Dryopteridaceae

Arachniodes Blume

1. Arachniodes amabilis (Blume) Tindale, Contr. New South Wales Natl. Herb. 3 (1961) 90; Galope-Obemio et al., J. Threatened Taxa 14 (2022) 22045; Pescuela et al., PJS 153 (2024) 664; ≡ Rumohra amabilis (Blume) Ching, Sinensia 5 (1934) 41; ≡ Aspidium amabile Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 165. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Vietnam. BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Sarangani, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: 1300-1600m (photos). Native.
2. Arachniodes carvifolia (Kunze) Ching, Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (1962) 256; ≡ Polystichum carvifolium (Kunze) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 70, nom. illeg.; Copeland, LPB 2 (1908) 392; ≡ Aspidium carvifolium Kunze, Linnaea 24 (1851) 292. ≠ Arachniodes aristata auct. non (G.Forst.) Tindale; Rufila et al., Ruhuna J. Science 13 (2022) 157. Distribution: Australia, Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Vietnam. LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Sarangani, Surigao, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: 600m. Native.
3. Arachniodes cornu-cervi (D.Don) Fraser-Jenk., Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes (2008) 323; ≡ Aspidium cornu-cervi D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 5. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, ?Pacific Ocean, Philippines, ?Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
4. Arachniodes tripinnata (Goldm.) Sledge, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 5 (1973) 41; ≡ Polystichum tripinnatum Goldm., Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1) (1843) 463. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Native.

Possibly present

1. Arachniodes coniifolia (T.Moore) Ching, Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (1962) 257; ≡ Lastrea coniifolia T.Moore, Index Fil. (T.Moore) (1857) 88. = Rumohra wallichii Ching, Sinensia 5 (1934) 56. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, ?Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam.
2. Arachniodes sledgei Fraser-Jenk., Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes (2008) 323. Distribution: India, ?Philippines, Sri Lanka.

Arthrobotrya J.Sm.

1. Arthrobotrya articulata (Hook.) J.Sm., Hist. Fil. (1875) 141; ≡ Teratophyllum articulatum (Hook.) Mett. ex Kuhn, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1869) 297; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 276; ≡ Acrostichum articulatum Hook., Sp. Fil. 5 (1864) 247. = Polybotrya articulata J.Sm. ex Fée, Mém. Foug., 2. Hist. Acrostich. (1845) 74; J.Sm. in Hook., J. Bot. 3 (1841) 401, nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Kalinga, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Native.

Bolbitis Schott

1. Bolbitis angustipinna (Hayata) H.Ito, J. Jap. Bot. 14 (1938) 443; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 321; ≡ Leptochilus angustipinnus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5 (1915) 297. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: 250-1500m. Native.
2. Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) K.Iwats., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 18 (1959) 48; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 322; ≡ Egenolfia appendiculata (Willd.) J.Sm., Ferns Brit. Foreign (1866) 111; ≡ Acrostichum appendiculatum Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 5 (1810) 114. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Bolbitis × arguta (Fée) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 47; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 329; ≡ Heteroneuron × argutum Fée, Mém. Foug., 2. Hist. Acrostich. (1845) 96. Distribution: LUZON. Notes: Hennipman doubts whether this fern warrants a separate treatment as a hybrid; it may be close to Edanyoa difformis (=Bolbitis heteroclita). Native.
4. Bolbitis heteroclita (C.Presl) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 48; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 325; Galope-Obemio et al., J. Threatened Taxa 14 (2022) 22045; De Villa & Lagat, PJS 153 (2024) 1823; ≡ Leptochilus heteroclitus (C.Presl) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 11; ≡ Poecilopteris heteroclita (C.Presl) C.Presl, Tent. Pterid. (1836) 242; ≡ Acrostichum heteroclitum C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1825) 15. = Bolbitis cuspidata (C.Presl) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 48; ≡ Nephrodium cuspidatum C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1825) 31. = Bolbitis pseudoscalpturata (Copel.) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 49; ≡ Campium pseudoscalpturatum Copel., PJS 37 (1928) 363. = Bolbitis foxworthyi (Copel.) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 48; ≡ Campium foxworthyi Copel., PJS 37 (1928) 364. = Bolbitis tenuissima (Copel.) Copel., Fern Fl. Philipp. 2 (1960) 259; ≡ Campium tenuissimum Copel., PJS 37 (1928) 364. = Bolbitis membranacea (Copel.) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 198; ≡ Campium membranaceum Copel., PJS 40 (1929) 307. = Bolbitis edanyoi Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 22. = Bolbitis difformis (Copel.) Knouse, Amer. Fern J. 111 (2021) 149; ≡ Edanyoa difformis Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 22. = Cyrtogonium acuminatum Brack., U.S. Expl. Exped., Filic. (1854) 86. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BABUYAN, BASILAN (photos), BATAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CAMOTES, GENERAL ISLAND, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), ROMBLON, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-1500(-1750)m. Native.
5. Bolbitis inconstans (Copel.) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 48; ≡ Leptochilus inconstans (Copel.) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1906) 386; ≡ Gymnopteris inconstans Copel., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 177. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Native.
6. Bolbitis quoyana (Gaudich.) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 49; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 327; ≡ Acrostichum quoyanum Gaudich., Voy. Uranie (1827) 306. = Bolbitis enormis (Copel.) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 197; ≡ Campium enorme Copel., PJS 40 (1929) 307. = Stenosemia dimorpha Copel., PJS 84 (1955) 161. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1200(-1700)m. Native.
7. Bolbitis repanda (Blume) Schott, Gen. Fil. (Schott) (1835) t.14; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 329; ≡ Acrostichum repandum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 104. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, ?Nepal, Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Camarines Norte (photos), Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), PANAY (photos). Notes: 125-1650m. Native.
8. Bolbitis rhizophylla (Kaulf.) Hennipman, Blumea 18 (1970) 148; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 323; ≡ Egenolfia rhizophylla (Kaulf.) Fée, Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic. (1852) 48; ≡ Gymnogramma rhizophylla Kaulf., Enum. Filic. (1824) 78. = Bolbitis serrulata (J.Sm. ex Fée) K.Iwats., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 18 (1959) 49. = Egenolfia intermedia (J.Sm. ex Fée) Fée, Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic. (1852) 308; ≡ Polybotrya intermedia J.Sm. ex Fée, Mém. Foug., 2. Hist. Acrostich. (1845) 76; J.Sm. in Hook., J. Bot. 3 (1841) 401, nom. inval., nom. nud. = Egenolfia fluviatilis Copel., PJS 38 (1929) 152. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BALABAC, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
9. Bolbitis scalpturata (Fée) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 50; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 321; De Villa & Lagat, PJS 153 (2024) 1823; ≡ Heteroneuron scalpturatum Fée, Mém. Foug., 2. Hist. Acrostich. (1845) 95. Distribution: China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1200m. Native.
10. Bolbitis sinuata (C.Presl) Hennipman, Blumea 18 (1970) 148; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 326; ≡ Polypodium sinuatum C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1825) 21. = Bolbitis malaccensis (C.Chr.) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 49. = Bolbitis diversifolia (Blume) Schott, Gen. Fil. (Schott) (1835) t.13; ≡ Acrostichum diversifolium Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 103. = Bolbitis subsimplex (Fée) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 50; ≡ Gymnopteris subsimplex Fée, Mém. Foug., 2. Hist. Acrostich. (1845) 83. = Bolbitis hydrophylla (Copel.) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 48; ≡ Leptochilus hydrophyllus Copel., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 146. = Leptochilus stolonifer Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2nd Sér. 6 (1906) 1004; Type: from Luzon: Rizal, Angilog. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. ALABAT, BASILAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1200(-1800)m. Native.
11. Bolbitis × sinuosa (Fée) Copel., Fern Fl. Philipp. 2 (1960) 262; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 329; ≡ Heteroneuron sinuosum Fée, Mém. Foug., 2. Hist. Acrostich. (1845) 95; ≡ Cyrtogonium sinuosum J.Sm., J. Bot. (Hooker) 3 (1841) 403, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Type: Cuming 105 (W, lecto; B, BM, K, MICH, US, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna and Tayabas, Mt Cristobal. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Camarines Norte (photos), Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, POLILLO. Native.
    • var. foxii (Copel.) Hennipman, Leiden Bot. Ser. 2 (1977) 299; ≡ Bolbitis × foxii Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 22; Type: Fox 328 (PNH 8904) (PNH, iso), Polillo, Bordios. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, POLILLO. Native.
    • var. sinuosa. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon. Native.

Excluded

1. Bolbitis feeiana (Copel.) Fraser-Jenk. & Gandhi, Indian Fern J. 35 (2018) 114. = Bolbitis presliana (Fée) Ching, Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 49. Notes: This taxon from India does not occur in the Philippines nor anywhere in Malesia. Included in Copeland’s treatment in FFP 2 (1960) 260 as Bolbitis presliana.

Ctenitis (C.Chr.) C.Chr.

1. Ctenitis aciculata (Baker) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 8 (1938) 292; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 25; ≡ Nephrodium aciculatum Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22 (1886) 226. Distribution: Borneo, Java, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
2. Ctenitis atrorubens Holttum, Blumea 31 (1985) 29; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 34; Coritico, PJS 152 (2024) 348. ≠ Ctenitis vilis auct. non (Kunze) Ching; Copel. (1960), pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Sur, ?NEGROS. Notes: Coritico (2024) does not include Negros in the distribution area of Ctenitis atrorubens, but there is a specimen from Negros under this name in TAIF: Cheng-Wei Chen Wade3871. 820-1360m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
3. Ctenitis boholensis Holttum, Blumea 31 (1985) 18; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 28. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
4. Ctenitis bulusanica Holttum, Blumea 31 (1985) 19; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 29. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Native.
5. Ctenitis decurrentipinnata (Ching) Tardieu & C.Chr., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7 (1938) 86; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 33; ≡ Dryopteris decurrentipinnata Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 2 (1931) 195. Distribution: China, Philippines, Vietnam. LUZON: Apayao, Bataan. Native.
6. Ctenitis eatonii (Baker) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 8 (1938) 291; ≡ Nephrodium eatonii Baker, Syn. Fil. (Hooker & Baker), 1st Ed. (1867) 276. Distribution: China, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Vietnam. BATAN. Notes: Known from the Philippines from Barcelona 981 (PNH). Native.
7. Ctenitis erythradenia Holttum, Blumea 31 (1985) 29; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 35. ≠ Ctenitis vilis auct. non (Kunze) Ching; Copel. (1960), pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Laguna, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: 500m. Native.
8. Ctenitis humilis Holttum, Blumea 31 (1985) 22; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 30. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, MINDORO. Notes: 600m. Native.
9. Ctenitis paleolata Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 24; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 35. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Known only from the type collection. 2400m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
10. Ctenitis pallens (Brack.) M.G.Price, Kalikasan 12 (1983) 155; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 26; ≡ Lastrea pallens Brack., U.S. Expl. Exped., Filic. (1854) 197. = Ctenitis rizalensis (Christ) Copel., Gen. Fil. (Copel.) (1947) 125; ≡ Dryopteris rizalensis Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2nd Sér. 6 (1906) 1001. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Philippines, Sulawesi. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Terrestrial under moist forest shade. 400-1200m. Native.
11. Ctenitis propinqua (J.Sm. ex C.Presl) Copel., Blumea 31 (1985) 18; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 28; ≡ Lastrea propinqua J.Sm. ex C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 398. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, NEGROS, SAMAR. Native.
12. Ctenitis setosa (C.Presl) Holttum, Novit. Bot. Inst. Horto Bot. Univ. Carol. 1968 (1969) 20; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 33; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 17; ≡ Lastrea setosa C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 400. ≠ Ctenitis vilis auct. non (Kunze) Ching; Copel. (1960), pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, SAMAR. Native.
13. Ctenitis silvatica Holttum, Blumea 31 (1985) 20; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 30. ≠ Ctenitis vilis auct. non (Kunze) Ching; Copel. (1960), pro parte. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. BASILAN, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, NEGROS, SAMAR. Native.
14. Ctenitis subglandulosa (Hance) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 8 (1938) 302; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 35; ≡ Alsophila subglandulosa Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 5th Sér. 5 (1866) 253. = Ctenitis rhodolepis (C.B.Clarke) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 8 (1938) 300; ≡ Nephrodium rhodolepis C.B.Clarke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1 (1880) 526. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: 400-1400m. Native.
15. Ctenitis subobscura (Christ) Holttum, Fern Gaz. 12 (1984) 320; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 31; ≡ Phegopteris subobscura Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1st Sér. 6 (1898) 836. Distribution: Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur. Native.

Excluded

1. Ctenitis subconnexa (Christ) Holttum, Blumea 31 (1985) 17; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 28; ≡ Phegopteris subconnexa Christ, Monsunia 1 (1900) 83. Notes: A mislocalization to the Philippines by Holttum (1991). The locality Batjan is in Halmahera (of the Moluccas).
   • var. subconnexa.
   • var. alstonii Holttum, Blumea 31 (1985) 17.

Cyrtomium C.Presl

1. Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C.Presl, Tent. Pterid. (1836) 86; ≡ Polystichum falcatum (L.f.) Diels, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 1(4) (1899) 194; ≡ Phanerophlebia falcata (L.f.) Copel., Gen. Fil. (Copel.) (1947) 111; ≡ Polypodium falcatum L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 446. Native.
   • ssp. falcatum. Distribution: China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Vietnam. Notes: Philippine record based on a Loher collection from Mt Data [Copeland, FFP 2 (1960) 248] at the turn of the 1900s. Native.

Possibly present

1. Cyrtomium caryotideum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) C.Presl, Tent. Pterid. (1836) 86; ≡ Polystichum falcatum var. caryotideum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Matsum., Index Pl. Jap. 1 (1904) 342; ≡ Phanerophlebia caryotidea (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Copel., Gen. Fil. (Copel.) (1947) 111; ≡ Aspidium caryotideum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., Icon. Filic. 1 (1828) t.69. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, ?Philippines, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. Notes: Philippine record based on a sterile specimen by Mearns from Mt Sto. Tomas (Copeland, FFP 2 (1960) 248).
2. Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm., Ferns Brit. Foreign (1866) 286. = Cyrtomium fortunei forma latipinna Ching, Icon. Filic. Sin. 3 (1935) t.126. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Korea, ?Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Kalinga.

Dryopteris Adans.

1. Dryopteris alpina Rosenst., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 173. = Stenolepia tristis (Blume) Alderw., Bull. Dépt. Agric. Indes Néerl. 27 (1909) 46; ≡ Aspidium triste Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 169; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Java, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato. Notes: 2300-2900(-3800)m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
2. Dryopteris cacaina Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 6 (1937) 155. Distribution: Japan, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Native.
3. Dryopteris chrysocoma (Christ) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 257; ≡ Aspidium filix-mas var. chrysocoma Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1st Sér. 6 (1898) 966. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
4. Dryopteris cochleata (D.Don) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 258; ≡ Nephrodium cochleatum D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 6. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Kalinga-Apayao, Mountain Province. Native.
5. Dryopteris formosana (Christ) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 266; Rufila et al., Ruhuna J. Science 13 (2022) 157; Cano-Mangaoang et al., Thailand Nat. Hist. Mus. J. 20 (2026) 94; ≡ Aspidium formosanum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2nd Sér. 4 (1904) 615. Distribution: China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Abra, Cagayan (photos), Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Kalinga-Apayao, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao del Sur. Native.
6. Dryopteris hasseltii (Blume) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 269; ≡ Arachniodes hasseltii (Blume) Ching, Acta Bot. Sin. 10 (1962) 258; ≡ Rumohra hasseltii (Blume) Ching, Sinensia 5 (1934) 61; ≡ Polypodium hasseltii Blume, Fl. Javae Fil. (1851) 195. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, India, Java, ?Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, SAMAR. Native.
7. Dryopteris hendersonii (Bedd.) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 270; Chen et al., Phytotaxa 443 (2020) 132; Galope-Obemio et al., J. Threatened Taxa 14 (2022) 22045; Cano-Mangaoang et al., Thailand Nat. Hist. Mus. J. 20 (2026) 94; ≡ Nothoperanema hendersonii (Bedd.) Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11 (1966) 28; ≡ Lastrea hendersonii Bedd., Suppl. Ferns S. Ind. (1876) 17; Type: from India. = Ctenitis mearnsii Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 24; Type: Mearns BS 4216 (MICH, lecto), Luzon: Benguet, Haight’s in the Oaks, 1907. Distribution: Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur (photos), South Cotabato. Notes: Terrestrial in mossy forest, 2100-2750m. Native.
8. Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813; ≡ Aspidium hirtipes Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 148. Distribution: Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Sarangani, South Cotabato. Native.
9. Dryopteris manipurensis (Bedd.) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 276; ≡ Dryopsis manipurensis (Bedd.) Holttum & P.J.Edwards, Kew Bull. 41 (1986) 200; ≡ Ctenitis manipurensis (Bedd.) Ching, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 8 (1938) 297; ≡ Polypodium manipurense Bedd., J. Bot. 26 (1888) 235. = Ctenitis copelandii (Christ) Copel., Gen. Fil. (Copel.) (1947) 124; ≡ Dryopteris copelandii Christ, PJS 2c (1907) 216. Distribution: India, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province. Native.
10. Dryopteris nodosa (C.Presl) Li Bing Zhang, Taxon 61 (2012) 1208; Pescuela et al., PJS 153 (2024) 664; ≡ Acrophorus nodosus C.Presl, Tent. Pterid. (1836) 94. = Acrophorus stipellatus T.Moore, Gard. Chron., 1st Ser. 1854 (1854) 135. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Japan, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Sarangani, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: 1300m. Native.
11. Dryopteris peranema Li Bing Zhang, Taxon 61 (2012) 1211. = Dryopteris zhuweimingii Li Bing Zhang, Taxon 61 (2012) 1211; ≡ Peranema cyatheoides var. luzonicum (Copel.) Ching & S.H.Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21 (1983) 373; ≡ Peranema luzonicum Copel., PJS 4c (1909) 111, as 'luzonica'; Type: Curran, Merritt & Zschokke 16280 (US, lecto), Luzon: Benguet: Mt Pulag, Jan-1909. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
12. Dryopteris permagna M.G.Price, Gard. Bull. Singapore 30 (1977) 249. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Kalinga, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: South Cotabato. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
13. Dryopteris polita Rosenst., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1914) 218. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, China, Japan, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
14. Dryopteris pseudocaenopteris (Kunze) Li Bing Zhang, Taxon 61 (2012) 1209; Rufila et al., Ruhuna J. Science 13 (2022) 157; ≡ Diacalpe pseudocaenopteris Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 4 (1846) 457. = Peranema aspidioides (Blume) Mett., Fil. Lechl. 2 (1859) 33; ≡ Diacalpe aspidioides Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 241. Distribution: Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Davao del Sur, Sarangani, NEGROS. Native.
15. Dryopteris pulvinulifera (Bedd.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1 (1891) 213; ≡ Lastrea pulvinulifera Bedd., Ferns Brit. India (1870) t.333. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ilocos Norte. Native.
16. Dryopteris purpurascens (Blume) Christ, PJS 2c (1907) 213; Galope-Obemio et al., J. Threatened Taxa 14 (2022) 22045; ≡ Aspidium purpurascens Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 169. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO. Native.
17. Dryopteris sparsa (D.Don) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 813; Pescuela et al., PJS 153 (2024) 664; ≡ Nephrodium sparsum D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 6. Distribution: BATAN, CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: 1200m to 1300-1600m (photos). Native.
    • ssp. rectipinnula Fraser-Jenk., Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes (2008) 320. Distribution: Australia, Bhutan, Borneo, ?Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, ?Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, ?Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PALAWAN. Native.
18. Dryopteris subarborea (Baker) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 295; ≡ Polypodium subarboreum Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 24 (1887) 259. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR. Native.
19. Dryopteris subtriangularis (C.Hope) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 296; ≡ Nephrodium subtriangulare C.Hope, J. Bot. 28 (1890) 327. = Dryopteris uropinna M.G.Price, Gard. Bull. Singapore 30 (1977) 244. ≠ Dryopteris erythrosora auct. non (D.C.Eaton) Kuntze; Copel. (1960). Distribution: China, India, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya (photos). Native.
20. Dryopteris varia (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 814; ≡ Polypodium varium L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1090. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon. Native.
21. Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl., Bot. Not. 1953 (1953) 352; ≡ Aspidium wallichianum Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 4 (1827) 104. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya. Native.
    • ssp. wallichiana. = Dryopteris paleacea (Lag. ex Sw.) C.Chr., Amer. Fern J. 1 (1911) 94, nom. illeg., non Hand.-Mazz. Distribution: Africa, America, Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Vietnam. Native.

Elaphoglossum Schott ex J.Sm.

1. Elaphoglossum angulatum (Blume) T.Moore, Index Fil. (T.Moore) (1857) 351; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 297; ≡ Acrostichum angulatum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 101. Distribution: Africa, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: 2000-3500m. Native.
2. Elaphoglossum apoense Holttum, Blumea 14 (1966) 320; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 302. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao del Sur. Notes: 2100m. Native.
3. Elaphoglossum blumeanum (Fée) J.Sm., Ferns Brit. Foreign (1866) 106; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 311; Pescuela et al., PJS 153 (2024) 664. = Elaphoglossum copelandii Christ, PJS 2c (1907) 176. = Elaphoglossum blumeanum var. philippinense Christ ex Holttum, Fl. Males., 2nd Ser. 1 (1978) 311. ≠ ?Elaphoglossum petiolatum auct. non (Sw.) Urb.; Coritico et al., PJS 149 (2020) 778. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Sarangani, Zamboanga, NEGROS. Notes: 700-2000m. Native.
4. Elaphoglossum calanasanicum Holttum, Kalikasan 3 (1974) 196; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 301. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Benguet. Notes: Type from Calanasan, but also reported from Benguet (Jacobs 7586 in L). 1400-2400m. Native.
5. Elaphoglossum callifolium (Blume) J.Sm., Bot. Mag. 72(Companion) (1846) 17; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 307; Pescuela et al., PJS 153 (2024) 664; ≡ Acrostichum callifolium Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 100. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, ?Vietnam. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Apayao, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, NEGROS, PANAY (photos). Notes: 1000-2400m. Native.
6. Elaphoglossum luzonicum Copel., LPB 1 (1907) 235; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 304. = Elaphoglossum elmeri Copel., LPB 3 (1910) 849. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 700m (photos) to 1200-2300m. Native.
7. Elaphoglossum melanostictum (Blume) T.Moore, Index Fil. (T.Moore) (1862) 361; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 301; ≡ Acrostichum melanostictum Blume, Fl. Javae Fil. (1829) 26. = Elaphoglossum basilanicum Copel., PJS 11c (1916) 41. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: 100-1700m. Native.
8. Elaphoglossum negrosensis Holttum, Blumea 14 (1966) 323; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 307. ≠ Elaphoglossum angulatum auct. non (Blume) T.Moore; Copel. (1960), pro parte. ≠ Elaphoglossum conforme auct. non (Sw.) J.Sm.; Copeland, LPB 2 (1908) 417. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Notes: 1400m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
9. Elaphoglossum ophioglossoides (Goldm.) Holttum, Kalikasan 3 (1974) 197; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 298; ≡ Acrostichum ophioglossoides Goldm., Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1) (1843) 451. = Elaphoglossum merrillii Christ, PJS 3c (1908) 275. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Norte (photos), Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 500m. Native.

Lastreopsis Ching

1. Lastreopsis tenera (R.Br.) Tindale, Vict. Naturalist 73 (1957) 181; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 123; ≡ Nephrodium tenerum R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 149. = Ctenitis recedens (J.Sm. ex T.Moore) Copel., Gen. Fil. (Copel.) (1947) 124; ≡ Polypodium recedens J.Sm., J. Bot. (Hooker) 3 (1841) 394, nom. inval., nom. nud.; ≡ Lastrea recedens J.Sm. ex T.Moore, Gard. Chron., 1st Ser. 1855 (1855) 708. Distribution: Australia, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan. LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: 250-700m. Native.

Lomagramma J.Sm.

1. Lomagramma brooksii Copel., PJS 3c (1908) 345; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 285. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. BATAN, LUZON: Quezon, MINDORO. Notes: 300-1500m. Native.
2. Lomagramma copelandii Holttum, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 9 (1937) 201; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 287. = Lomagramma pteroides var. negrosensis Copel., LPB 2 (1908) 393. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines. BATAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Surigao, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forest. 600m. Native.
3. Lomagramma merrillii Holttum, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 9 (1937) 208; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 281. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BOHOL, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), ?Davao de Oro (photos), Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: 1500. Native.
4. Lomagramma pteroides J.Sm., J. Bot. (Hooker) 3 (1841) 402; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 281. = Lomagramma subcoriacea Copel., PJS 40 (1929) 308. = Lomagramma pedicellata Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 23. = Lomagramma cordata Copel., PJS 84 (1955) 162. = Lomagramma pteroides var. subcoriacea Copel., PJS 3 (1908) 32. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines. BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, JOLO, LUZON: Batangas, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: (?-)900-1000m. Native.

Pleocnemia C.Presl

1. Pleocnemia brongniartii (Bory) Holttum, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 350; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 15; ≡ Arcypteris brongniartii (Bory) Holttum, Reinwardtia 1 (1951) 195; ≡ Tectaria irregularis var. brongniartii (Bory) Copel., PJS 2c (1907) 417, as 'brogniartii'; Copeland, LPB 2 (1908) 392; ≡ Polypodium brongniartii Bory, Voy. Monde, Crypt. 1 (1828) 263. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, ROMBLON, SIBUYAN. Notes: 150-350m (photos) to 600m. Native.
2. Pleocnemia conjugata (Blume) C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 619; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 16; ≡ Aspidium conjugatum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 169. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, ?Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: 750-1500m. Native.
3. Pleocnemia cumingiana C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 410; Copeland, LPB 2 (1908) 392; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 17. ≠ Tectaria leuzeana auct. non (Gaudich.) Copel.; Copel., Fern Fl. Philip. 2 (1960) 310, pro parte. Distribution: ?Bangladesh, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (photos), Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: 600-800m (photos). Native.
4. Pleocnemia hemiteliiformis (Racib.) Holttum, Reinwardtia 1 (1951) 179; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 17. = Pleocnemia leuzeana var. hemiteliiformis Racib., Pteridoph. Buitenzorg (1898) 194. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Notes: J.F. Barcelona (19-Sep-23): Known from the Philippines from Elmer 10547 (F, GH, NY, US) from Mt Apo. 800-1400m. Native.
5. Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 347; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 12; Rufila et al., Ruhuna J. Science 13 (2022) 159; Cano-Mangaoang et al., Thailand Nat. Hist. Mus. J. 20 (2026) 94; ≡ Arcypteris irregularis (C.Presl) Ching, Sunyatsenia 5 (1940) 251; ≡ Tectaria irregularis (C.Presl) Copel., PJS 2c (1907) 416; ≡ Polypodium irregulare C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1825) 25. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CULION, DINAGAT (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO (photos), NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 80m (photos). Native.
6. Pleocnemia macrodonta (C.Presl ex Fée) Holttum, Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 348; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 13; Rufila et al., Ruhuna J. Science 13 (2022) 159; ≡ Arcypteris macrodonta (C.Presl ex Fée) Holttum, Reinwardtia 1 (1951) 194; ≡ Dictyopteris macrodonta C.Presl ex Fée, Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic. (1852) 267. ≠ Tectaria irregularis auct. non (C.Presl) Copel.; Copel., Fern Fl. Philip. 2 (1960) 309, pro parte. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. ALABAT, BABUYAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Native.
7. Pleocnemia presliana Holttum, Reinwardtia 1 (1951) 183; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 2 (1991) 20. ≠ Pleocnemia leuzeana auct. non (Gaudich.) C.Presl; Rufila et al., Ruhuna J. Science 13 (2022) 159. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Sarangani, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Terrestrial, usually in partly shaded areas. 0-400(-?)m. Native.

Polystichum Roth

1. Polystichum biaristatum (Blume) T.Moore, Index Fil. (T.Moore) (1858) 86; Pescuela et al., PJS 153 (2024) 664; ≡ Aspidium biaristatum Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 164. = Polystichum aquilinum Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 20. Distribution: Bangladesh, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental, NEGROS, PANAY. Native.
2. Polystichum copelandii Christ, PJS 2c (1907) 157. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Native.
3. Polystichum deltodon (Baker) Diels, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 1(4) (1899) 191; ≡ Aspidium deltodon Baker, Gard. Chron., n.s. 14 (1880) 494. Distribution: China, Japan, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, PANAY (photos). Native.
4. Polystichum elmeri Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 21; Galope-Obemio et al., J. Threatened Taxa 14 (2022) 22045; Pescuela et al., PJS 153 (2024) 664; Cano-Mangaoang et al., Thailand Nat. Hist. Mus. J. 20 (2026) 94. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, NEGROS. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
5. Polystichum fraxinellum (Christ) Diels, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 1(4) (1899) 494; ≡ Aspidium fraxinellum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1st Sér. 7 (1899) 15. Distribution: China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Apayao (photos). Notes: 1550m (photos). Native.
6. Polystichum fuscum Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 20. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Native.
7. Polystichum moluccense (Blume) T.Moore, Index Fil. (T.Moore) (1858) 84; Galope-Obemio et al., J. Threatened Taxa 14 (2022) 22045; Pescuela et al., PJS 153 (2024) 664; ≡ Aspidium moluccense Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 168. = Polystichum horizontale var. sordidum Copel., LPB 2 (1908) 392; Type: Elmer 9715, Negros: Cuernos Mts, 1200m. = Polystichum horizontale C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 417; Delos Angeles et al. in Ramamoorthy et al., Plant Diversity in Biocultural Landscapes (2023) 224; De Villa & Lagat, PJS 153 (2024) 1823. = Polystichum nudum Copel., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 145. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, ?Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 1200m to 1600m (photos). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
8. Polystichum nepalense (Spreng.) C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr) (1905) 84; ≡ Aspidium nepalense Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 4 (1827) 97. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya. Native.
9. Polystichum obliquum (D.Don) T.Moore, Index Fil. (T.Moore) (1858) 98; ≡ Aspidium obliquum D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 3. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Native.
10. Polystichum obtusum J.Sm. ex C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 413; J.Sm., J. Bot. 3 (1841) 412, nom. inval., nom. nud. = Polystichum edanoi Copel., PJS 83 (1954) 97. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales. Native.
11. Polystichum piceopaleaceum Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 5 (1936) 255. = Polystichum doianum Tagawa, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 5 (1936) 256. = Polystichum pulogense Copel., PJS 81 (1952) 19. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tibet. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya. Native.

Possibly present

1. Polystichum grandifrons C.Chr., Index Filic. (C.Chr), Suppl. Tert. (1934) 163. Distribution: China, India, Japan, ?Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam.
2. Polystichum manmeiense (Christ) Nakaike, Reports on the Cryptogamic Study in Nepal (1982) 141; ≡ Aspidium manmeiense Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1st Sér. 6 (1898) 965. Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, ?Philippines, Taiwan, Tibet.

Teratophyllum Mett.

1. Teratophyllum aculeatum (Blume) Mett. ex Kuhn, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1869) 296; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 269; Galope-Obemio et al., J. Threatened Taxa 14 (2022) 22045; ≡ Lomaria aculeata Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1828) 205. Distribution: BOHOL, GENERAL ISLAND, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Native.
   • var. aculeatum. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Lowland forest. Native.
2. Teratophyllum arthropteroides (Christ) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5 (1932) 303; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 270; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 17; ≡ Stenochlaena arthropteroides Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, 2nd Sér. 6 (1906) 998. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: 250-400m. Native.
3. Teratophyllum koordersii Holttum, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5 (1932) 301; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 271. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation. Native.
4. Teratophyllum leptocarpum (Fée) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 9 (1937) 143; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 270; ≡ Lomariopsis leptocarpa Fée, Mém. Foug., 2. Hist. Acrostich. (1845) 69. = Teratophyllum williamsii (Underw.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 7 (1934) 292; ≡ Stenochlaena williamsii Underw., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33 (1906) 41. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN, BOHOL (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Zambales, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 100-600m. Native.
5. Teratophyllum luzonicum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5 (1932) 297; Holttum, Fl. Males. ser. 2, 1 (1978) 270; De Villa & Lagat, PJS 153 (2024) 1823. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Cavite, Pampanga, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: 600-700m. Native.