Ebenaceae

Diospyros L.

1. Diospyros blancoi A.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 8 (1844) 237; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 42; Villanueva et al., Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 6496. = Diospyros discolor Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 4 (1805) 1108, nom. illeg.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 364; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 291; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 145. = Diospyros philippensis (Desr.) Gürke, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 4(1) (1890) 164, nom. illeg.; ≡ Cavanillea philippensis Desr., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1792) 663. = Diospyros merrillii Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1775; Type: Elmer 12895 (L, NY, US, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), in deep soil of densely forested flat at 250ft, Mar-1911. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BATAN, CAMOTES, CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: P.B. Pelser (11-Mar-23): In 1806, the name Diospyros discolor Willd. was published, but this was a superfluous name (Knapp & Gilbert 2002), because Willdenow cited "Cavanillea philippensis Lam.” (referring to Cavanillea philippensis Desr. in Lam.) and a new combination should therefore have been made with the name Diospyros philippensis. When that combination was finally made by Gürke in 1890, a different species was already named Diospyros philippinensis A.DC. (1844). Those two names (i.e. Diospyros philippensis (Desr.) Gürke and Diospyros philippinensis A.DC.) were considered too similar to each other and were therefore regarded homonyms by the ICBN (Barrie 2006). So, a new name in Diospyros had to be found for Cavanillea philippensis Desr. Diospyros mabolo Roxb. ex J.V.Thomps. cannot be used, because it a superfluous name in Diospyros for Cavanillea philippensis Desr. in Lam. Diospyros mabolo (Poir.) Roxb. ex Lindl. (1828) could also not be used, because even though I don’t think there is anything wrong with its basionym (Cavanillea mabolo Poir.; 1794), a note in IPNI suggests that it is an illegitimate name, because it only has an indirect reference to the basionym. The next available name is then Diospyros blancoi A.DC. (1844) and I think that this name is therefore the correct name of this species in Diospyros. In most or all islands and provinces; introduced in other tropical countries. Primary and secondary forests at low and medium elevation, including limestone. Also commonly planted in and about towns for its large and edible fruits, called kamagong or mabolo. 76m to 100-200m (photos). DAO category: Vulnerable (as Diospyros discolor). Native.
2. Diospyros brideliifolia Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 507; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 290; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 464; Type: Elmer 9722 (A, BISH, NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, in moist dense woods at 4000ft, Apr-1908. = Diospyros hypoleuca Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2623; Type: Elmer 14203 (BISH, L, NA, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Nueva Ecija (photos), Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: Mossy forests. 1219-2000m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
3. Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern, Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 12 (1873) 218; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 290; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 97; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 47; ≡ Leucoxylum buxifolium Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826-1827) 1169; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra. LUZON: Isabela (photos), MINDANAO: Zamboanga, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Diospyros calcicola Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 487; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 251; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 99; Type: BS 41167 Ramos (A, L, US, iso), Coron: Abundant along small streams in dry forests on limestone formation, 17-Sep-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CORON, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation dry forest on limestone. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
5. Diospyros cauliflora Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 668; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 134; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 48. = Diospyros fasciculiflora Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 334; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 292; Type: BS 16101 Reillo (US, iso), Basilan: Aug-1912. = Diospyros pulgarensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 286; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 295; ≡ Rinorea pulgarensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1849. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, BOHOL, CEBU, LAGEN, LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, ?Nueva Ecija, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Misamis Occidental, Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, ?PANAY. Notes: Lowland to medium elevation dipterocarp and limestone forests. (?-)500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
6. Diospyros curranii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 306; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 290; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 136; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 52. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. CAMOTES, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. curranii. = Diospyros reticulata Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 506, nom. illeg.; Type: Elmer 9241 (A, L, NY, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, near Butano Falls, May-1907. = Diospyros viridifolia Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2626; Type: Elmer 13460 (BISH, GH, L, MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, in moist fertile humus-covered soil of dense forests at 750ft, Aug-1912. = Diospyros sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1506; Type: Elmer 12090 (A, BISH, GH, L, MO, NA, NY 2 sheets, syn); Elmer 12091 (BISH, L, MO, NY, US, syn), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, Magallanes (Magdiwang), in woods skirting grassy glens at 750ft, in compact well-drained soil, Mar-1910. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: In low and medium elevation primary forests. (?-)229-400m. Native.
7. Diospyros diepenhorstii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 583; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 142; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 55; Type: from Sumatra. = Diospyros copelandii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 45; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 290; Type: Copeland 246 (US, syn), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Jan-1904. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: Lowland and hill dipterocarp forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Diospyros elliptifolia Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 421; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 232; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 57; Type: BS 44020 Ramos & Edaño (NY, SING, US, iso), Tawi-tawi: damp forests along small streams at low elevation, Jul/Aug-1924. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-800m. Native.
   • forma elliptifolia. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Lowland forest along small streams, rare. Native.
9. Diospyros eriantha Champ. ex Benth., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4 (1852) 302; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 183; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 58; Type: from Hong Kong. = Diospyros eriantha var. velascoi (Merr.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 183; ≡ Diospyros velascoi Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 46; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 296; Type: FB 23278 Velasco, Luzon: Cagayan, Camalaniugan, Patlao, on slopes, 100m, 18-Oct-1914. Distribution: Borneo, China, Indochina, Java, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Cagayan, ?Nueva Ecija, Rizal. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. 100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
10. Diospyros everettii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 307; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 292; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 167; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 60; Type: FB 7261 Everett (US, iso), Negros: Negros Occidental, Mt Silay, in ridge forests, c. 650m. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, NEGROS. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. (?-)650m. Native.
11. Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh., Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 7 (1933) 162; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 15 (1936) 50; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 61; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; ≡ Ehretia ferrea Willd., Phytographia (1794) 4. = Diospyros ferrea var. buxifolia (Rottb.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 50; ≡ Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 2 (1807) 606; Juss., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 5 (1804) 418, nom. inval.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 289; ≡ Pisonia buxifolia Rottb., Nye Saml. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 2 (1783) 536. = Maba cumingiana A.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 8 (1844) 241; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 289; Type: Cuming 1694 (L, iso), Samar. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BATANES, BONGAO, BORACAY (photos), CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU (photos), DALUPIRI, DINAGAT, ITBAYAT (photos), LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Sur, Isabela (photos), Pangasinan, Zambales, MALAMAWI, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Surigao, MINDORO, OLUTANGA, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PANAY, PONEAS, SIARGAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TINAGO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in most islands and provinces; lowland forests and thickets. 0m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
12. Diospyros hebecarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth., Fl. Austral. 4 (1868) 286; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 221; Jessup, Austrobaileya 9 (2014) 161; Type: from Australia. = Diospyros alvarezii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 335; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 290; Type: FB 21417 Alvarez (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Lanot, forested slopes at about sea-level, 12-May-1914. = Diospyros pellucida Hiern, Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 12 (1873) 209; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 294. Distribution: Australia, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN, LUZON: Batangas, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Lowland primary forests. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
13. Diospyros heishi Govaerts, Skvortsovia 4 (2018) 79; ≡ Diospyros nitida Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 57, nom. illeg., non Dawson; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 294; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 176; Rojo, Rev. Lexicon Philipp. Trees (1999) 93; Type: Merrill 1737 (NY, US, syn), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Mar-1903; Merrill 2976 (US, syn), Luzon: Zambales, Botolan, Jun-1903; FB 230 Gamill (NY, US, syn), Guimaras, Jan-1904; Elmer 6713 (NY, syn), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Nov-1904. ≠ ?Diospyros kurzii auct. non Hiern; Umali et al., Ecosystems & Development Journal 8 (2018) 11; Malabrigo et al., Ecosystems & Development Journal 8 (2018) 14; De Castro et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3773. Distribution: China, Philippines, Vietnam. CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines, Cavite, La Union, Laguna, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao, Misamis, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Notes: Secondary and primary lowland and hill forests, sometimes on limestone. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
14. Diospyros korthalsiana Hiern, Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 12 (1873) 168; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 356; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 67. = Diospyros korthalsiana var. mirandae (Merr.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 356; ≡ Diospyros mirandae Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 335; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 292; Type: FB 18752 Miranda (US, iso), Mindanao: South Cotabato, SE ridge of Mt Glan, 90-125m, 6-Jun-1912. = Diospyros triflora Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 333; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 295; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995); Type: BS 15652 Fenix (US, iso), Balabac: Cape Melville, along trails at low elevation, 18-Jul-1912. = Diospyros myrmecocalyx (Hiern) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 359; ≡ Maba myrmecocalyx Hiern, Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 12 (1873) 139. = Diospyros inclusa Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 308; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 292, excl. syn. Diospyros mirandae Merr; Type: Whitford 1682, Masbate: Masbate, Aroroy, on hillsides, c. 240m, Oct-1906. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, LUZON: Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 90-240m. Native.
15. Diospyros kurzii Hiern, Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 12 (1873) 162. = Diospyros wrayi King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74 (1906) 209; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 174. = Diospyros alata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1774; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 290; Type: Elmer 13128, Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland thickets and secondary forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species (as Diospyros wrayi). Native.
16. Diospyros lanceifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2 (1832) 537; Hort. Beng. (1814) 93; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 70. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. ALABAT, BATANES, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan, MINDORO, PANAY, SABTANG. Native.
    • forma cagayanensis Merr. ex Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 276; Type: FB 24216 Barros (A, US, syn), Luzon: Cagayan, Jul/Aug-1915; Loher 402 (US, syn), Luzon: Benguet. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Cagayan. Notes: Low and medium elevation. Native.
    • forma sabtanensis Merr. ex Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 276; ≡ Diospyros sabtanensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 426, as 'sabtanense'; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 295; Type: BS 3765 Fenix (US, syn); BS 3757 Fenix (US, syn), Sabtan, along mountain streams, 4-Jun-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Rizal, SABTANG. Notes: Lowland thickets or forests along streams. Native.
    • forma wenzelii Merr. ex Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 276; Type: BS 48074 Ramos & Edaño (US, syn), Alabat, Sept/Oct-1926; BS 41054 Ramos (US, syn), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Pinamalayan, Jun-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: Low and medium elevation. Native.
17. Diospyros longiciliata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 303; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 292; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 463; Type: BS 35189 Ramos & Pascasio (A, US, iso), Dinagat, in forests at low elevation, 11-May-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao, Zamboanga. Notes: Lowland primary forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
18. Diospyros macrophylla Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 670; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 242; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 73; Type: from Java. = Diospyros suluensis Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 422; Type: BS 44068 (NY, US, iso), Tawi-tawi, in forests along small streams at low elevation, Aug-1924. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Lowland forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
19. Diospyros maritima Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 669; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 292; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 265; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 76; Jessup, Austrobaileya 9 (2014) 167; Type: from Java. = Diospyros camarinensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 336; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 290; Type: FB 21443 Alvarez (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Mt Calinigan, May-1914. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. ALABAT, BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BOHOL, BORACAY (photos), BUSUANGA (photos), BUYAYAO (photos), CABARRUYAN, CEBU (photos), CULION, DANJUGAN (photos), FUGA, HERMANA MAYOR, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LAGEN, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Camarines, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Zambales, MANTIGUE, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SIBUYAN, SIDANAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS, TICAO. Notes: Batan, Luzon to Palawan, Sulu, Mindanao, in most or all islands and provinces. Often common in coastal thickets and forests, also occurring inland to medium elevation. 0-5m to 7m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
20. Diospyros mindanaensis Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 309; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 293; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 349; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 76; Type: FB 9453 Whitford & Hutchinson (US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Port Banga, Feb-1908. = Diospyros rosenbluthii Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1504. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Lanao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland primary forests. Native.
21. Diospyros montana Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 1 (1795) 37; Merrill, PJS 4c (1909) 310; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 293; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 200; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 17. Distribution: LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: 65m. Native.
    • var. montana. Distribution: India to Australia. LUZON: Nueva Ecija. Notes: Lowland thickets or forests. Native.
    • var. timorensis Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 201. = Diospyros montana var. parva Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 293; Type: FB 13953 Merritt & Darling, Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Badoc, on rocky hillside, c. 65m. Distribution: LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija. Notes: Lowland thickets and forests. 65m. Native.
22. Diospyros multibracteata (Merr.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 76; ≡ Maba multibracteata Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 295; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 289. = Maba euphlebia Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 333; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 289; Type: BS 13335 Ramos (K, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Tagcawayan. Forests, c. 90m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LUZON: Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests. 90m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
23. Diospyros multiflora Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 303; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 271. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. APULIT, LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: (?-)500m (photos) to 1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • forma canomoi (A.DC.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 271. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: Thickets, primary and secondary forests at low and medium elevation. Native.
    • forma phanerophlebia (Merr.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 271; ≡ Diospyros phanerophlebia Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 310; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 294; Type: FB 10993 Curran (US, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Jan-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bulacan, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal. Notes: Lowland to midmontane forests, along streams in pine forests. (?-)1000m. Native.
24. Diospyros nigra (J.F.Gmel.) Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1825) 113; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 316; Rojo, Rev. Lexicon Philipp. Trees (1999) 93; ≡ Sapota nigra J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat., 13th Ed. (1791) 750. = Diospyros nigra Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 211; Voucher: Species Blancoanae 618, Manila. = Diospyros revoluta Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 5 (1804) 435. = Diospyros digyna Jacq., Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 3 (1798) 35; Rojo, Rev. Lexicon Philip. Trees (1999) 89. = Diospyros ebenaster Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1789) 31; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 362; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 291. Distribution: C & S America. BALABAC, LUZON, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: A Mexican species introduced in the Philippines and escaped from cultivation and became wild. Widely cultivated in the Philippines in and about towns for its large edible fruits. Naturalized.
25. Diospyros philippinensis A.DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 8 (1844) 231; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 112; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 17; Type: Cuming 1142 (L 2 sheets, MO, NY 2 sheets, WU, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, 1841. = Diospyros bulusanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3807, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Voucher: Elmer 15893 (L, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Apr-1916. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BATAN, BILIRAN, BONGAO, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland primary forests. (?-)100m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
26. Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 304; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 294; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 243; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 83; Type: Not extant; illustrative specimen: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 820 leg. M Ramos (US), Luzon: Batangas, Punta Santiago, in dry forest, 5m, 11-Feb-1915. = Diospyros polyalthioides Korth. ex Hiern, Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 12 (1873) 198; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 15 (1936) 241. = Diospyros plicata Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 336; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 295; Type: FB 13281 Foxworthy, de Mesa & Villamil (US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, near Margosatubig, 11-May-1912. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. AMBIL, BALABAC, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Misamis, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLUTANGA, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TINAGO. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
    • var. pilosanthera. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: In most or all Philippine islands and provinces; lowland and medium elevation mixed dipterocarp forests. Native.
    • var. oblonga (Wall. ex G.Don) Ng, Malaysian Forester 40 (1977) 237; Tree Fl. Malaya 3 (1978) 81; ≡ Diospyros oblonga Wall. ex G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 40. = Diospyros dubia Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 295; Type: Elmer 16885 (L, NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Oct-1915. Native.
    • var. tayabensis (Merr.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 243; ≡ Diospyros tayabensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 17; Type: BS 28489 Ramos & Edaño (A, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Binuang, forested ridges at low or medium elevation, 21-May-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines. Native.
27. Diospyros poncei Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 335; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 295; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 131; Type: BS 22842 Ponce (A 2 sheets, NY, US), Mindanao: Surigao, Combot, on semi-open slopes, c. 15m, 28-Aug-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Quezon, MINDANAO: Surigao, MINDORO. Notes: 15m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
28. Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 583; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 305; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 87; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Type: from Sumatra. = Diospyros ahernii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 305; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 289; Type: FB 3071 Ahern’s Collector (NY, US, syn), May-1905; BS 3298 Ramos (syn), Jun-1907, the above from Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso; Elmer 9110 (syn), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907. Distribution: Borneo, India, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Batangas, Camarines, Cavite, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation mixed dipterocarp forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
29. Diospyros rigida Hiern, Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 12 (1873) 257; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 88. = Diospyros pauciflora C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 213, nom. illeg., non King & Gamble; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 294; Type: Williams 2317, Mindanao: Zamboanga Distr, Sax River, 28-Feb-1905. Distribution: Borneo, India, Moluccas, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: Lowland primary forests. (?-)300m. Native.
30. Diospyros streptosepala Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 322; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 295; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 261; Type: BS 30481 Ramos (US, iso), Catanduanes: Mt Mariguidon, forest near summit, c. 400m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES. Notes: Medium elevation primary forests. 400m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
31. Diospyros tenuipes Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 483; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 261; Type: FB 29432 Salazar (PNH, holo, possibly lost; UC, iso), Luzon: Cagayan, Gonzaga, Bawa Barrio. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, PALAUI (photos). Notes: Lowland primary forest. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
32. Diospyros toposia Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 15 (1827) 115; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 291; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 95. = Diospyros foveo-reticulata Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 308; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 292; Type: Ahern 278 (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Pasacao, Jan/Jun-1902. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, India, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Isabela, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Lowland primary forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
33. Diospyros transita (Bakh.) Kosterm., Blumea 23 (1977) 473; ≡ Diospyros maritima var. transita Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1941) 416; Type: Elmer 12951 (A, F, GH, L, iso), Palawan: Mt Pulgar. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
34. Diospyros ulo Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 30; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 295; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 312; Ng, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 4 (2002) 97. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela, Sorsogon. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
35. Diospyros whitfordii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 311; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 296; Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 3, 15 (1936) 466; Type: FB 9019 Whitford (syn), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Port Banga, Nov-1907; FB 4811 Hutchinson (syn), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Ayala, on forested ridges, c. 30m, Jul-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Surigao, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Lowland primary forests. 30m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.

Possibly present

1. Diospyros littorea (R.Br.) Kosterm., Blumea 23 (1977) 461; Jessup, Austrobaileya 9 (2014) 172; ≡ Diospyros ferrea var. littorea (R.Br.) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1936) 50; ≡ Maba littorea R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 527; Type: from Australia. Distribution: Australia, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, ?Philippines, Thailand. ?CUYO ARCHIPELAGO, ?MINDANAO: ?Zamboanga, ?PALAWAN, ?SAMAR. Notes: Littoral thickets and forests. Note by P.B. Pelser (17-Jan-20): It is unclear to me if this name is misapplied in the Philippines to plants of Diospyros ferrea.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Diospyros andamanica (Kurz) Bakh., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 15 (1937) 34; ≡ Macreightia andamanica Kurz, Rep. Veg. Andaman Isl., 2nd Ed. (1870) 42. = Diospyros malayana (Hiern) Bakh., Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 7 (1933) 163; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 15 (1936) 75; Rojo, Rev. Lexicon Philip. Trees (1999) 91; ≡ Maba punctata Hiern, Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 12 (1873) 136. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Diospyros ehretioides Wall. ex G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 40; Wall., Numer. List (1831) n. 4137, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Rojo, Rev. Lexicon Philipp. Trees (1999) 89. Cultivated, not naturalized.
3. Diospyros kaki L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 439; Co, Common Med. Pl. Cordillera Region (1989) 214; Rojo, Rev. Lexicon Philipp. Trees (1999) 90. Distribution: ?China, Japan. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: Introduced in the Philippines, chiefly in the vicinity of Sagada and Bauko, where it is grown quite extensively. Fr. Jul-Nov. Cultivated, not naturalized.
4. Diospyros virginiana L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1057; Rojo, Rev. Lexicon Philipp. Trees (1999) 95. Distribution: N America. Notes: Persimmon. Cultivated, not naturalized.