Dilleniaceae

Dillenia L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 August 2026
  1. Dillenia bolsteri Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 305; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 59; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 54; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 165; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 35; Type: Bolster 311 (PNH, holo, lost); BS 34784 Ramos & Pascasio (L, neo; A, BM, BO, K, P, US, isoneo), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte prov. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, HINATUAN, LUZON: Apayao (photos), MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), SAMAR. Notes: We follow Fernando et al. (2017) in considering Dillenia bolsteri distinct from Dillenia cauliflora. 50-450m (photos). Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Dillenia cauliflora Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 517; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 60; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Type: BS 1695 Ramos (PNH, holo, ?lost; BM, BRI, BO, CAL, G, L, MO, NY, P, SING, US, iso). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. HOMONHON, LEYTE, MINDANAO, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  3. Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Martelli ex Gilg, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(6) (1893) 123; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 60; Hoogl., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 169; Malabrigo et al., Flora of Mt Mantalingahan Protected Landscape (2023) 87; ≡ Wormia excelsa Jack, Malayan Misc. 2 (1822) 69. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BALABAC, PALAWAN. Notes: 80-500m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Dillenia fischeri Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 518; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 60; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 27; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 161; Type: FB 20534 Miranda (P, lecto; BM, K, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, near Butuan, 3-Sep-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon. Notes: Known only from two collections from the type locality. Semi-open forests. 20m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  5. Dillenia indica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 535; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 108; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 171; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 15; Type: Illustration from Rheede, Hort. Mal. 3 (1683) 39-42, t. 38-39. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Sumatra, Thailand. DINAGAT (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Naturalized in the Philippines where it is a cultivated as an ornamental tree. Naturalized.
  6. Dillenia luzoniensis (S.Vidal) Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 95; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 60; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 93; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 168; Fernando & Quimado, Ultramafic Fl. Philippines (2023) 90; ≡ Wormia luzoniensis S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 36; Type: Vidal 3 (PNH, holo, lost; L, lecto; FI, K, MA, isolecto), Luzon: Zambales. = Dillenia diantha Hoogland, Blumea 7 (1952) 57; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 165; Type: Whitford 1320 (NY, holo; G, K, P, US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests along riverbanks. 100m (photos). Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  7. Dillenia marsupialis Hoogland, Blumea 7 (1952) 66; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 162; Type: BS 75247 Ramos & Edaño (NY, holo; CAL, SING, P, UC, iso), Catanduanes: Mt Abucay. ≠ Dillenia ochreata auct. non Martelli; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 61. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, PANAY. Notes: In forests. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Dillenia megalantha Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 519; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 60; Hoogl., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 163; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 61; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 163; Type: BS 17581 Ramos (PNH, holo, ?lost; BM, lecto; K, P, US, isolecto). = Dillenia mindanaensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2611; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 60; Type: Elmer 11883 (A, iso; BM, BO, CAL, E, G, K, L, MO, NY, US), Mindanao, Davao, Mt Apo (Todaya). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, South Cotabato (photos), Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay (photos), SAMAR. Notes: In primary forests, often on riverbanks. 0-1230m (photos). Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Dillenia monantha Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 321; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 60; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 102; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 170; Type: Merrill 9237 (PNH, holo, lost; L, lecto; A, BM, BO, CAL, F, GH, K, MO, NY, P, SING, US, isolecto), Palawan: Taytay. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, CULION, DUMARAN, PALAWAN, SEMIRARA (photos). Notes: Dry secondary forests and open grasslands at low elevation. 50m (photos). Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  10. Dillenia papyracea Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 520; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 61; Hoogl., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 158; Type: BS 16339 Reillo (K, US, iso), Basilan. = Dillenia megalophylla Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 421; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 60; Type: BS 33034 Ramos (A, K, P, US, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Bangui to Claveria. ≠ Dillenia pteropoda auct. non (Miq.) Hoogland; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 28; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 143, pro parte (typ. excl.). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON: Apayao, Ilocos Norte, MINDANAO: Lanao, Zamboanga. Notes: In lowland primary forests. 0-500m. Native.
  11. Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 307; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 331; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 61; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 62; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 164; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; Type: Vidal 4 (K, holo; FI, L, iso), Panay: Iloilo prov. = Dillenia catmon Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2610; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 59; Type: Elmer 13564 (A, BM, BO, C, CAL, E, FI, G, GH, K, L, MO, NY 2 sheets, P, U, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BASILAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Davao, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, PARASAN, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TABLAS, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Widespread but absent from Palawan. 0-1000(-1800)m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. philippinensis. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Common in lowland and medium elevation forests, exceptionally ascending to 1800 and 2000m. Also commonly cultivated as shade tree and for its edible fruits. Native.
    • var. pubifolia Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 61; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 65; Type: FB 30393 Siriban (NY, neo; BM, K, UC, US, isoneo), Luzon: Isabela, San Mariano. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, MINDANAO: Surigao, Zamboanga, SIBUYAN. Notes: None of the specimens cited by Merrill in the original protologue seen by Hoogland and are all probably lost. Native.
  12. Dillenia reifferscheidia Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 3; Naves in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 344; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 61; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 68; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 162; Type: Haenke, s.n. (PR). = Dillenia reifferscheidia var. rosea Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3079; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 61; Type: Elmer 18025 (A, C, CAL, FI, G, GH, K, L, MO, NY, P, S, U, UC, US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: In primary and secondary forests, particularly in more humid regions. Low elevation to 1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  13. Dillenia sibuyanensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 322; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 62; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 99; Hoogl., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 170; ≡ Wormia sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1772; Type: Elmer 12087 (PNH, holo, lost; L, lecto; A, BM, BO, CAL, E, FI, G, GH, K, MO, NA, NY, P, US, isolecto), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Scattered along forested riverbanks. 0-300m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  14. Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Martelli, Malesia 3 (1887) 163; Hoogl., Blumea 7 (1952) 70; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 162; ≡ Wormia suffruticosa Griff. ex Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1872) 35; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Notes: Naturalized in the Philippines and Java where it is cultivated as an ornamental treelet. Naturalized.

Tetracera L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 January 2026
  1. Tetracera akara (Burm.f.) Merr., PJS 19 (1921) 366; Hoogl., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 146; ≡ Calophyllum akara Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 121. Distribution: Borneo, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BASILAN. Notes: Lowland forests. 0-750m. Native.
  2. Tetracera fagifolia Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 4; Hoogl., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 148. Distribution: CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: 100-750m. Native.
    • var. fagifolia. = Tetracera philippinensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 375; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 58. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: 100-750m. Native.
  3. Tetracera korthalsii Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1868) 75; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-700m. Native.
    • var. subrotundata (Elmer) Hoogland, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 4 (1951) 147, as 'subrotunda'; ≡ Tetracera subrotundata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1771; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 59. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Climber in lowland primary forest. Low elevation. Native.
  4. Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 365; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 59; Hoogl., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1951) 143, excl. synonyms Delima sarmentosa L. & Tetracera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl; ≡ Tragia scandens L., Herb. Amboin. (Linn.) (1754) 18. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BUSUANGA, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Pampanga (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), TURTLE IS. Notes: 0-500(-1000)m. Native.

References