. Achyrospermum densiflorum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 840; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 412; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 23; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 328; Type: from Java. = Achyrospermum philippinense Benth., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 12 (1848) 458; Type: Cuming 1884 (K), Philippines. Distribution: China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Batangas, Benguet, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: (150-)500-2000m. Native.

Ajuga L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & Gemma L.C. Bramley, 10 January 2025
  1. Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 108; Type: from Nepal. = Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1 (1830) 59, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Wall., Cat. 1829, no. 2032, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 408; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 31; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 31; Type: from Nepal. ≠ Ajuga taiwanensis auct. non Nakai ex Murata. Distribution: Afghanistan, China, India, Indochina, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand. BATAN, LUZON: Benguet, Cavite, Ifugao, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, NEGROS (photos). Notes: Gemma L.C. Bramley (10-Jan-25): Specimens identified as Ajuga taiwanensis Nakai ex Murata from the Philippines (Batan: Hatusima & Sato 29142) are best considered to belong to Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. 600-1700m. Native.

Anisomeles R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 September 2019
  1. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 512; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 411; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 412; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 34; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 329; ≡ Epimeredi indicus (L.) Rothm., Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 53 (1944) 12; ≡ Nepeta indica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 571; Type: from India. = Anisomeles indica forma albiflora (Hassk.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 512; ≡ Anisomeles malabarica var. albiflora Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar. (Hasskarl) (1848) 485. = Anisomeles indica forma rubicunda Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 512. = Phlomis alba Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 474, nom. illeg., non Forssk; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 612 (K, neo; US, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BATAN, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CATANDUANES, JOLO, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: 1-600(-1700m). Native.

Basilicum Moench

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 September 2019
  1. Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench, Suppl. Meth. (Moench) (1802) 143; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 39; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 366; ≡ Moschosma polystachyum (L.) Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2 (1830) 13; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 421; ≡ Ocimum polystachyon L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 567; Type: India. ≠ Moschosma tenuiflorum auct. non (L.) Heynh.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 421. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Pampanga, Rizal. Native.

Callicarpa L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & Gemma Bramley, 25 June 2026
  1. Callicarpa albidotomentella Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 300; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 382; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 38; Type: BS 26976 Ramos (K, lecto; A, isolecto), Luzon: Abra, Mt Posuey, along small streams in forests, c. 120m, 5-Feb-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Apayao (photos). Notes: Lowland forests along streams. Only known from type (Bramley 2013). 120m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Callicarpa angusta Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 643; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 382; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 39; Type: Cuming 1425 (K, lecto; BM, NY, P, isolecto), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, 1841. = Callicarpa erioclona forma rivularis (Merr.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 19; ≡ Callicarpa rivularis Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 340; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 387; Type: BS 660 Foxworthy (US, lecto), Palawan: Palawan, Mt Victoria, on rocky riverbanks, c. 1150m, 23-Mar-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Callicarpa apoensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 861; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 382; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 42; Type: Elmer 11491 (GH, lecto; BM, BO, GH, NY, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, Aug-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato (photos), Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Forests. 1750m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Callicarpa arborea Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 405; Hort. Bengal. 10 (1814), nom. inval., nom. nud.; Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, 1 (1832) 390; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 43. = Callicarpa arborea var. psilocalyx (H.J.Lam) Moldenke, Phytologia 4 (1952) 125; ≡ Callicarpa lantana var. psilocalyx H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 81. = Callicarpa tomentosa var. magna (Schauer) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 22; ≡ Callicarpa magna Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 641; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 386; Type: Cuming 1266 (K, lecto; BM, E, K, MICH, MO, isolecto), Luzon: Albay (Cagayan). Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Vietnam. BILIRAN, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Chiefly in secondary forests. 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Callicarpa basilanensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 263; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 382; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 46; Type: FB 6124 Hutchinson (NY, lecto; K, US, isolecto), Jul-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Chiefly in lowland secondary forests. 2145m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Callicarpa bicolor Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 7 (1806) 77; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 47; Type: from New Britain. = Callicarpa bicolor var. bermejosii Moldenke, Phytologia 14 (1967) 398; Type: BS 1534 J. Bermejos (US, holo; NY, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Bulalacao. = Callicarpa bicolor var. subintegrifolia Moldenke, Phytologia 15 (1967) 399; Type: PNH 39880 J. Ramos (US, holo), Luzon: Laguna, Pangil, 27-May-1959. ≠ Callicarpa cana auct. non L.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 401; EPFP 3 (1923) 382. ≠ Callicarpa candicans auct. non (Burm.f.) Hochr. Distribution: New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. BOHOL, CEBU, CORON, CULION, DINAGAT, DONDONAY, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, ROMBLON. Notes: Open areas, thickets or disturbed. Sea level. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Callicarpa caudata Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, 3rd Sér. 31 (1886) 76; Merrill, PJS 2c (1907) 299; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 381; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 383; Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 862; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 49; Type: Cuming 1095 (LE, holo; K, NY, iso), Luzon: Albay. = Callicarpa stenophylla Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 380; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 388; Type: BS 5739 Ramos (K, lecto), Luzon: Benguet, Sablan River near Baguio, Dec-1908. = Callicarpa merrillii Moldenke, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 60 (1932) 55; ≡ Callicarpa lancifolia Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 70, nom. illeg.; Type: BS 11078 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost), Cebu, Mar-1912; R.S. Williams 2307 (NY, lecto; A, K, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, 25-Feb-1905. = Callicarpa caudata var. magna H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 60. = Callicarpa caudata var. simplicipuberula H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 61. Distribution: Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. BASILAN, BOHOL, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, TICAO. Notes: Forest, disturbed area, grasslands. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Callicarpa denticulata Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 430; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 383; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 53; Type: BS 3622 E. Fenix (K, lecto), Batan: Basco, 30-May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, BATANES, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES. Notes: Low elevation thickets, open slopes. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Callicarpa dolichophylla Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 339; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 384; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 53; Type: Cuming 1330 (K, lecto; A, K, NY, isolecto), Luzon: Cagayan, 1841. = Callicarpa longissima (Hemsl.) Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 108; ≡ Callicarpa longifolia var. longissima Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26 (1890) 253; Type: from China. = Callicarpa caudata var. glabriuscula H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 61; Type: Cuming 1330, Luzon: Cagayan. Distribution: China, Philippines, Taiwan. BILIRAN, LUZON: Albay, Bulacan, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal. Notes: Lowland or medium elevation thickets and secondary forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Callicarpa erioclona Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 643; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 158; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 134; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 208; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 121; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 384; Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 866; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 55; Type: Cuming 911 (G, lecto; BM, E, G, NY, P, TCD, isolecto), Luzon: Albay. = Callicarpa subcandida Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3798; Type: Elmer 15124 (NY, lecto; BM, isolecto), Luzon: Irosin, Mt Bulusan. Distribution: Borneo, Java, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Vietnam. BILIRAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO. Notes: In Luzon from Cagayan to Sorsogon. Lowland primary and secondary forests, often rather common. 100-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Callicarpa fasciculiflora Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 313; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 384; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 56; Type: BS 35123 Ramos & Pascasio (A, lecto; K, P, isolecto), Bucas Grande: Jun-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE. Notes: Low elevation open forests. Only known from type (Bramley 2013). 20m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  12. Callicarpa flavida Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 863; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 384; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 56; ≡ Geunsia flavida (Elmer) H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 38; Type: Elmer 11851 (K, lecto; BM, E, NY, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo. = Callicarpa epiphytica Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2871; ≡ Geunsia epiphytica (Elmer) H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 38; Type: Elmer 13822 (K, lecto; C, E, NY, CAS, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Sep-1912. = Geunsia epiphytica var. apiculata H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 39; Type: Elmer 13861 (K, lecto; BM, E, NY, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Sep-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Lowland forests on Dinagat, in Mindanao on mountains. 50-1500m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  13. Callicarpa longifolia Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 1 (1785) 563; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 385; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 63; Type: from Malaysia. = Callicarpa attenuifolia Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2870; Type: Elmer 13536 (BISH, GH, K, NA, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, in rich humid soil of an open grassy place on Mt Giwantawan at 3000ft elevation, Aug-1912. = Callicarpa nigrescens Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 425; Type: BS 44297 Ramos & Edaño (K, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Tawi-tawi, in secondary forests at low elevations, Jul/Aug-1924. Distribution: Australia, India, Indochina, Malesia, Philippines. CATANDUANES, CEBU, LUZON: Apayao, La Union, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, POLILLO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Secondary forest. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  14. Callicarpa longipetiolata Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 47; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 386; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 64; ≡ Callicarpa tomentosa var. longipetiolata (Merr.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 22; Type: Elmer 6266 (K, lecto; NY, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Sto Tomas, May-1904. = Callicarpa longipetiolata var. glabrescens Moldenke, Phytologia 4 (1952) 43; Type: Vanoverbergh 1376 (U, holo; NY, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, 20-Jun-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: Thickets bordering pine forests. 1600-2145m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  15. Callicarpa magnifolia Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 437; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 386; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 65; Type: BS 37563 Ramos & Edaño (US, lecto; K, isolecto), Luzon: Kalinga, Lubuagan, Mt Masingit, Feb-1920. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Kalinga. Notes: Forest. Only known from type (Bramley 2013). 1200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  16. Callicarpa micrantha S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 187; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 386; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 67; Type: Vidal 1641 (K, lecto; MA, isolecto), Abra. = Callicarpa elegans Hayek, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1-2 (1906) 88; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 384; Type: Cuming 1460 (W, holo; K, NY, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur. = Callicarpa phanerophlebia Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 301; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 387; Type: BS 26233 Ramos & Edaño (NY, lecto; K, isolecto), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Mt Umingan (Mingan), in open places along streams, c. 50m, 8-Aug-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, BOHOL, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, MINDORO, PANAY, ROMBLON, SIBUYAN. Notes: Open places along streams. 200-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Bramley 2013). Native.
  17. Callicarpa pachyclada Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 195; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 68; Type: BS 45640 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; A, B, BM, BO, NY, UC, US, isolecto), Luzon: Mt Alzapan, on forested slopes, c. 1600m, 24-May-1925. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Isabela, ?SAMAR. Notes: Forest. 150-1600m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  18. Callicarpa paloensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 336; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 387; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 69; ≡ Callicarpa pentandra var. paloensis (Elmer) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 14; ≡ Geunsia paloensis (Elmer) H.J.Lam ex Moldenke, Phytologia 50 (1982) 361; Type: Elmer 7370 (K, lecto; BO, GH, NY, isolecto), Leyte: Palo, Jan-1906. = Callicarpa sorsogonensis Elmer ex Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 22, nom. inval., pro syn.; Type: Elmer 16939 (NA, K, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Aug-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora (photos), Sorsogon. Notes: Forest. 300-350m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  19. Callicarpa pedunculata R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 513; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 70; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; Type: from Australia. = Callicarpa formosana Rolfe, J. Bot. 20 (1882) 358; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 385; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 406; Type: from Taiwan. = Callicarpa blancoi Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 315; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 401. = Callicarpa ovata C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 215; Type: R.S. Williams 2577 (NY, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao, Davao, Darong, 9-Apr-1905. = Callicarpa obtusifolia Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 451; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 387; Type: BS 32921 Ramos (K, lecto; A, isolecto), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Burgos, Jul-1918. Distribution: Australia, China, Laos, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. APULIT, BAYAS, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province (photos), NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Throughout the archipelago. Secondary and primary forest, grasslands. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  20. Callicarpa pentandra Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 1 (1832) 395; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 387; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 71; ≡ Geunsia pentandra (Roxb.) Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 309; Kochummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 305; Type: from Moluccas. = Geunsia farinosa Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 12; ≡ Callicarpa pentandra forma farinosa (Blume) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 13; Type: from Indonesia. = Callicarpa cumingiana Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 644; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 158; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 383; ≡ Geunsia cumingiana (Schauer) Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 315; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 133; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 207; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 343; ≡ Callicarpa pentandra var. cumingiana (Schauer) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 16; Type: Cuming 1707 (K, lecto; P, isolecto), Philippines. = Callicarpa affinis Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 864; Type: Elmer 11102 (K, lecto; GH, L, NY, US; isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, shrubberies near the sea coast, Jun-1909. = Geunsia hookeri Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 342; Type: Cuming 1773 (K, lecto; GH, K, L, isolecto), Cebu. = Callicarpa weberi Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 298; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 388; Type: Weber 68 (A, lecto), Bancalan Island (between Palawan and Balabac), 6m, 26-Sep-1916. = Callicarpa longivillosa Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 313; EPFP 3 (1923) 386; Type: BS 34538 Ramos & Pascasio (K, lecto; BM, BO, L, isolecto), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Apr-1919. = Geunsia cumingiana var. pentamera H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 36; Type: Com. d.l. Fl. for. no 844 (syn), Philippines, Daraga, and from New Guinea. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, ?Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, BANCALAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BUCAS GRANDE, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Sur, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Secondary forest. 15-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  21. Callicarpa platyphylla Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 57; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 387; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 74; Type: FB 26967 Velasco (A, US, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon: Cagayan, Jul-Aug 1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Isabela, POLILLO. Notes: Forest. 30-50m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  22. Callicarpa plumosa Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 196; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 75; Type: BS 46928 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; A, B, BM, BO, NY, UC, US, isolecto), Luzon: Isabela, San Mariano, along forested streams, c. 400m, 15-Mar-1926. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela. Notes: Forested streams. 50-400m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  23. Callicarpa ramiflora Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 262; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 387; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 76; Type: M.S. Clemens 1167 (US, lecto), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Sep-1907. = Callicarpa cauliflora Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 338; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 383; Type: FB 9321 Whitford & Hutchinson (US, lecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Port Banga, canyons in forest, c. 20m, 13-Jan-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Forest. 0-700m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  24. Callicarpa subalbida Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 337; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 388; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 82; ≡ Callicarpa erioclona var. subalbida (Elmer) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 19; Type: Elmer 9184 (K, lecto; A, NY, US, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDORO, POLILLO. Notes: Forest along streams. 500m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  25. Callicarpa subglandulosa Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 513; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 82; Type: Elmer 9739 (K, lecto; BO, GH, US, Z, isolecto), Negros, Cuernos Mts, Dumaguete, Apr-1908. = Callicarpa megalantha Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 71; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 386; Type: BS 49387 McGregor (US, iso, lost), Luzon: Ifugao, Mt Polis, Feb-1913; M. Ramos & G. Edaño Bur. Sci. 37718 (K, neo; A, isoneo), Luzon, Ifugao, Mt Polis, Feb-1920. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, NEGROS. Notes: 1700-2400m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  26. Callicarpa subintegra Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 299; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 388; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 83; Type: BS 26619 Ramos & Edaño (K, lecto; A, BO, NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Aurora, Mt Dingalan, on dry slopes, c. 200m, 25-Aug-1916. = Callicarpa ramosii (Moldenke) Govaerts, World Checkl. Seed Pl. 3 (1999) 12; ≡ Geunsia ramosii Moldenke, Phytologia 5 (1954) 10; Type: BS 33838 Ramos & Edaño (NY, holo), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Bagacay, Nov/Dec-1918. = Callicarpa subintegra var. parva Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 300; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 388; Type: BS 26465 Ramos & Edaño (K, lecto; A, NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Mt Umingan, on forested slopes, c. 350m, 13-Aug-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Sur, Nueva Ecija, Rizal. Notes: Forest. 200-600m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  27. Callicarpa surigaensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 262; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 388; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 85; ≡ Callicarpa pentandra var. cumingiana forma surigaensis (Merr.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 16; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Type: Ahern 318 (BO, lecto; BO, US, isolecto), May-1901. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Lowland primary forests, also along streams. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Excluded

  1. Callicarpa rubella Lindl., Bot. Reg. 11 (1825) t.883; Leeratiwond et al., Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 37 (2009) 55; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 78; Type: from China. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. Notes: Callicarpa rubella was listed for the Philippines by Leeratiwond et al. (2009), but no specimens from the Philippines were cited. Bramley did not report it for the Philippines in her Flora Malesiana revision (Bramley 2019).

Cantinoa Harley & J.F.B.Pastore (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 November 2020
  1. Cantinoa americana (Aubl.) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore, Phytotaxa 58 (2012) 9; ≡ Nepeta americana Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane (1775) 623; Type: from Mexico. = Hyptis spicigera Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1789) 185; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 409; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 417; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 95; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 371. = Pycnanthemum elongatum Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 333; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 108 (K, neo; L, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Weed in open waste places, open fields, plantation forest and along rivers. Naturalized.

Clerodendrum L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 July 2026
  1. Clerodendrum apayaoense Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 343; Type: Vanoverbergh 17592 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, iso), Luzon: Apayao, Allokapan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CALAYAN, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Zambales. Notes: Forest. 50-200m to 700m (photos). Native.
  2. Clerodendrum brachyanthum Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 668; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 400; Type: Cuming 816 (B, KIEL syn, lost; OXF, lecto; BM, DBN, K, L, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Chiefly in secondary forests, often common. 400-2000m. Mangha. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Clerodendrum infortunatum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 637; Type: from Sri Lanka. = Clerodendrum cordatum D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 103; Type: from Nepal. = ?Clerodendrum vanoverberghii Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 98; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 405; Type: BS 838 Vanoverbergh (PNH, holo, lost; A, G, L, LD, U, US, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Nov/Dec-1910. = Clerodendrum philippinense Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3223; Type: Elmer 22379 (PNH, holo, lost; A, B, BM, C, GH, HUH, K, L, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Pinatubo, Camp Stotsenburg. May-1927. Distribution: China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. LUZON: Kalinga, La Union, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
  4. Clerodendrum intermedium Cham., Linnaea 7 (1832) 105; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 402; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 402; Type: Chamisso s.n. (LE, holo), Luzon. = Volkameria casopanguil Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 356; Type: Quisumbing 651 (=Merrill Species Blancoanae 43) (US, neo; L, isoneo), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños. = Clerodendrum puberulum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 72; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 404; Type: E.B. Copeland 414 (K, NY, PNH lost, US, isosyn), Mindanao: Davao, Mar-1904; De Vore & Hoover 177 (PNH, lost, syn), Philippines. Distribution: Borneo, India, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. BASILAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, PANGULASIAN, POLILLO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Thickets, secondary forests, and open damp places, often common. 0-950m (photos). Kasupangil. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. (Sweet), 1st Ed. (1826) 822; ≡ Volkameria japonica Thunb., Syst. Veg., 14th Ed. (1784) 578; Type: from Japan. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, Himalayas, India, Japan, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Tibet. BALABAC, BASILAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Quezon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Sultan Kudarat (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: 40-450m to 708-950m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. japonicum. = Clerodendrum squamatum Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 2 (1791) 74; Type: Sonnerat s.n. (C, holo; MPU, P-JU, P-LA), Philippines. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Laos, Nepal, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. Notes: 70-450(-900)m. Native.
    • var. bethuneanum (H.Low) Wearn & Mabb., Syst. Bot. 36 (2011) 1054; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 21; ≡ Clerodendrum bethuneanum H.Low, Sarawak (1848) 378; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 400; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, BASILAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, MASBATE, MINDANAO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland thickets, clearings and secondary forests. 40-450(-800)m. Native.
  6. Clerodendrum kelli R.Bustam., A.B.Tobias & Ples, Gard. Bull. Singapore 77 (2025) 227; Type: PCWFR7-032 (PNH, holo; PUH, iso), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed Forest Reserve, Mt Meddengen, 1200–1362m, 8-Aug-2023. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija. Notes: 1170–1362m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Ples et al. 2025). Native.
  7. Clerodendrum klemmei Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 514; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 402; Type: Elmer 8679 (PNH, holo, lost; A, K, L, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. = Clerodendrum luzoniense Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 436; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 403; Type: BS 33784 Ramos & Edaño (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Paracale, Nov/Dec-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon (photos), Rizal, PALAUI, SEMIRARA. Notes: 350-650m. Luag. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Clerodendrum lanuginosum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 810; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 402; Type: from Moluccas. = Clerodendrum cumingianum Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 666; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 401; Type: Cuming 1760 (B, KIEL, syn, lost; OXF, lecto; BM, K, TCD, isolecto), Cebu. = Clerodendrum wenzelii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 385; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 405; Type: Wenzel 627 (PNH, holo, lost; A, US, iso), Leyte, Jaro, Mar-1914. = Clerodendrum macrocalyx H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 293; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 403; Type: Elmer 11338 (PNH, holo, lost; A, K, L, NY, U US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Aug-1909. = Clerodendrum lanuginosum var. adpressipilum Moldenke, Phytologia 4 (1952) 49; Type: Elmer 13559 (PNH, holo, lost; BO, NY, US, W, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines. BASILAN, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte (photos), Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI (photos). Notes: Thickets and secondary forests. 80m (photos) to 300-1550m. Tanogo. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Clerodendrum macrostegium Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 666; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 403; Type: Cuming 1541 (B, KIEL, syn, lost; K, lecto, BM, K, L, NY, OXF, isolecto), Luzon: Batangas. = Volkameria grandiflora Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 512; Type: Unknown (PNH, holo, lost), Philippines. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental, MINDORO, PANAY, ROMBLON, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Secondary forests and thickets. (100-)500-650(-800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 25 (1863) 409; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 402; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 403; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; Type: from Sulawesi. = Clerodendrum mabesae Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 302; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 403; Type: FB 26796 Mabesa (US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, forests back of Paete, on moist shaded slopes, c. 370m, 27-Mar-1917. = Clerodendrum minahassae var. grandicalyx Moldenke, Phytologia 23 (1972) 315; Type: Wenzel 261 (US, holo), Leyte. = Clerodendrum blancoi Náves ex Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 161; Type: Unknown (PNH, holo, lost), Philippines. ≠ Clerodendrum fortunatum auct. non L.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 508. Distribution: ?Java, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. AMBIL, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BONGAO, BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN, CEBU (photos), HUNDRED ISLS (photos), ITBAYAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur (photos), Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Widespread throughout the archipelago, in most islands and provinces. 0-650m. Bagawak na puti. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Clerodendrum mindorense Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 342; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 404; Ples et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 77 (2025) 231; ≡ Clerodendrum simile Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 64, nom. illeg., non H.Pearson; Type: Merrill 1192 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; K, L, US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Baco, Jan-1903. = ?Clerodendrum elliptifolium Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 341; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 401; Type: BS 14463 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost), Camiguin: Panatayum, in thickets, 20-Mar-1912. = Clerodendrum pubifolium Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 197; Type: BS 49416 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, ?lost; BM, NY, UC, iso), Mindanao: Davao Oriental, Mt Mayo, along streams in secondary forests, c. 700m, 21-Apr-1927. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Ifugao, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Misamis, Misamis Occidental, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY (photos), SEMIRARA. Notes: 980m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  12. Clerodendrum multibracteatum Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 98; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 404; Type: BS 777 Vanoverbergh (PNH, holo, lost; A, K, L, US, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Jul/Aug-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Zambales (photos), MINDORO. Notes: Mossy forests. 1550-2000m. Kayiw. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  13. Clerodendrum myrmecophilum Ridl., J. Bot. 33 (1895) 42; Type: from Singapore. = Clerodendrum flavum Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 424; Type: BS 43899 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost; UC, iso), Jolo: Mt Daho (Bud Dajo), in forests along small streams near the summit, c. 700m, Sep-1924. Distribution: Borneo, ?Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. JOLO, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: 0-450m. Native.
  14. Clerodendrum preslii Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 515; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 404; Type: Elmer 10223 (PNH, holo, lost; A, BISH, BM, K, L, NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, Mar-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ?CEBU (photos), NEGROS, ?PANAY (photos). Notes: Mossy forests. 1400m. Sunkol. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  15. Clerodendrum pygmaeum Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 265; Paguntalan et al., Project Tawsi: Sulu Hornbill Project (2020) 41; Olimpos & Ples, Gard. Bull. Singapore 75 (2023) 123; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 3-750m. Native.
  16. Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 63; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 404; ≡ Ligustrum quadriloculare Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 10; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 434 (US, neo; K, L, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Jan-1914. = Clerodendrum navesianum S.Vidal, Cat. Met. Pl. Leños (1880) 398; Type: Vidal 490 (PNH, holo, lost; K, MA, iso), Luzon: Manila, San Mateo. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Cavite (photos), Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon (photos), Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SIARGAO, TICAO. Notes: Primary forests. 120-350m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  17. Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb., Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal., 2nd Ser. 3 (1780) 201; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 405; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 419; Type: from Japan. = Clerodendrum trichotomum var. esculentum Makino, J. Jap. Bot. 1 (1917) 29; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 47. ≠ Clerodendrum trichotomum auct. non Thunb.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 405. Distribution: China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela. Notes: Low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  18. Clerodendrum villosum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 811; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 405; Kochummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 304; Type: from Java. = Clerodendrum curranii Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1846; Type: Elmer 12860 (PNH, holo, lost; A, BM, GH, L, NY, U, US, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), in good well-drained soil at 500ft, among light woods of the cogon formation, Mar-1911. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, BANCALAN, BASILAN, CULION, LUZON: Rizal, MARINDUQUE, PALAWAN. Notes: Thickets and old clearings. 20-400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  19. Clerodendrum williamsii Elmer, LPB 2 (1910) 684; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 406; Type: Elmer 11149 (PNH, holo, lost; A, BM, GH, K, L, NY, U, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Jun-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, JOLO, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur (photos), Misamis Occidental (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos). Notes: Forest. 78-240m (photos) to 530m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Clerodendrum calamitosum L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 90; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 403; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 400; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Java, Sumatra. Notes: Chiefly in cultivation for ornamental purposes, occasional in waste places about towns (Merrill 1923). D.J.R. Ples (pers. comm., 24-Feb-22): observations of this species in the wild seem exceptions/escapees rather than suggesting that this species is truly naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb., Pl.-Book (corr. repr. 1989) (1989) 707; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 416; ≡ Cryptanthus chinensis Osbeck, Dagb. Ostind. Resa (1757) 215; Type: from China. = Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 667; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 401; Type: Cuming 1096 (B, KIEL, syn, lost; GH, neo; K, OXF, isoneo), Philippines. = Clerodendrum fragrans (Vent.) R.Br., Hort. Kew., 2nd Ed. 4 (1812) 63, nom. illeg., non Willd.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 402; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 401. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Pampanga, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Native distribution unknown, widely cultivated and naturalized in Malesia. In and near towns (Merrill 1923). D.J.R. Ples (pers. comm., 24-Feb-22): observations of this species in the wild seem exceptions/escapees rather than suggesting that this species is truly naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  3. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 586; ≡ Siphonanthus indicus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 109. Distribution: India and China to Malesia. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  4. Clerodendrum paniculatum L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 90. Distribution: Tropical & Subtropical Asia. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  5. Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf., Edinburgh New Philos. J., N.S. 15 (1862) 233, as 'Clerodendron thomsonae'; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 402; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 405. Distribution: Africa. Notes: Widely cultivated in the Philippines for ornamental purposes but apparently not escaping. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Clinopodium L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 15 September 2019
  1. Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) K.Koch, Linnaea 21 (1849) 673; ≡ Satureja umbrosa (M.Bieb.) Greuter & Burdet, Willdenowia 14 (1985) 306; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 361; ≡ Calamintha umbrosa (M.Bieb.) Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. (1831) 329; Merrill & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 123; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 410; ≡ Melissa umbrosa M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2 (1808) 63; Type: from Turkey. = Clinopodium javanicum (Blume) I.M.Turner, Phytotaxa 174 (2014) 242; ≡ Ziziphora javanica Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 822; Type: from Java. = Stachys rubisepala Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 338; Type: Elmer 8408 (PNH, holo, lost; GH, K, L, NY, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio. Distribution: Afghanistan, China, Continental Asia, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: 1200-3200m. Native.

Coleus Lour.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 June 2026
  1. Coleus apoensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2694; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 418; ≡ Plectranthus apoensis (Elmer) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 24 (1969) 147; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 387; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 291; Type: Elmer 11601 (PNH, holo, ?lost; G, GH, K, L, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, Sep-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Open ridge thickets on fertile soil, in association with grasses. Known only from the type collection. 1000m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  2. Coleus galeatus (Vahl) Benth., Labiat. Gen. Spec. (1832) 56; ≡ Plectranthus galeatus Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 1 (1790) 43; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 292; Type: from Java. = Coleus sparsiflorus Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2699; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 420; ≡ Plectranthus sparsiflorus (Elmer) H.Keng, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 8 (1978) 391; Type: Elmer 11646 (PNH, holo, lost; BM, G, K, L, MO, Z, iso), Mindanao: Mt Apo, Sep-1912. ≠ Coleus scutellarioides auct. non (L.) Benth.; Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2697. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao, Misamis. Notes: Damp mossy forests. (450-)1000-2400m. Fl. Mar-Sep. Native.
  3. Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2 (1830) 16; ≡ Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 506; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 389; ≡ Ocimum scutellarioides L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1763) 833. = Coleus atropurpureus Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2 (1830) 16; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 418; Type: from Singapore. = Calchas acuminatus (Benth.) P.V.Heath, Calyx 5 (1996) 160; ≡ Coleus acuminatus Benth., Linnaea 6 (1831) 81; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 418; Type: Cuming 1683 (K, neo; BM, K, P, TCD, isoneo), Samar, 1841. = Coleus multiflorus Benth., Labiat. Gen. Spec. (1832) 55; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 419; Type: Perrottet s.n. (P, holo), Manila. = Coleus blumei Benth., Labiat. Gen. Spec. (1832) 56; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 410; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 419; Type: from Indonesia (lecto). = Coleus pumilus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 482; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 410; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 420; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 190 (K, neo), Luzon: Rizal, Pasig, Barrio of Pineda, Oct-1914. = Coleus grandifolius Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 482, nom. illeg., non Benth.; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 786 (US, neo), Luzon: Manila. = Coleus igolotorum Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 2 (1898) 236; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 419; Type: Callery 48 (G-DEL, holo; P, iso), Luzon: dans le pays de Igolotes. = Coleus gaudichaudii Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 2 (1898) 237; Type: Gaudichaud s.n. (G-DEL, holo), Luzon: Manila, Dec-1836. = Coleus macranthus Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 234; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 382; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 419; ≡ Plectranthus merrillii H.Keng, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 8 (1978) 391; Type: Merrill 4502 (NY, US, isosyn); Merrill 4505 (US, isosyn); Merrill 4483 (US, isosyn), all from Luzon: Mountain Province, Mt Data. = Coleus macranthus var. crispipilus Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 234; ≡ Coleus crispipilus (Merr.) Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 382; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 419; Type: Merrill 4780 (PNH, holo, lost; BM, K, NY, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Suyoc to Panai, Nov-1905, 2200m. = Coleus pubescens Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 432; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 420; Type: E. Zenix BS 3892 (PNH, holo, lost; M, iso), Babuyan: 17-Jun-1907. = Coleus zschokkei Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 382; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 320; Type: Merrill 6529 (PNH, holo, lost; K, NY, P, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulag, May-1909. = Coleus integrifolius Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2696; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 419; Type: Elmer 13627 (PNH, holo, lost; A, BM, K, L, NY, P, iso), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta. = Coleus atropurpureus var. densiflorus Benth., Labiat. Gen. Spec. (1832) 54; Type: Chamisso s.n. (K, syn), Manila, 1830. ≠ Plectranthus monadelphus auct. non Roxb.; Llanos ex Fern.-Vill. & Náves in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 (1880) 104. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BABUYAN, BUSUANGA (photos), CULION, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Apayao (photos), Isabela (photos), Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija (photos), Pampanga (photos), Quezon (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), NEGROS (photos), PANAY (photos). Notes: 0-2900m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Coleus amboinicus Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 372; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 344; Fl. Manila (1912) 410; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 418; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 50; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 387; ≡ Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 2 (1825) 690; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 290. = Coleus suganda Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 483; Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1837) 337; Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 2 (1878) 259; Type: Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 129 (K, neo), Luzon: Cavite Proc, Maragondong, Jul-1914. Notes: Possibly native in India. Cultivated for its aromatic leaves (Merrill 1923). Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Coleus rotundifolius (Poir.) A.Chev. & Perrot, Vég. Utiles Afrique Trop. Franç. 1 (1905) 119; ≡ Plectranthus rotundifolius (Poir.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 2 (1825) 690; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 388; ≡ Germanea rotundifolia Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1788) 763; Type: from Mauritius. Distribution: Continental Asia. Notes: Only cultivated in Malesia (Bramley 2019). Cultivated, not naturalized.

Congea Roxb. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 June 2021
  1. Congea velutina Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. (Wight) 4 (1850) t.1479/3. Distribution: India, Malay Peninsula to Java, Myanmar. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: An introduced ornamental in the Philippines. Naturalized in forest edges. Naturalized.

Cymaria Benth.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 15 September 2019
  1. Cymaria dichotoma Benth., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 15 (1830) t.1292; Wall., Cat. (1829) no. 2080, nom. inval., nom. nud.; in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 1 (1830) 64; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 315; Type: from Myanmar. = Cymaria acuminata Decne., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3 (1834) 399; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 408; Type: Cuming 446 (K, iso), Luzon. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. JOLO, LUZON: Batangas, Laguna, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Thickets and secondary forests. 0-500m. Native.

Gmelina L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 2 June 2025
  1. Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm., Cycl. 16 (1810) n.4; Hort. Bengal. (1814) 46; Fl. Ind. ed. 3 (1832) 84; De Kok, Kew Bull. 67 (2012) 297. Distribution: China, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Cagayan (photos), Rizal (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Elsewhere extensively planted throughout tropical SE Asia including the Philippines. Naturalized and invasive in the Philippines (Joshi 2006). Naturalized.
  2. Gmelina elliptica Sm., Cycl. 16 (1810) n.2; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 399; Kochummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 306; De Kok, Kew Bull. 67 (2012) 306; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BASILAN, BOHOL, CEBU, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LUZON: Abra, Ilocos Norte, Quezon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato (photos), Surigao, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Lowland thickets and secondary forests, common. 0-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Gmelina palawensis H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 224; De Kok, Kew Bull. 67 (2012) 315; Type: from Palau. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. dinagatensis Moldenke, Phytologia 2 (1951) 418; Type: Ahern 461Q (BO, holo; BO, NY, US, iso), Dinagat, 1902. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT. Notes: Perhaps better placed under Faradaya. Native.
  4. Gmelina philippensis Cham., Linnaea 7 (1832) 109; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 406; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 399; Kochummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 306, as ‘philippinensis’; De Kok, Kew Bull. 67 (2012) 318, as 'philippinensis'; Type: Roman-Zoffiana s.n. (LE, holo), Manila. = Gmelina asiatica Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 492, nom. illeg., non L. = Gmelina inermis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 493. = Gmelina philippensis forma transitoria Moldenke, Phytologia 18 (1969) 210; Type: PNH 11741 M.D. Sulit (US, holo; L, iso), Guimaras, Feb/Mar-1950. Distribution: Cambodia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO, PANAY. Notes: Thickets and secondary forests. 60-490m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Gomphostemma Wall. ex Benth.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 July 2026
  1. Gomphostemma javanicum (Blume) Benth., Labiat. Gen. Spec. (1835) 650; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 86; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 322; Bongcheewin et al. (2022) Kew Bull. 76; ≡ Prasium javanicum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 840; Type: from Java. = Gomphostemma philippinarum Benth., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 12 (1848) 551; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 409; Type: Cuming 840 (K, lecto; BM, C, DC, E, G, K, P, isolecto), Bohol. = Gomphostemma cinereum Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3086; Type: Elmer 17836 (K, lecto; BM, L, NY, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños, Mt Maquiling, Jun/Jul-1917. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Davao Oriental (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental (photos), South Cotabato, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 100-2400m. Native.

Holmskioldia Retz. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 November 2020
  1. Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 6 (1791) 31. Distribution: India, Myanmar, Nepal. CEBU, LUZON: Benguet, Camarines Sur, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS (photos). Notes: Widely cultivated, not native to the Philippines. Naturalized. In secondary forest, plantation forest, thickets and open field. Naturalized.

Hyptis Jacq. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 March 2025
  1. Hyptis brevipes Poit., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 7 (1806) 465; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 122; Fl. Manila (1912) 409; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 416; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 90; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 369; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 21; Type: from Colombia. = Thymus biserratus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 478; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 478 (K, neo), Luzon: Batangas, Aug-1914. = Pycnanthemum subulatum Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 333; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 478 (K, neo), Luzon: Batangas, Aug-1914. = Hyptis brevipes var. serrata Briq., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 2 (1898) 227; Type: Cuming 1113 (G-DC, syn; K, TCD, isosyn), Luzon; Gaudichaud 175 (G-DEL, syn), Luzon: Manilla. Distribution: C America. BALABAC, LUZON: Isabela (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Weed in open areas, fallow rice paddies (Merrill 1923), secondary forest and open fields. P.B. Pelser (6-May-2022): Pycnanthemum subulatum Blanco has the same neotype as Thymus biserratus in Suddee et al. 2004. Naturalized.
  2. Hyptis capitata Jacq., Collectanea (Jacquin) 1 (1786) 102; Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 409; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 416; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 369; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 21. = Pycnanthemum decurrens Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 333; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 472 (K, neo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Oct-1914. ≠ Hyptis lanceolata auct. non Poir.; Briq., Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 2 (1898) 225; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 416, quoad Cuming 591. ≠ Thymus virginicus auct. non L.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 478. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Cagayan (photos), Isabela (photos), Laguna (photos), Quezon (photos), MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Weed in settled areas, open waste places, fallow rice paddies (Merrill 1923), secondary forest and open fields. 400-475m (photos). Naturalized.

Isodon (Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 September 2019
  1. Isodon coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kudô, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 2 (1929) 131; ≡ Plectranthus coetsa Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 117; Type: from Nepal. = Plectranthus javanicus (Blume) Benth., Labiat. Gen. Spec. (1832) 45; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 142; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 386; ≡ Elsholtzia javanica Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 825; Type: from Java (lecto). = Plectranthus diffusus Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 235; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 382; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 418; Type: Merrill 4554 (PNH, holo, lost; K, NY, iso), Luzon: Mountain, Mt Data. = Moschosma philippinense Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3809, nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: (850-)1000-2400m. Native.

Leonotis (Pers.) R.Br. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 26 June 2025
  1. Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br., Hort. Kew., 2nd Ed. 3 (1811) 409; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 224; ≡ Phlomis nepetifolia L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 586. Distribution: Africa. MINDANAO: South Cotabato. Notes: Naturalized along road sides. 500m (photos). Naturalized.

Leonurus L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 September 2019
  1. Leonurus japonicus Houtt., Nat. Hist. (Houttuyn) 2(9) (1778) 366; Christm. Pflanzensyst. 7 (1781) 501; Merr., Journ. Arn. Arb. 19 (1938) 363. ≠ Leonurus sibiricus auct. non L.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 412; EPFP 3 (1923) 412; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 98; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 336. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BATAN, LUZON: Cavite, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: 1-2000m. Native.

Leucas R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 2 August 2026
  1. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2 (1822) 113; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 410; Keng, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 8 (1978) 337; ≡ Phlomis aspera Willd., Enum. Pl. (Willdenow) (1809) 621. Distribution: India, Indian Ocean, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. BATAN, LUZON: La Union, Laguna (photos), NCR, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: 0-500m. Native.
  2. Leucas chinensis (Retz.) Sm., Cycl. 20 (1812) n.8; ≡ Phlomis chinensis Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 2 (1781) 19. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Philippines. Native.
    • var. batanensis T.Yamaz., Fl. Jap. (Iwatsuki et al.) 3a (1993) 298. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Native.
  3. Leucas decemdentata (Willd.) Sm., Cycl. 20 (1812) n.6; Keng, Fl.Males. ser. 1, 9 (1982) 567; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 21; ≡ Phlomis decemdentata Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 3 (1800) 124. = Leucas flaccida R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 505; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 340; Type: from Australia. = Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1 (1830) 62; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 381; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 411. = Leucas javanica Benth., Labiat. Gen. Spec. (1834) 611; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 412; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 410; Type: from Java. Distribution: Australia, China, Indochina, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand. AMBIL, BATAN, BOHOL, BORACAY (photos), CALAYAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, CORON, GOLO, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, PUJADA, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-3000m. Native.
  4. Leucas lanata Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1 (1830) 61; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 230. Distribution: China, Indochina, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Abra, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur. Native.
  5. Leucas lavandulifolia Sm., Cycl. 20 (1812) n.2; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 411; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 338; Type: from India. = Leucas linifolia (Roth) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 2 (1825) 743; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 338; Type: from India. ≠ Phlomis zeylanica auct. non L.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 475, as 'ceilanica'; Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 331; Fl. Filip., ed. 3 (1878) 248. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
  6. Leucas zeylanica (L.) W.T.Aiton, Hort. Kew., 2nd Ed. 3 (1811) 409; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 411; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 101; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 337; ≡ Phlomis zeylanica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 586. Distribution: LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Norte, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, PANAY, SEMIRARA, SIASI. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
    • var. zeylanica. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Leucas leucocephala Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 (1859) 981; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 233. Distribution: Malesia, ?Philippines, S & SE Asia.

Mentha L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 September 2019
  1. Mentha canadensis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 577; Type: from Canada. = Mentha arvensis var. javanica (Blume) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4 (1885) 648; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 411; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 413; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 111; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 343; ≡ Mentha javanica Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 826; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 413; Type: from Java. ≠ Mentha cordifolia auct. non Opiz ex Fresen.; Cantoria, PJS 97 (1968) 281; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 344. Distribution: Asia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, N America, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: 150-1200m. Native.

Mesosphaerum P.Browne (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 November 2023
  1. Mesosphaerum pectinatum (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 525; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 241; ≡ Nepeta pectinata L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 1096; Type: from Jamaica (lecto). Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Pampanga (photos). Notes: 0-700m. Naturalized.
  2. Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 525; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; ≡ Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 7 (1806) 472; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 409; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 417; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 98; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 372; ≡ Ballota suaveolens L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 1100; Type: from Jamaica (lecto). ≠ Marrubium indicum auct. non Burm.f.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 477; Fl. Filip., ed 2 (1845) 352; Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 2 (1878) 250. Distribution: Neotropics. DUMARAN, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Cagayan (photos), Ilocos Norte, MINDORO (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Naturalized in open waste places, open grassland, secondary forest, beach forest, and mangrove vegetation. 0-1300m. Naturalized.

Mosla Buch.-Ham. ex (Benth.) Maxim.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 September 2019
  1. Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, 3rd Sér. 10 (1866) 457; ≡ Lycopus diantherus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 144. = Mosla formosana Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, 3rd Sér. 20 (1875) 459; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 414; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 122; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 348. Distribution: India, Japan, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: 1000-1880m. Native.

Ocimum L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 September 2019
  1. Ocimum × africanum Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 370. ≠ Ocimum americanum auct. non L.; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 125; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 376. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: Hybrid between Ocimum americanum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. Naturalized.
  2. Ocimum basilicum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 833; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 433; Fl. Manila (1912) 407; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 421; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 127; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 377. = Ocimum citrodorum Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 591; Fl. Filip., ed. 3 (1878) 256; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 251. ≠ Ocimum americanum auct. non L.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 480; Fl. Filip., ed 2 (1845) 335; Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 2 (1878) 254. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, CEBU, CULION, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, NCR, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-450m. Native.
  3. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 597; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 378. = Ocimum sanctum L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 85; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 408; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 422; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 130. = Ocimum flexuosum Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 481; Fl. Filip., ed 2 (1845) 335; Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 2 (1878) 255. ≠ Ocimum album auct. non L.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 479. ≠ Ocimum virgatum auct. non Thunb.; Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed 2 (1845) 334; Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 2 (1878) 253. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAUI (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-600m. Native.

Orthosiphon Benth.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 November 2024
  1. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 (1858) 943; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 422; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 132; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 380; ≡ Ocimum aristatum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 833; Type: from Java (lecto). = Orthosiphon stamineus var. angustifolia Benth., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 12 (1848) 53; Type: Cuming 734 (K, syn). Distribution: Philippines, Tropical & Subtropical Asia to Australia. BILIRAN, CORON, LUZON: Albay, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (photos), PANAY (photos). Notes: 0-1000m. Native.

Paraphlomis Prain

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 16 January 2026
  1. Paraphlomis aristata Tandang, Calaramo, & Bucay, Phytotaxa 737 (2026) 79; Type: Obeña, Tandang, Grutas, and Calaramo 25-007 (PNH, holo; HAST, HNUL, PNH, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Kalbaryo Patapat Natural Park, 158m, 29-Apr-25. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: 158m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Tandang et al. 2026). Native.
  2. Paraphlomis javanica (Blume) Prain, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 9(1) (1901) 60; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Jav. 2 (1965) 619; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 136; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 350; ≡ Leonurus javanicus Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 83; Type: from Java. = Gomphostemma rugosum (Benth.) Prain, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3 (1891) 262; J. As. Soc. Beng. 74, 2 (1907) 721; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 412; ≡ Phlomis rugosa Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1 (1830) 63. = Gomphostemma luzonense Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 339; Type: Elmer 7433 (K, L, Z, iso), Luzon: Tayabas, Lucban. Distribution: Borneo, China, Himalayas, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LEYTE, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: 600-1800m. Native.

Petraeovitex Oliver

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 1 September 2019
  1. Petraeovitex trifoliata Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 425; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 406; Type: BS 708 Foxworthy (PNH, holo, lost; US, iso), Palawan, Mar/Apr-1906. = Petraeovitex ternata Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 37 (1918) 85; Type: Hallier 4722 (L, lecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, San Ramon. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forests, ascending to 900m. Native.

Platostoma P.Beauv.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 August 2019
  1. Platostoma clausum (Merr.) A.J.Paton, Kew Bull. 52 (1997) 285; ≡ Nosema clausa (Merr.) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 24 (1969) 123; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 375; ≡ Mesona clausa Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 345; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 420; Type: Merrill 460 (PNH, holo, lost; GH, K, NY, iso), Culion. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CULION, PALAWAN. Notes: Open damp places at low elevation. Fl. Oct, Dec. Native.
  2. Platostoma hispidum (L.) A.J.Paton, Kew Bull. 52 (1997) 273; ≡ Gomphrena hispida L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 326. = Acrocephalus indicus (Burm.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 511; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 101; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 421; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 26; ≡ Prunella indica Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 130; Type: from India. = Acrocephalus indicus var. spicatus (C.B.Rob.) H.Keng; Gard. Bull. Singapore 24 (1969) 27; ≡ Acrocephalus spicatus C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 356; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 421; Type: Williams 2954 (A, K, NY, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Santa Cruz. Distribution: China, India, Indochina, Malesia, Philippines, Thailand. BOHOL, LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela (photos), Rizal, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: 800-1250m. Native.
  3. Platostoma palustre (Blume) A.J.Paton, Kew Bull. 52 (1997) 281; ≡ Mesona palustris Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 839; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 114; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 373; Type: from Java. = Mesona philippinensis Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 101; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 420; Type: Merrill 4500 (BM, K, iso), Luzon: Mt Data, Nov-1905. Distribution: India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: 75-2300m. Native.

Pogostemon Desf.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 June 2026
  1. Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10 (1843) 127, as 'Pogonostemon'; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 180; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 356; ≡ Dysophylla auricularia (L.) Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 826; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 415; ≡ Mentha auricularia L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 81. Distribution: India to China and Malesia, Philippines. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CULION, LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland to 2000m. Native.
  2. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 12 (1848) 146; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 411; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 414; ≡ Mentha cablin Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 473; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 112 (US, neo; BM, K, L, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo. = Pogostemon nepetoides Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1908 (1908) 116; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 347; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 415; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 305; Type: Micholitz s.n. (K, holo), Philippines. = Pogostemon nepetoides var. glandulosus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 347; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 305; Type: BS 13406 Ramos (L, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, San Isidro. = Mentha auricularia Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 329, nom. illeg., non L.; Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 329; Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 2 (1878) 245. Distribution: India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LEYTE, LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: 0-1900m. Native.
  3. Pogostemon heyneanus Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2 (1830) 16; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 414; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 152; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 353; Type: from India. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Possibly not native in Malesia. Also cultivated. In thickets, coconut groves, old clearings, along streams in forests (Merrill 1923). 100-200m (photos) to 1800m. Cryptogenic.
  4. Pogostemon menthoides Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 825; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 156; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 355; Type: from Java (lecto). Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: 1000-2200m. Native.
  5. Pogostemon philippinensis S.Moore, J. Bot. 43 (1905) 146; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 381; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 415; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 156; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 156; Type: Vidal 3421 (K, lecto; A, isolecto), Panay: Iloilo. = Pogostemon membranaceus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 347; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 414; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 308; Type: BS 16419 Ramos (BM, holo; K, L, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Capuan. = Pogostemon elatispicatus Bhatti & Ingr., Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 27 (1997) 102; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 308; Type: Edaño 18046 (BM, holo; L, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Mt Darna, Feb/Mar-1953. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: Damp ravines, alluvial forests, thickets, also in the mossy forest. 0-2400m. Fl. Aug-Mar. Native.
  6. Pogostemon reticulatus Merr., PJS 8c (1912) 348; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 415; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 155; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 355; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 310; Type: FB 3395 Ahern's collector (BM, K, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets and forests. Native.
  7. Pogostemon velatus Benth., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 12 (1848) 155; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 415; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 159; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 355; Type: Cuming 1097 (BM, K, L, iso), Luzon: Albay. = Pogostemon williamsii Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3197; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 311; Type: Elmer 22225 (BM, BO, GH, K, iso). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Zambales, PANAY. Notes: 1200-2400m. Native.
  8. Pogostemon verticillatus (Benth.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 (1859) 965; ≡ Mentha verticillata (Benth.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 5, nom. illeg., non L.; ≡ Dysophylla verticillata Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1 (1830) 30; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 416; Type: Wallich 1543 (K, syn); Wallich 1544 (BM, K-W, syn). = ?Pogostemon quadrifolius (Benth.) F.Muell., Fragm. (Mueller) 5 (1866) 200; ≡ Dysophylla quadrifolia Benth., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1 (1830) 30; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 415. = ?Pogostemon stellatus var. roxburghianus (H.Keng) H.Keng, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 8 (1978) 352; ≡ Dysophylla stellata var. roxburghiana H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 24 (1969) 72. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Japan, Malesia, Philippines, SE Asia. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Davao, PANAY. Native.

Incertae sedis

  1. Pogostemon stellatus (Lour.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 529, as 'stellatum'; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 352; ≡ Mentha stellata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 361; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 314. Native.

Premna L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 July 2026
  1. Premna herbacea Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 485; Hort. Beng. (1814) 46, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 390. = Pygmaeopremna humilis Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 225; Type: BS 7841 Ramos (K, US, syn), Luzon: Cagayan, 2-Apr-1909; BS 8124 Ramos (BM, K, NY, US, syn), Luzon: Isabela, Ilagan, 29-Apr-1909. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Open grasslands. 25-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (De Kok 2013). Native.
  2. Premna oblongata Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 (1858) 893; Type: from Java (neo). = Premna membranacea Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 65; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 391; Type: FB 1165 Ahern’s collector (NY, US, syn), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, Jun-1904; FB 3102 Ahern’s collector (K, NY, syn), same locality, Jun-1905. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Surigao, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 240-1600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Premna odorata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 488; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 405; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 392; Type: Tadena PNH 9602 (BRI, neo; BM, isoneo), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling, 28-Feb-1949. = Premna vestita Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 631; Type: Cuming 599 (B, holo; BM, K, iso), Philippines. = Premna subscandens Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 230; Fl. Manila (1912) 405; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 393; Type: FB 449 Ahern’s collector (BM, K, NY, US, syn), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Apr-1904; FB 443 Ahern’s collector (BM, K, NY, US, syn), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Apr-1904; FB 1095 W.W. Clarke (K, NY, US, syn), Ticao, May-1904; Merrill 1874 (K, NY, US, syn), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, Apr-1903. = Premna depauperata Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 231; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 390; Type: Merrill 603 (PNH, holo; K, L, NY, US, iso), Culion: 30-Dec-1902. = Premna curranii H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 116; Type: Curran 19022 (L, holo), Luzon: Manila, May-1909. = Premna oblongata var. puberula H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 127; Type: Elmer 9388 (L, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Lucban, Tayabas, May-1907. = Premna depauperata var. serrulata Moldenke, Phytologia 5 (1954) 14; Type: BS 41360 Lopez (PNH, holo, lost; BO, NY, iso), Culion: Oct-1922. = Premna subscandens var. minutiflora Moldenke, Phytologia 5 (1954) 20; Type: FB 443 Ahern’s collector (NY, holo; BM, BO, K, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Apr-1904. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, CALAMIANES, CULION, DANJUGAN, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MANTIGUE, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, TICAO. Notes: Throughout the archipelago in most islands and provinces. Common in lowland thickets and secondary forests. 25-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Premna pubescens Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 816; Type: from Java. = Premna subscandens var. glabrescens Moldenke, Phytologia 8 (1962) 163; Type: UC 310092 Ramos & Edaño s.n. (UC, holo), Luzon: Isabela, San Mariano, Feb/Mar-1926. Distribution: Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Isabela, Rizal (photos), SICOGON (photos). Notes: 0-5m (photos) to 25-750m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Premna regularis H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 131; Type: from New Guinea (lecto). = Premna serratifolia Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 342, nom. illeg., non L. = Premna subrotundifolia Elmer ex H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 36; Type: Elmer 16711 (BO, holo; BM, K, L, NY, U, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Jul-1916. = Premna membranacea var. cordata Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 391; Type: BS 34861 Ramos & Pascasio (PNH, holo, lost; K, US, iso), Siargao, Jun-1919. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. BANCALAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, PAMALICAN, SIARGAO. Notes: Lowland forests, epiphytic climber or small tree. 100–760(−1394)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Premna serratifolia L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 253; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 423; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 21; Type: from India. = Premna obtusifolia R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 512; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 392; Type: from Australia. = Premna nauseosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 489; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 405; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 391; ≡ Premna integrifolia Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 342, nom. illeg., nom. superfl. = Premna congesta Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 232; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 390; Type: FB 3281 Ahern’s collector (PNH, holo, lost; K, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, 6-Aug-1905. = Premna subglabra Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 234; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 393; Type: Merrill 2243 (NY, K, isosyn), Mindoro: Polo, May-1903; Merrill 2165 (PNH, US, isosyn), Mindoro: Pinamalayan, May-1903; Whitford 670 (syn), Luzon: Tayabas, Atimonan, 19-Aug-1904; Whitford 671 (K, isosyn), Luzon: Tayabas, Atimonan, 19-Aug-1904. = Premna benguetensis C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 215; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 390; Type: R.S. Williams 1086 (K, NY, PNH lost, US, syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, 10-Jun-1904; Williams 1207 (K, NY, PNH lost, syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, 21-Jun-1904. = Premna membranifolia Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 388; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 391; Type: Wenzel 114 (PNH, holo; BM, GH, US, iso), Leyte, Jaro, 8-Jun-1913. = Premna leytensis Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 302; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 391; Type: Wenzel 1364 (PNH, holo; A, BM, GH, iso), Leyte: Leyte Prov Tigbao, near Tacloban, 14-Jun-1914. = Premna integrifolia ssp. dentatolabium H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 144; Type: Elmer 11115 (K, lecto; BM, L, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), Jul-1909. = Premna atra Merr., Phytologia 2 (1941) 5; Type: BS 41873 Ramos (A, holo; BM, K, L, P, SING, US, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Mt Irig (Irid), Feb-1923. = Premna dallachyana Benth., Fl. Austral. 5 (1870) 59; Munir, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 7 (1984) 24. ≠ Premna integrifolia auct. non L.; Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 121; PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 431; Fl. Manila (1912) 405. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BANCALAN, CEBU (photos), HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Isabela (photos), Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Surigao del Sur (photos), NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Coastal thickets, scarcely occurring inland. 0-350(−700)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Premna tomentosa Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 3 (1800) 314; Type: from India. = Premna adenosticta Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 630; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 389; Type: Cuming 1230 (B, holo; K, L, P, iso), Luzon; Albay. = Premna cumingiana Schauer, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 11 (1847) 634; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 390; Type: Cuming 778 (K, L, MO, P, isosyn), Luzon: Tayabas, 1841; Cuming 1280 (A, BM, K, L, MO, P, isosyn), Luzon: Cagayan (P.B. Pelser 12-Apr-14: Albay, 1841 according to De Kok 2013). = Premna stellata Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 203; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 393; Type: BS 24262 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; K, US, iso), Samar: Catubig River, 7-Feb-1916. = Premna cumingiana forma glabrescens Moldenke, Phytologia 5 (1954) 14; Type: Miranda s.n. (BO 22106, holo), Basilan, Sep-1912. = Premna cumingiana forma dentata Moldenke, Phytologia 5 (1954) 14; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 681 (BO, holo; K, L, NY, P, US, iso), Luzon: Bulacan, Angat, Dec-1914. = Premna cumingiana forma cordata Moldenke, Phytologia 8 (1962) 162; Type: BS 15630 M.S. Clemens (PNH, holo, lost; NY, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Jun-1924. Distribution: Australia, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka to China, Sumatra. BASILAN, BATAN, CORON, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora (photos), Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela (photos), Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Lowland and medium elevation secondary forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Premna trichostoma Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 (1858) 892; Type: from Java. = Premna oblongifolia Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 48; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 392; Type: Elmer 5990 (BO, K, NY, P, US, isosyn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1904; Whitford 816 (syn), Luzon: Quezon, Infanta, Sep-1904. = Premna areolata Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 73; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 389; Type: BS 16179 Reillo (PNH, holo, lost; BM, K, L, US, iso), Basilan, 6-Sep-1912. = Premna williamsii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 74; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 393; Type: R.S. Williams 2330 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, Feb-1905. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, PANAY, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: In thickets on rocky slopes and in ravines among boulders. 0-2600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Salvia L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 April 2024
  1. Salvia coccinea Buc'hoz ex Etl., Comm. Bot.-Med. Salvia (1777) 23; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1 (1978) 359. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Ifugao (photos), Mountain Province (photos). Notes: Cultivated in the tropics and occasionally escaping from cultivation. Montane forest. Thickets, montane forest. Naturalized.
  2. Salvia misella Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 2 (1818) 290. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Bataan (photos), Quezon. Notes: Secondary forest. Naturalized.
  3. Salvia plebeia R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 501; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 413; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 162; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 358; Type: from Australia. ≠ Salvia violacea auct. non Ruiz & Pav.; Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 14; Fl. Filip., ed. 3 (1877) 27; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 343. Distribution: Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Korea, Middle East, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. CEBU, LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, Quezon. Notes: Low elevation to 1350m. Native.
  4. Salvia scapiformis Hance, J. Bot. 23 (1885) 368; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 413, as ‘scaphiformis’; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 161; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 357; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: China, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: On cliffs, mossy banks, boulders and in ravines along small streams. 400-1500m to 1550m (photos). Fl. Mar-Sep. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Salvia rosmarinus Spenn., Handb. Angew. Bot. 2 (1835) 447. = Rosmarinus officinalis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 23; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 407; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 409; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 393. Distribution: Europe. Notes: Cultivated in gardens for medicinal purposes. Rosemary. Cultivated only? Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Salvia splendens Sellow ex Nees, Reise Bras. (Wied-Neuwied) 2 (1821) 335. Distribution: S America. Notes: Only cultivated in the Philippines? Cultivated, not naturalized.

Scutellaria L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 May 2026
  1. Scutellaria indica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 600; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 409; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 167; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 325; Type: from India (lecto). = Scutellaria copelandii Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 349; Type: Weber 1512, Mindanao: Cotabato. Distribution: China, Hong Kong, Indochina, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Ilocos Norte, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: 0-2300m. Native.
  2. Scutellaria javanica Jungh., Java 1 (1853) 661; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 168; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 325; Type: from Java. Distribution: BASILAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province (photos), Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: 0-2850m. Native.
    • var. javanica. Distribution: Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDORO. Notes: 0-2300m. Native.
    • var. luzonica (Rolfe) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 24 (1969) 171; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 326; ≡ Scutellaria luzonica Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 315; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 410; Type: Lobb s.n. (K, holo)m Luzon. = Scutellaria marivelensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 516; Type: Elmer 6984, Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: (300-)1000-2300m. Native.
    • var. russeliifolia (Vatke) H.Keng, Gard. Bull. Singapore 24 (1969) 172; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 326; ≡ Scutellaria russeliifolia Vatke, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 30 (1872) 716.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 410; Type: Jagor s.n. (B, holo, lost), Philippines. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: 500-2350m. Native.
    • var. sumatrana (Miq.) Bock, Trop. Natuur 10 (1921) 37; Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 24 (1969) 171; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 326; ≡ Scutellaria sumatrana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 (1859) 974; Type: from Sumatra. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, MINDORO. Notes: 1000-2850m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Scutellaria cordifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) Benth., Bot. Mag. 73 (1847) t.4290; ≡ Perilomia cordifolia Schltdl. & Cham., Linnaea 6 (1831) 374. = Scutellaria splendens Link, Klotzsch & Otto, Icon. Pl. Rar. (Link et al) 1 (1841) 31; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 326. Notes: Not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.

Symphorema Roxb.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 October 2019
  1. Symphorema luzonicum (Blanco) Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 162; Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1904) 3; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 122; Fl. Manila (1912) 400; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 335; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 406; ≡ Litsea luzonica Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 284; Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 2 (1878) 162; Type: Non extant; Llanos 69 (A, neo), Philippines. = Symphorema luconense (Turcz.) S.Vidal, Sin. Gen. Pl. Leños Filip., Atlas (1883) 36; ≡ Sczegleewia luconensis Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36 (1863) 213, as 'luçonensis'; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 365; Type: Cuming 648 (E, iso), Luzon. = Symphorema glabrum Hassk., Flora 48 (1865) 402; Type: Cuming s.n. (L, holo; BM, iso), Philippines. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines. BALABAC, BUSUANGA, LAGEN, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANGULASIAN. Notes: Lowland secondary and primary forests. Native.

Tectona L.f.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 July 2024
  1. Tectona grandis L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 151; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 389. Distribution: India to Indochina. LUZON: Abra (photos), Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Lanao del Norte (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Teak. Naturalized.
  2. Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. (Bentham & Hooker f.) 2 (1876) 1152; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 389; ≡ Jatus philippinensis (Benth., & Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 508; Type: Cuming 1432 (K, L, M, MO, S, iso), Philippines. = Diospyros tectona Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 609, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 367. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ILIN, LUZON: Batangas, MINDORO (photos), NEGROS (photos). Notes: Lowland secondary forests and thickets. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.

Teijsmanniodendron Koorders

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 2 August 2026
  1. Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (Merr.) Bakh., J. Arnold Arbor. 16 (1935) 74; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; ≡ Vitex aherniana Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 6 (1904) 18; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 394; Type: Merrill 1007 (PNH, holo, lost; GH, K, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Aurora, Baler, Aug/Oct-1903. = Vitex curranii H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 207; Type: FB 17463 Curran (PNH, holo, lost; L, iso), Negros: Oct-1909. = Vitex bulusanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3798; Type: Elmer 17004 (PNH, holo, lost; BM, L, NY 2 sheets, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin, Aug-1916. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. APULIT, BABUYAN ISLS, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MANICANI, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur (photos), Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAUI, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forest. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Teijsmanniodendron bogoriense Koord., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 19 (1904) 20; Type: from Indonesia. = Teijsmanniodendron longifolium (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 398; ≡ Vitex longifolia Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 227; Type: FB 7574 Hutchinson (PNH, holo; K, US, iso), Mindanao: Surigao, May/Jun-1907. = Vitex merrillii H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 212; Type: BS 15906 Fenix (PNH, holo, lost; BM, K, L, NSW, iso), Mindanao: Butuan. Distribution: Borneo, ?Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Aurora, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Sur (photos). Notes: Forest. 0-750(-1200)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (Warb.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 1 (1951) 103; ≡ Vitex hollrungii Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18 (1893) 208; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 380; Type: from New Guinea. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. Notes: 0-50(-100)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Teijsmanniodendron holophyllum (Baker) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 1 (1951) 97; ≡ Vitex holophylla Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1896 (1896) 25; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam. TAWI-TAWI. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum (Miq.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 29; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 398; Kochummen, Tree Fl. Mal. 3 (1978) 309; ≡ Vitex pteropoda Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 567; Type: from Sumatra. = Teijsmanniodendron pteropodum forma cristatum Moldenke, Phytologia 44 (1979) 473; Type: from Borneo. = Vitex philippinensis Merr., Bull. Bur. Forest. Philipp. Islands 1 (1903) 52; Type: Ahern 387 (PNH, holo, lost; BO, US 2 sheets, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Malangas, Oct/Nov-1919. Distribution: Borneo, India, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sumatra. BILIRAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Davao, Davao Oriental (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga, SAMAR. Notes: 0-960m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Teijsmanniodendron unifoliolatum (Merr.) Moldenke, Phytologia 4 (1952) 58; ≡ Vitex unifoliolata Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 438; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 398; Type: BS 37048 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo; K, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Malangas, Oct/Nov-1919. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Forests along streams. 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Teucrium L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 October 2019
  1. Teucrium viscidum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 827; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 409; Keng, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 318; Type: from Java. = Teucrium philippinense Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 100; Type: FB Curran 4935 (syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio; Vanoverbergh 1374 (syn), Luzon: Bontoc, Bauko. Distribution: China, Hong Kong, India, Indochina, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: (550-)800-1700m. Native.

Thymus L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 November 2017

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Thymus vulgaris L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 591. Distribution: Europe. Notes: Stated to be cultivated in the Philippines and in Java. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Vitex L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 July 2026
  1. Vitex arvensis Gentallan, Sengun & M.B.Bartolome, PhytoKeys 248 (2024) 18; Type: Gentallan & Bartolome 743 (ICROPS, holo), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 8-Feb-2019. = Vitex leucoxylon Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 516, nom. illeg., non L.f.; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 332; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 420; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 440 (L, neo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo. = Vitex negundo var. philippinensis Moldenke, Phytologia 38 (1978) 308; Type: Elmer 8125 (PNH, holo, lost; K, NY, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños, Apr-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PANAY. Notes: 15-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Gentallan et al. 2024). Native.
  2. Vitex bicolor Willd., Enum. Pl. (Willdenow) (1809) 660; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 400; Sengun et al., Blumea 69 (2024) 102; Gentallan et al., PhytoKeys 248 (2024) 24; ≡ Vitex negundo var. bicolor (Willd.) H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 191; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 395; Type: from Germany (cult.). Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BASILAN, BORACAY (photos), GUIMARAS, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Quezon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Oriental, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIQUIJOR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout Malesia. 0-20(-300)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Sengun et al. 2024). Native.
  3. Vitex elmeri Moldenke, Phytologia 38 (1978) 307; Gentallan et al., PhytoKeys 248 (2024) 26; Type: Elmer 5611 (NY, holo), Luzon: La Union, Bauang, Feb-1904. ≠ Vitex negundo auct. non L.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 404; EPFP 3 (1923) 394. ≠ Vitex negundo var. incisa auct. non (Lam.) C.B.Clarke; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 395. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low to medium elevation, along roadsides, dry river flood plains, waste places, thickets and secondary forests. Fl. & fr. throughout the year. Cultivated outside of Luzon. 50-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Gentallan et al. 2024). Native.
  4. Vitex glabrata R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 512; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 394; Kochummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 310; de Kok, Kew Bull. 63 (2008) 22; Type: from Australia. = Vitex pentaphylla Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 320; Type: FB 9490 Whitford & Hutchinson (K, PNH lost, US, syn), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, Siocon River, Mar-1908; FB 11245 Hutchinson (PNH, US, syn), same locality, Mar-1908; R.S. Williams 2949 (PNH lost, NY, US, syn), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Sta Cruz, 16-Jun-1905. = Vitex nitida Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 343; Type: FB 19546 Klemme (PNH, holo, lost; K, iso), Mindanao: Misamis Occidental, Tangob, growing near the mountains, 7-May-1911. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, CULION, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Misamis, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests, seasonally flooded swamps, along rivers and streams, on sandy-clay. 0-750(-900)m. Fl. Aug-May, fr. Aug-Mar. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Vitex parviflora A.Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 7 (1806) 76; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 404; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 395; de Kok, Kew Bull. 63 (2008) 26; Type: in P-Herb. Jussieu (photo cited by de Kok), Philippines. = Vitex geniculata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 514; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 333. = Vitex latifolia Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 514; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 333. = Vitex altissima Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 516, nom. illeg., non L.f.; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 333. = Vitex glandulosa H.J.Lam, Verben. Malay. Archip. (1919) 199; Type: Mangubat 1361 (BO, holo, photo K; L, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Cavite, Mendez Nuñez, Aug-1906. = Vitex parviflora forma sterilis H.J.Lam ex Moldenke, Phytologia 6 (1957) 42; Type: BS 1218 R.C. McGregor (BO, holo; NY, iso), Bohol: May-1906. = Vitex parviflora var. puberulenta Moldenke, Phytologia 3 (1951) 489; Type: BS 1361 Mangubat (BO, holo; K, photo; L, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Cavite, Mendez Nuñez, Aug-1906. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Philippines. AMBIL, APULIT, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN, CAMOTES, CEBU, CORON, CUYO, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Misamis, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY, PONEAS, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIBUYAN, TICAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in most islands and provinces. Common in both secondary and primary forests, on clay loam or volcanic soils, over limestone or ultamafics at low elevation. 30-400(-800)m (photos). Fl. Apr-Dec; fr. all year round. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  6. Vitex pinnata L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 638; Kochummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 311; de Kok, Kew Bull. 63 (2008) 28; Type: from Sri Lanka. = Vitex pubescens L. ex Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 3 (1794) 85; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 396; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, CULION, DUMARAN, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LUZON: Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, PANGULASIAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Primary and secondary forests, pyrogenous parang vegetation. Fruits eaten by birds. Seeds do not germinate in shade. 0-300(-1700)m. Fl. Nov-May (Aug); fr. Nov-Aug. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Vitex quinata (Lour.) F.N.Williams, Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2nd Sér. 5 (1905) 431; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 396; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 426; de Kok, Kew Bull. 63 (2008) 30; ≡ Cornutia quinata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 387; Type: from China. Distribution: India to China and Taiwan, Japan, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Primary to secondary forests, sometimes on limestone. 10-470(-1000)m. Fl. May-Dec; fr. Jul-Apr. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Vitex rotundifolia L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 294; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 428; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 413; Sengun et al., Blumea 69 (2024) 113; Gentallan et al., PhytoKeys 248 (2024) 26; Type: from Japan. = Vitex trifolia var. ovata (Thunb.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17 (1903) 92, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 397; ≡ Vitex ovata Thunb., Syst. Veg., 14th Ed. (1784) 578; Type: from China. = Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia Cham., Linnaea 7 (1832) 107; Type: Chamisso s.n. (LE, holo, photo in K), Luzon: Cavite, Dec-1817 to Jan-1818. = Vitex repens Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 513; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 332; Type: Merrill 814 (K, neo), Luzon: Batangas. = Vitex trifolia ssp. litoralis Steenis, Blumea 8 (1957) 516; de Kok, Kew Bull. 63 (2008) 32; Type: from Lesser Sunda Isls. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, NCR, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDORO, PANAY, ROMBLON, SABTANG, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. On littoral sandy beach, common. 0-200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Sengun et al. 2024). Native.
  9. Vitex trifolia L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 638; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 404; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 397; Kochummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 311; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 428; de Kok, Kew Bull. 63 (2008) 32; Sengun et al., Blumea 69 (2024) 116; Gentallan et al., PhytoKeys 248 (2024) 32; Type: from India. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Misamis, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0–400(–1500)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Sengun et al. 2024). Native.
  10. Vitex turczaninowii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 77; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 397; Bramley et al. Taxon 58 (2009) 508; ≡ Viticipremna philippinensis (Turcz.) H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 47; ≡ Premna philippinensis Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36 (1863) 215; Type: Cuming 1294 (MEL, lecto; BM, K, NY, PNH, isolecto), Philippines: 1841. = Vitex cumingiana Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31 (1858) 416; Type: Cuming 1173 (MO), Luzon: Cagayan. = Vitex luzonica H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 3 (1921) 61; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 394; Type: Ahern 706Q (BO, holo; NY, iso), Luzon. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. BATANES, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, TICAO. Notes: Lowland forests. 100-200m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Volkameria L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 May 2025
  1. Volkameria inermis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 637; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988; ≡ Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1 (1788) 271; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 401; Kochummen, Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 304; Yang et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 4 (1998) 417; Type: from India. = Clerodendrum commersonii Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 2 (1825) 758; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 403. = Clerodendrum capsulare Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 509; Bramley, Fl. Males. ser 1, 23 (2019) 422; Type: Anonymus s.n. (PNH, holo, lost); Ramos s.n. (Merrill Species Blancoanae 813; US, neo), Luzon: Batangas, Santiago trail. = Ovieda ovalifolia A.Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 7 (1806) 76. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BORACAY (photos), CUYO, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Misamis, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALMAS, PANAY, POLILLO, ROMBLON (photos), SAMAR (photos), SIARGAO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Along seashore and tidal streams. 0-10m. Native.

References