Fagaceae

Castanea Mill. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Castanea mollissima Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1850) 286; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 24. Distribution: China, India, Korea. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Castanopsis (D.Don) Spach

1. Castanopsis evansii Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1778; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 7 (1968) 391; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 305. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forests to 2000m (Borneo), on brown, clayey loam soil. Native.
2. Castanopsis glabra Merr., PJS C 9 (1915) 354. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Native.
3. Castanopsis inermis (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3 (1880) 409; ≡ Castanea inermis Lindl. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2 (1830) 6. = Castanopsis sumatrana (Miq.) A.DC., J. Bot. 1 (1863) 182; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995); ≡ Callaeocarpus sumatrana Miq., Pl. Jungh. (1851) 14. Distribution: Java, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: Known from Puerto Princesa, Irawan River Valley (Soejarto et al. 6412, A, F, PNH). Native.
4. Castanopsis motleyana King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 2 (1889) 96; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 7 (1968) 396; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 314. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: Primary, rarely secondary forests or disturbed hilly country to 500m. Native.
5. Castanopsis philipensis (Blanco) S.Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 265; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 25, as ‘philippensis’; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 7 (1968) 399; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 316; ≡ Fagus philipensis Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 503. = Castanopsis javanica auct. non (Blume) A.DC.; sensu S.Vidal. = Castanopsis inermis auct. non (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 24. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bulacan, Camarines, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests, 400-1800m. Native.
6. Castanopsis psilophylla Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 7 (1968) 401; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 315. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Record in Palawan based on Ebalo 408. Lowland forest. Native.

Lithocarpus Blume

1. Lithocarpus apoensis (Elmer) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 123; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 217; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 354; ≡ Quercus apoensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 946; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 25. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Aurora, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Forests, 1000-1700m. Fl. Mar-Dec; fr. Apr-Sep. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Native.
2. Lithocarpus boholensis (Merr.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 10 (1929) 132; ≡ Quercus boholensis Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 476; Type: Ramos 43350 (BM, K, US, A), Bohol: Oct-1923. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL. Notes: Note by P.B. Pelser (9-Jan-20): Widely considered to be a synonym of Lithocarpus coopertus (Blanco) Rehder, but J.V. LaFrankie (pers. comm., 3-Jun16) suggests to consider it distinct for now, because it is different from L. coopertus in having an acorn that only covers half the seed. Native.
3. Lithocarpus bullatus Hatus. ex Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 223. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Known from Soejarto 6432 (L) 6-Apr-1989, Palawan Ridge between Mt Viadung and Mt Beufort on chromite rich soil. Native.
4. Lithocarpus castellarnauianus (S.Vidal) A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 92 (1945) 84; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 226; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 377; ≡ Quercus castellarnauana S.Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 264, as 'castellarnauiana'; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 26; Type: Vidal 1806 (MA), Marinduque: Santa Cruz, Puso-puso. = Quercus merrittii Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 325; EPFP 2 (1923) 28. = Quercus obliquinervia Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 250; EPFP 2 (1923) 29. = Quercus cagayanensis Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 6; EPFP 2 (1923) 26. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at (60-)200-2200m. Fl. Aug-Jul; fr. Sep-May. Native.
5. Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 123; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 226; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 350; ≡ Quercus caudatifolia Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 324; EPFP 2 (1923) 26. = Quercus minahassae Koord., Syst. Verzeich. 3 (1911) 28; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 28. = Quercus bulusanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3736, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BOHOL, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, Misamis Occidental, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Low to medium elevation primary and secondary forests, on ridges, along rivers, ascending to 1350m on Mt Apo. Fl. Sep-Jun; fr. May-Jan. Native.
6. Lithocarpus celebicus (Miq.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 123; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 227; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 374; ≡ Quercus celebica Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1863-64) 110; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 26. = Quercus llanosii A.DC., Prodr. 162 (1864) 97; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 28. = Quercus lipacon Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1983; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 27. = Quercus mabesae Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 7; EPFP 2 (1923) 28. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, POLILLO. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevation, 20-1200m, but more common in the lowlands below 800m, on clayey soil. Fl. Sep-May; fr. Jun-Apr. Native.
7. Lithocarpus coopertus (Blanco) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 124, as ‘cooperta’; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 231; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 335; ≡ Quercus cooperta Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 503; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 26; Type: Elmer 14012 (L, NY, US, isoneo), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Oct-1912. = Quercus pruinosa auct. non Blume; Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 940; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 30. = Quercus reflexa King in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1888) 616; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 30. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bulacan, Camarines, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Forests, from low elevation to 1200m. Common in Mindanao, rare and scattered in Luzon, Leyte, Samar. Fl. Feb-Oct; fr. Nov-May. Native.
8. Lithocarpus glutinosus (Blume) Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 243; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 354; ≡ Quercus glutinosa Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1850) 304. = Quercus zschokkei Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 944; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 31. = Quercus copelandii Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1984; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 27. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga. Notes: Forests, 75-900m. Native.
9. Lithocarpus gracilis (Korth.) Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 243; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 362; ≡ Quercus gracilis Korth., Kruidk. (1844) 207. = Quercus cyrtorhyncha Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860-61) 350; Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 939; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 27. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Forest, c. 600m. Native.
10. Lithocarpus jordanae (Laguna) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 127; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 250; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 382; ≡ Quercus jordanae Laguna, Apuntes Sobre Nuev. Roble Filip. (1875) 7; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 27. = Quercus caraballoana Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. (1880) 209. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino. Notes: Mossy forests on the higher mountains, 1200-2400m. Rather common. Fl. Jan, Jul; fr. Aug-Apr. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Native.
11. Lithocarpus luzoniensis (Merr.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 133; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 256; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 381; ≡ Quercus luzoniensis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 323; EPFP 2 (1923) 28. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales. Notes: Mossy forests, 1500-2700m. Rather common in the Cordillera Highlands of N Luzon. Fl. Jan-Jun; fr. Jul-Mar. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11). Native.
12. Lithocarpus mindanaensis (Elmer) Rehder, Arn. Arb. 1 (1919) 128; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 261; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 355; ≡ Quercus mindanaensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 942; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 28. = Quercus dasystachya auct. non Miq.; Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 938, as 'lasystachya'; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 27. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Common in Mindanao, scattered in Leyte. Low to medium elevation forests, 20-1000m, more commonly encountered below 600m. Fl. Oct-Mar; fr. May-Sep. Native.
13. Lithocarpus nieuwenhuisii (Seemen) A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 92 (1945) 255; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 262; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 379; ≡ Quercus nieuwenhuisii Seemen, Bull. Dép. Agr. Ind. Néerl. 1 (1906) 6. = Quercus clementis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 321; EPFP 2 (1923) 26. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevation. Rare. Fl. & fl. throughout the year. Native.
14. Lithocarpus ovalis (Blanco) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 129; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 264; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 361; ≡ Quercus ovalis Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 502; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 29. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales, PALAUI. Notes: Low elevation forests. Fl. Nov-Apr; fr. Jun-Aug. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11). Native.
15. Lithocarpus philippinensis (A.DC.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 129; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 267; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 353; ≡ Quercus philippinensis A.DC., Prodr. 162 (1864) 97; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 29. = Quercus wenzelii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 267; EPFP 2 (1923) 31. = Quercus rizalensis Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 272; EPFP 2 (1923) 30. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Forests on the higher mountains, 500 to 2000m. Fl. Dec-Jul; fr. Oct-Nov. Native.
16. Lithocarpus robinsonii Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1 (1919) 130. = Lithocarpus buddii (Merr.) A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 92 (1945) 85; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 222; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 383; ≡ Quercus buddii Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 6; ≡ Quercus robinsonii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 297, nom. illeg., non Ridl.; EPFP 2 (1923) 30. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, SAMAR. Notes: Forests, 200-1000m. Common on Mt Makiling, rare in Samar and Leyte. Fl. Oct-Jun; fr. Jun-Dec. Native.
17. Lithocarpus rotundatus (Blume) A.Camus, Riviera Scient. 18 (1932) 41, as ‘rotundata’; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 275; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 331; ≡ Quercus rotundata Blume, Verh. Bat. Gen. K. & W. 9 (1823) 219. = Quercus curranii Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 329; EPFP 2 (1923) 27. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON: Laguna, Rizal. Notes: Forests, 800-900m on Mt Banahaw. Fl. Jul-Oct; fr. Oct-Feb. Native.
18. Lithocarpus solerianus (S.Vidal) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 131; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 279; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 355; ≡ Quercus soleriana S.Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 261; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 30; Type: Vidal 1807 (MA, syn), Luzon: Morong, Antipolo. = Lithocarpus bicoloratus (Elmer) A.Camus, Rivièra Sci. 18 (1931) 39; ≡ Quercus bicolorata Elmer, LPB 6 (1913) 1985; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 26. = Lithocarpus bennettii auct. non (Miq.) Rehder; p.p. = Quercus bennettii auct. non Miq.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 25, p.p. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests at 700-1200m. Fl. Aug-May; fr. Apr-Oct. Native.
19. Lithocarpus submonticola (Elmer) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 131; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 280; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 377; ≡ Quercus submonticola Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 943; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 31. = Quercus monticola auct. non Petz. & G.Kirchn.; Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 942; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 29. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: Forests, 1000-1700m. Fl. Sep-May; fr. Jun-Dec. Native.
20. Lithocarpus sulitii Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 280; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 359; Type: PNH 17646 Sulit & Conklin (L, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mansalay, Mt Yagaw, E slope, 617m, 1-Jun-1953. = Lithocarpus bennettii auct. non (Miq.) Rehder; p.p. = Quercus bennettii auct. non Miq.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 25, p.p. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO. Notes: Low to medium elevation forests in regions with pronounced dry season, up to 700m. Common in Luzon, rare in Mindoro. Fl. Sep-Jan; fr. Feb-Jun. Native.
21. Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 131; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 282; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 358; ≡ Quercus sundaica Blume, Verh. Bat. Genoots. 9 (1825) 216; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 31. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Primary forests, up to 1900m, commonly found between 500-1500m. Native.
22. Lithocarpus vidalii (Fern.-Vill.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arb. 1 (1919) 134; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 285; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 358; ≡ Quercus vidalii Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 209; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 31. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests, 1100-1800m. Fl. Feb-May; fr. Jun-Nov. Native.
23. Lithocarpus woodii (Hance) A.Camus, Riviera Scient. 18 (1932) 42; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 287; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 358; ≡ Quercus woodii Hance, J. Bot. 12 (1874) 240; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 31. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Forests, 1200-2300m, must be below 900m in Samar. Fl. Aug-Jun; fr. Apr-Nov. Native.

Possibly present

1. Lithocarpus oreophilus Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8 (1970) 264. Notes: Philippine records fide Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 942, are not confirmed. Elmer had specimens of Lithocarpus submonticola. According to the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (3-Nov-2017), Lithocarpus oreophilus Soepadmo is a synonym of Lithocarpus monticola (Koidz.) Rehder and endemic to Sumatra.

Quercus L.

1. Quercus merrillii Seemen, Fedde Repert. 5 (1908) 21; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 28; Soepadmo, Gard. Bull. Sing. 22 (1968) 397; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1972) 394. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Mossy thickets at summit, c. 1300m. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11). Native.
2. Quercus subsericea A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 80 (1933) 254. Distribution: Java, Malaysia, Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11). Native.