Convolvulaceae

Aniseia Choisy (Not native)

1. Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8 (1837) 66; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 359; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 435; ≡ Convolvulus martinicensis Jacq., Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. (1763) 26. Distribution: Neotropics. MINDORO, PALAWAN. Naturalized.
   • var. martinicensis. Distribution: Malesia. PALAWAN. Notes: Among grasses in low elevation freshwater swamps. Very rare and local in the Philippines. Naturalized.

Argyreia Lour.

1. Argyreia apoensis (Elmer) Ooststr., Blumea 6 (1950) 344; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 509; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 449; ≡ Ipomoea apoensis (Elmer) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 25; ≡ Rivea apoensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2604; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 370; Type: Elmer 11231 (A, BISH, BO, E, G, GH, K, L, NY, P, US, syn), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), Jul-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Possibly only a variety of Argyreia barnesii (Merr.) Ooststr. In forests, forming dense tangled masses. 450m. Native.
2. Argyreia barnesii (Merr.) Ooststr., Blumea 6 (1950) 343; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 509; ≡ Ipomoea barnesii (Merr.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 25; ≡ Rivea barnesii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 40; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 371; Type: Barnes FB 68 (BO, K, NY, SING, US), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Nov-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation. 600m to 1050m (photos). Native.
   • var. barnesii. = Rivea cinerea Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 335; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 450; Type: Elmer 8882 (A, BO, G, K, L, syn), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, near Sablan, Mar-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Camarines, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevation, forming tangled masses over the tops of trees and larger shrubs. Native.
   • var. urdanetensis (Elmer) Ooststr., Blumea 6 (1950) 344; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 509; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 450; ≡ Ipomoea barnesii var. urdanetensis (Elmer) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 25; ≡ Rivea urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2605; Type: 13361 (A, BO, G, GH, K, L, NY, P, U, US, syn), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Jul-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon. Notes: Only known from the type (Staples & Traiperm 2017). Forests. 600m. Native.
3. Argyreia boholensis (Merr.) Ooststr., Blumea 6 (1950) 345; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 509; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 451; ≡ Ipomoea boholensis (Merr.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 25; ≡ Lettsomia boholensis Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 485; Type: Ramos BS 42772 (A, BO, G, K, P, US, syn), Bohol: Aug/Sep-1923. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, CEBU (photos), NEGROS, PANAY (photos). Notes: Forest clearings and along streams. 300-600m. Native.
4. Argyreia luzonensis (Hallier f.) Ooststr., Blumea 5 (1943) 379; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 505; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 459; ≡ Ipomoea luzonensis (Hallier f.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, PhytoKeys 143 (2020) 823; Nat. Plants 5 1136-44 (2019) Suppl. 28, nom. inval.; ≡ Rivea luzonensis Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1st Sér. 6 (1898) 714; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 371; Type: Cuming 692 (E, G, GOET, K, L, TCD, W, syn), Luzon: Batangas, Calawang, 1841; Vidal 1622 (K, syn), Luzon: Manila, San Mateo, Nov-1884; Meyen s.n. (B, syn, lost), Luzon: Manila, 1831. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Lanao, Lanao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Common in thickets and forests, especially along mountain streams at low and medium elevation. (?-)1500m. Native.
5. Argyreia paucinervia Ooststr., Blumea 6 (1950) 347; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 510; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 463; ≡ Ipomoea paucinervia (Ooststr.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 29; Type: BS 47260 Ramos & Edaño (NY, holo; B, BM, US, iso), Luzon: Isabela, Mt Moises, Mar-1926. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela. Notes: Only known from the type (Staples & Traiperm 2017). Forest slopes. 1000m. Native.
6. Argyreia pedicellata Ooststr., Blumea 5 (1943) 379; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 500; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 463; ≡ Ipomoea pedicellata (Ooststr.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 29; Type: Elmer 8439 (L, holo; A, BO, G, K, NY, US), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet. Notes: 800m (photos). Native.
7. Argyreia philippinensis (Merr.) Ooststr., Blumea 6 (1950) 341; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 499; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 463; ≡ Ipomoea merrillii J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, PhytoKeys 143 (2020) 823; ≡ Ipomoea philippinensis (Merr.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 30, nom. illeg., non Choisy; ≡ Lettsomia philippinensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 488; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 251; Type: BS 10964 Ramos (L), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio, Aug-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna. Notes: Damp forests at low elevation. Native.
8. Argyreia purpuricarpa Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1766; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 372; ≡ Ipomoea purpuricarpa (Elmer) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 29; Type: Elmer 12777 (BISH, BO, E, L, NY, syn), Palawan: Puerto Princesa (Mt Pulgar), Mar-1911. = Argyreia nitida (Desr.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6 (1834) 424; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 371; Ooststroom, Blumea 6 (1950) 339; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 498; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 461; ≡ Convolvulus nitidus Desr., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1792) 544; Type: Commerson 24 (P, P-JU, syn), Luzon: Manila; Anonymous s.n. (P-JU). ≠ Argyreia mollis auct. non (Burm.f.) Choisy; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 386. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur (photos), Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Tarlac, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: In thickets and secondary forests at low and medium elevation. Native.
9. Argyreia samarensis Ooststr., Blumea 6 (1950) 347; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 510; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 465; ≡ Ipomoea samarensis (Ooststr.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 30; Type: BS 17489 Ramos (L, holo; BM, K, P, US, iso), Samar: Mar/Apr-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Only known from the type (Staples & Traiperm 2017). Native.
10. Argyreia sorsogonensis Ooststr. ex Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 466; Ooststroom, Blumea 6 (1950) 340; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 503, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; ≡ Ipomoea sorsogonensis (Ooststr. ex Staples & Traiperm) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 31; ≡ Rivea sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3721, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 16992 (P, holo; A, BM, BO, G, GH, K, L, NY, U, US, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Aug-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Notes: In light woods among shrubberies. 300m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer, Hortus Maurit. (1837) 244; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 386; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 371; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 499; ≡ Ipomoea nervosa (Burm.f.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 29; ≡ Convolvulus nervosus Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 48. Distribution: India. Notes: Cultivated in other tropical countries and occasionally escaped. In the Philippines cultivated as a garden plant but not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Possibly present

1. Argyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr., Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 6 (1972) 941; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 452; ≡ Ipomoea capitiformis (Poir.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 26; ≡ Convolvulus capitiformis Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 3 (1814) 469; Type: from India. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, ?Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: See Staples & Traiperm (2017) for possible presence in the Philippines.
2. Argyreia discolor Ooststr., Blumea 7 (1952) 175; Staples & Traiperm, Taxon 66 (2017) 454; ≡ Ipomoea carrii J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 26; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, ?Philippines, ?Sumatra. ?LUZON.

Excluded

1. Argyreia nellygherya Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6 (1834) 414; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 372; ≡ Ipomoea nellygherya (Choisy) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 29. Notes: Erroneously reported for the Philippines (Ooststroom 1953; Staples & Traiperm 2017).

Bonamia Thouars

1. Bonamia semidigyna (Roxb.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16 (1893) 528; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 357; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 398; ≡ Convolvulus semidigynus Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 47. Distribution: CULION, LUZON, MINDORO. Notes: 0-250(-600)m. Native.
   • var. semidigyna. Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. CULION. Notes: Thickets. 0-250(-600)m. Native.

Camonea Raf.

1. Camonea pilosa (Houtt.) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 583; ≡ Ipomoea pilosa Houtt., Nat. Hist. (Houttuyn) 2(7) (1777) 573. = Merremia umbellata ssp. orientalis (Hallier f.) Ooststr., Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 4 (1953) 449; ≡ Merremia umbellata var. orientalis Hallier f., Verslag Staat 's Lands Plantentuin Buitenzorg 1895 (1896) 132; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 389; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 362. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra (photos), Pampanga (photos), Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Thickets, forest edges, grasslands, along fields, trails, etc. 0-1100m. Native.
2. Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 583; ≡ Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16 (1893) 552; ≡ Convolvulus umbellatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 155. Distribution: Africa, C & S America. CULION, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Naturalized along roads and in farms (K.M.B. Lugtu, pers. comm. 20-Mar-21). Naturalized.

Cuscuta L.

1. Cuscuta sp. Distribution: LUZON: Rizal (photos). Notes: Photos by Edmund Capuz from Antipolo, Rizal, possibly represent either Cuscuta australis ssp. australis (Mihai Costea, pers. comm. 12-Mar-24) or Cuscuta campestris (George Staples, pers. comm. 11-Mar-24). Cryptogenic.

Decalobanthus Ooststr.

1. Decalobanthus distillatorius (Blanco) Staples, Blumea 67 (2022) 550; ≡ Merremia distillatoria (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 325; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 360; ≡ Convolvulus distillatorius Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 95; Type: Quisumbing PNH 8061 (A, neo; PNH, isoneo), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Ditumabo. = Decalobanthus similis (Elmer) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 571; ≡ Merremia similis Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 335; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 360; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 454; Type: A.D.E. Elmer 7341 (PNH, holo, lost; E, G, K, NY, iso), Leyte; Palo. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Misamis, Surigao, Surigao del Norte (photos), NEGROS, PANAY, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Thickets and secondary forests. 0-400m. Native.
2. Decalobanthus peltatus (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 571; Staples, Blumea 67 (2022) 59; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Merremia peltata (L.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 441; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 362; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 452; ≡ Convolvulus peltatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1194; Type: from Moluccas. = Chironia capsularis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 102. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, Indian Ocean, Java, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Often common in secondary forests at sea level and low and medium elevation. Philippine forms are apparently uniformly yellow flowered. 0-700(-1200)m. Native.

Possibly present

1. Decalobanthus pulcher (Ooststr.) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 571; Staples, Blumea 67 (2022) 65; ≡ Merremia pulchra Ooststr., Blumea 3 (1939) 348; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 451; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, ?Philippines. Notes: A specimen collected in the Philippines by G.T. Lay without exact locality (BM) might be conspecific (Oostroom 1953, Staples 2022). 20-850(-1100)m.

Excluded

1. Decalobanthus mammosus (Lour.) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 571; ≡ Merremia mammosa (Lour.) Hallier f., Teysmannia 7 (1897) 164; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 450; ≡ Convolvulus mammosus Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 108; ≡ Batatta mammosa Rumph., Herb. Amboin. (Rumphius) 5 (1747) 370, nom. inval.; Type: Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 5 (1747) t. 131. Notes: P.B. Pelser (22-May-22): In his description of Batatta mammosa, Rumphius wrote that this species originates from the Philippines. However, Merrill (1917) explained that Rumphius' description and plate of Batatta mammosa refer to “a composite species, the flowers and leaves of a convolvulaceous plant being figured with the tubers of a different plant attached.” He wrote that the tubers probably belong to Dioscorea and that the leaves and flowers look like Operculina turpethum. Simões & Staples (2017) however disagreed and concluded that Rumphius' plate (Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 5 (1747) t. 131.) shows Decalobanthus mammosus (George Staples, pers. comm. 21-May-22) and they selected the plate as the lectotype of Convolvulus mammosus Lour. despite Merrill (1935, p. 40) advising against typifying Loureiro's species by citing a pre-Linnaean illustration. Decalobanthus mammosus has not been reported from the Philippines (Staples 2022).

Dichondra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Not native)

1. Dichondra micrantha Urb., Symb. Antill. 9 (1924) 243. ≠ Dichondra repens auct. non J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 357; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 395. Distribution: N America. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: Ubiquitous in the warmer regions of the world, everywhere local. Dry slopes. 1300m. Naturalized.

Distimake Raf.

1. Distimake dissectus (Jacq.) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 574; ≡ Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16 (1893) 552; ≡ Convolvulus dissectus Jacq., Observ. Bot. (Jacquin) 2 (1767) 4; Type: Jacquin’s plate 28. Distribution: America. NEGROS (photos). Naturalized.
   • var. dissectus. Distribution: NEGROS (photos). Naturalized.
2. Distimake quinatus (R.Br.) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 574; ≡ Merremia quinata (R.Br.) Ooststr., J. Arnold Arbor. 29 (1948) 417; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 447; ≡ Ipomoea quinata R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 486; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 367; Type: from Australia. Distribution: Australia, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Grasslands or thickets. Also mentioned from Myanmar & S China, but not certainly conspecific. Native.
3. Distimake vitifolius (Burm.f.) Pisuttimarn & Petrongari, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 202 (2023) 369; ≡ Camonea vitifolia (Burm.f.) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 583; ≡ Merremia vitifolia (Burm.f.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16 (1893) 552; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 362; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 448; ≡ Convolvulus vitifolius Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 45; Type: from Indonesia. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, CAGAYAN DE SULU, LUZON: Laguna, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: In regions with rather pronounced dry season. Open grasslands, abandoned clearings, thickets at low elevation. 0-900m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Distimake tuberosus (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 183 (2017) 577; ≡ Merremia tuberosa (L.) Rendle, Fl. Trop. Afr. (Oliver et al.) 4 (1905) 104; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 447; ≡ Operculina tuberosa (L.) Meisn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 7 (1869) 212; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 385; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 363; ≡ Ipomoea tuberosa L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 160; Type: from Jamaica. Notes: America. Note by P.B. Pelser (17-Jan-21), it is not clear to me if this species is naturalized in the Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Erycibe Roxb.

1. Erycibe forbesii Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 73(2) (1904) 15; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 420. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Java Sea, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-600m. Native.
2. Erycibe malaccensis C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 4 (1883) 182; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 428. = Erycibe dubia Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 589; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 358. Distribution: ?Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 0-500m. Native.
3. Erycibe micrantha Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16 (1893) 524; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 412. = Erycibe lateraliflora Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1767. ≠ Erycibe griffithii auct. non C.B.Clarke; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 358. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests. 0-800m. Native.
4. Erycibe ramosii Hoogland, Blumea 7 (1953) 316; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 419. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Laguna. Native.
5. Erycibe sargentii Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 56; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 359; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 413. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Zambales, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, PANAY. Notes: Forested slopes at low elevation. Fl. Feb-May. Native.
6. Erycibe sericea Hoogland, Blumea 7 (1953) 317; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 416; Type: Vidal 3361 (K, holo; MA, iso), Malamaui. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MALAMAWI. Notes: Known only from the type collection from Malamui, an island close to N Basilan. Native.
7. Erycibe terminaliflora Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1768; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 359; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 418. = Erycibe hallieriana Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2603. = Erycibe pararan Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2603. = Erycibe copelandii Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3077. ≠ Erycibe rheedii auct. non Blume; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 358, pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Quezon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. (?-)1200m. Native.
8. Erycibe tomentosa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826-1827) 1048; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 426. = Erycibe princei Wall. ex Choisy, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 2nd Sér. 1 (1834) 224, as 'princii'; Wall, Cat. (1829) No. 1335, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 358. Distribution: LEYTE, MINDORO. Notes: 0-1200m. Native.
   • var. tomentosa. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Java Sea, Madura, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE. Notes: 0-1200m. Native.

Evolvulus L.

1. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 392; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 382; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 357; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 395; ≡ Convolvulus alsinoides L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 157. = Evolvulus alsinoides var. hirsutus (Lam.) Ooststr., Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 14 (1934) 29; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 396; ≡ Evolvulus hirsutus Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1792) 538. = Evolvulus alsinoides var. philippinensis Ooststr., Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 14 (1934) 30; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 396; Type: BS 27435 Ramos (SING, ?holo), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Bangui, Feb/Mar-1917. = Evolvulus alsinoides var. decumbens (R.Br.) Ooststr., Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 14 (1934) 38; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 396; ≡ Evolvulus decumbens R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 489. Distribution: Pantropic. BIRI (photos), CEBU, LUZON: Abra, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales, MARARISON (photos), MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, PANAY, SEMIRARA. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Open dry grasslands at low and medium elevation. Often common. The four varieties in the Philippines distinguished by Ooststroom intergrade to a high degree, hence the recognition here of just one highly variable species. 0m. Native.
2. Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 391; Raganas et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2517; ≡ Convolvulus nummularius L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 157; Type: from Jamaica. Distribution: America, Caribbean. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Naturalized.

Hewittia Wight & Arn.

1. Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh, Interpr. Van Rheede's Hort. Malab. (1988) 88; Staples & Yang in Huang (ed.) Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 4 (1998) 353; ≡ Convolvulus malabaricus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 155. = Hewittia sublobata (L.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 441; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 382; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 359; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 438; ≡ Shutereia sublobata (L.f.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33 (1906) 318; ≡ Convolvulus sublobatus L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 135. = Hewittia scandens (Milne) Mabb., Bot. Hist. Hort. Malabaricus (1980) 84. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Abra (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga (photos), Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, MINDORO, PANAY (photos). Notes: Throughout the Philippines in open grasslands and waste places, low and medium elevation, often common. 0-1400m. Native.

Ipomoea L.

1. Ipomoea aculeata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 715; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 486. Distribution: LUZON, MINDORO. Notes: 0-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. mollissima (Zoll.) Hallier f. ex Ooststr., Blumea 3 (1940) 574; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 486; ≡ Calonyction mollissimum Zoll., Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 2 (1854) 128. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madura, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON. Notes: 0-700m. Native.
2. Ipomoea alba L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 161; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 547; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 480; ≡ Calonyction album (L.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31 (1904) 591; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 384; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 369. = Calonyction aculeatum (L.) House, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 31 (1904) 590; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 384; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 369; ≡ Convolvulus aculeatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 155. = Ipomoea grandiflora Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1793) 467; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 285. Distribution: America. JOLO, LUZON: Batangas, La Union, Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO, PALMAS. Notes: Settled areas, thickets, hedges, along trails at low and medium elevation. Also often near the sea. Naturalized.
3. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 44; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 528; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 473. = Ipomoea reptans (L.) Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 3 (1814) 460; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 392; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 368. Distribution: Pantropic. LEYTE, LUZON: Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Maguindanao del Sur, PANAY (photos), TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Pelser (6-Sep-2022): The name Ipomoea reptans (L.) Poir. does not refer to Convolvulus reptans L., which is Merremia hirta var. hirta. John Edward Matulina Villasis (1-Jun-25): Perhaps introduced, either from India or China, and tends to overgrow freshwater marginal areas making it one of the worst invaders in the Archipelago (CABI, 2023). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Cryptogenic.
   • var. aquatica. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in stagnant streams, freshwater swamps and pools. Widely used as a vegetable. Perhaps introduced. Cryptogenic.
4. Ipomoea biflora (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 1 (1805) 183; ≡ Convolvulus biflorus L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1763) 1668. = Ipomoea plebeia R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 484; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 492; Fl. Males.ser. 1, 4 (1953) 463; addenda & corrigenda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1972) 940. Distribution: Australia, Java, Java Sea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: 0-600m. Native.
5. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. (Sweet), 1st Ed. (1827) 287; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 391; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 364; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 542; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 478; ≡ Convolvulus cairicus L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2 (1759) 922. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, China, India, Indian Ocean, Laos, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Pacific Ocean, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Abra (photos). Notes: 600m (photos). Naturalized.
   • var. cairica. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, China, India, Indian Ocean, Laos, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Pacific Ocean, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: Cultivated; wild in waste places, thickets, hedges, etc. Naturalized.
6. Ipomoea campanulata L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 160; addenda & corrigenda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1982) 558; ≡ Stictocardia campanulata (L.) Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 133; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 372. = Ipomoea illustris (C.B.Clarke) Prain, Bengal Pl. 2 (1903) 735; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 566; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 485; ≡ Ipomoea campanulata var. illustris C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 4 (1883) 211. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. ALABAT, BALABAC, LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY, TICAO. Notes: Seashores and along coastal thickets and forest edges near the sea. 0-25m. Native.
7. Ipomoea carnea Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 13. Distribution: America. LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Pampanga. Naturalized.
   • ssp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D.F.Austin, Taxon 26 (1977) 237; ≡ Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 9 (1845) 349. Distribution: America. LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Pampanga. Naturalized.
8. Ipomoea diversifolia R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 487; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 365; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 545; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 479. Distribution: India to Australia, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: Dry open places at low elevation. Native.
9. Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 484; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 490; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 462. = Ipomoea hispida (Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 4 (1819) 238; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 366; ≡ Convolvulus hispidus Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 3 (1794) 29. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 0-1300m. Native.
10. Ipomoea hederifolia L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 925; Ooststroom, Nova Guinea n.s. 6 (1955) 28; Addenda, corrigenda et emendanda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1958) 563. = Ipomoea angulata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1793) 464; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 553; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 481. = Quamoclit phoenicea (Roxb. ex Rottler) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6 (1834) 433; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 383; EPFP 3 (1923) 370; ≡ Ipomoea phoenicea Roxb. ex Rottler, Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4 (1803) 197. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Zambales (photos). Notes: In Malesia cultivated for ornamental purposes but has run wild in waste places, fields, grasslands, thickets and thin forests. Naturalized.
11. Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub. (1866) 203; ≡ Convolvulus imperati Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 1 (1790) 17. = Ipomoea stolonifera (Cirillo) J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat., 13th Ed. (1791) 345, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 368; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 540; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 478; ≡ Convolvulus stolonifer Cirillo, Pl. Rar. Neapol. 1 (1788) 14, nom. illeg., nom. superfl. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Caribbean, China, Europe, Java, Madura, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Cagayan, PALAWAN (photos). Notes: On sandybeach along seashore. 0-5m. Native.
12. Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 445; ≡ Convolvulus indicus Burm., Auctuarium (1755) 2 verso. = Ipomoea acuminata (Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 4 (1819) 228; addenda & corrigenda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1972) 939; ≡ Convolvulus acuminatus Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 3 (1794) 26. = Ipomoea congesta R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 885; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 500; Fl.Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 465. Distribution: Pantropic. BATAN, BATANES, LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Rizal (photos), PALMAS, ROMBLON, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout Malesia but yet to be found in Borneo. 0-1650m. Native.
13. Ipomoea littoralis Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 713; Ooststroom, addenda & corrigenda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1972) 940. ≠ Ipomoea gracilis auct. non R.Br.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 365; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 516; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 470. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BUSUANGA, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Sandy beaches and coastal thickets. 0-15m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
14. Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq., Collectanea (Jacquin) 4 (1791) 216; addenda & corrigenda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1972) 941. ≠ Ipomoea digitata auct. non L.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 391; EPFP 3 (1923) 364; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 558; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 483. Distribution: Africa, Australia, C & S America, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CORON, CULION, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, La Union, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO. Notes: Along coastal thickets and along streams at low elevation. Native.
15. Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth, Catal. Bot. 1 (1797) 36; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 390; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 497; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 465; ≡ Convolvulus nil L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 219. = ?Ipomoea hederacea Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. (Jacquin) 1 (1781) t.36; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 365. Distribution: America. CEBU. Notes: Cultivated as an ornamental. Naturalized in thickets and waste places (Merrill 1923). 80m (photos). Naturalized.
16. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl., Bot. Reg. 3 (1817) t.239; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 391; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 366; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 519; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 471; ≡ Convolvulus obscurus L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 220. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Indian Ocean, Malesia, Pacific Ocean, SE Asia. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan (photos), Rizal, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: Grasslands, thickets, along trails, waste areas, etc. 0-1300m. Native.
    • var. obscura. Native.
17. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br., Narr. Exped. Zaire (1818) 477; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 391; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 366; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 538; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 475; addenda & corrigenda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1972) 941; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 437; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91; ≡ Convolvulus pes-caprae L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 159. Distribution: APO, BASILAN, BATAN, BATANES, CAPUL, DANJUGAN, HOMONHON, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Batangas (photos), Cagayan, La Union, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MANTIGUE, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Occidental, Davao Oriental (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SIASI, SIBUYAN, SIQUIJOR (photos), SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAGANAK. Notes: On all sandy seashores throughout the Philippines and also on the margins of some lakes and rivers. 0-5m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. pes-caprae. Distribution: Africa, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Notes: Sandy beaches. 0m. Native.
    • ssp. brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr., Blumea 3 (1940) 533; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 475; ≡ Convolvulus brasiliensis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 159. Distribution: Pantropic. BASILAN, LUZON: NCR, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDORO, SIASI, TAGANAK. Notes: The common subspecies throughout Malesia. 0-600m. Naturalized.
18. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 162; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 390; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 367; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 504; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 467. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga (photos), Zambales, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: Grasslands, waste places, thickets, fields. 0-1000m. Native.
    • var. pes-tigridis. Native.
19. Ipomoea pileata Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 94; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 366; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 507; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 467. ≠ Ipomoea involucrata auct. non P.Beauv.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 366. Distribution: Africa, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. CULION. Notes: In dry open places at low elevation. 0-400m. Native.
20. Ipomoea polymorpha Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 4 (1819) 254; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 367; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 493; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 464. Distribution: Africa, Australia, ?India, Indochina and Taiwan to Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madura, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON. Notes: Regions with marked dry season. 0-100m. Native.
21. Ipomoea quamoclit L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 159; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 555; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 482. = Quamoclit pennata (Desr.) Bojer, Hortus Maurit. (1837) 224; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 383; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 370; ≡ Convolvulus pennata Desr., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1792) 567. Distribution: Pantropic. BANTAYAN (photos), DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Isabela (photos). Notes: Cultivated and runs wild all over Malesia. Thickets (Merrill 1923). 36m (photos). Naturalized.
22. Ipomoea rubens Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6 (1834) 463; addenda & corrigenda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 6 (1972) 941. = Ipomoea riparia G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 265; Ooststr, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 484. = Ipomoea fragrans Bojer ex Choisy, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 9 (1845) 393; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 365; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 564. Distribution: Africa, Borneo, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Lanao. Notes: Thickets in and bordering freshwater swamps. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
23. Ipomoea triloba L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 161; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 391; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 368; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 509; Fl.Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 468; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 437. Distribution: America. CEBU (photos), HOMONHON, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos), Cagayan (photos), MINDORO (photos). Notes: Grasslands, thickets, along trails, waste places, etc. Sea level to 300m elevation. Naturalized.
24. Ipomoea violacea L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 161. = Ipomoea macrantha Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 4 (1819) 251, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; addenda & corrigenda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1982) 558. = Ipomoea tuba (Schltdl.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 271; Ooststroom, Fl. Males.ser. 1, 4 (1953) 487. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. APULIT, BORACAY (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas (photos), Bulacan, La Union, NCR, Pampanga (photos), MINDORO (photos), PONEAS. Notes: 0-100m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 6 (1804) 14; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 392; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 364; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 512; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 469; ≡ Convolvulus batatas L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 154. Notes: Cultivated throughout the tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Cultivated, not naturalized.
   • var. batatas. Notes: Widely grown in the Philippines since its introduction from Mexico during early Spanish colonial times. Not naturalized. Kamote or sweet potato. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacq., Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr. 3 (1798) 40; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 551; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 481; ≡ Calonyction muricatum (L.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 264; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 370; ≡ Convolvulus muricatus L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 44. Distribution: America. Notes: Cultivated in the Philippines as an ornamental. Not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.
3. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Bot. Abh. Beobacht. (1787) 27; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 390; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 367; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 496; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 465; ≡ Convolvulus purpureus L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 219. Distribution: America. Notes: In Malesia occasionally cultivated in gardens for ornamental purposes, but showing no tendency to become naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.
4. Ipomoea setosa Ker Gawl., Bot. Reg. 4 (1819) t.335. = Ipomoea campaniflora Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 46 (1922) 20; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1940) 580; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 488. = Calonyction campanulatum Hallier f., Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1st Sér. 5 (1897) 1050; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 369. Distribution: C America. Notes: Cultivated, not naturalized (Merrill 1923). Cultivated, not naturalized.

Jacquemontia Choisy

1. Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm.f.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18 (1893) 95; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 359; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 432; ≡ Ipomoea paniculata Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 50. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. APO, APO DE MINDORO, BANTAYAN, CULION, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: 0-1200m. Native.
   • var. paniculata. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: 0-600(-880)m. Native.
   • var. philippinensis Ooststr., Blumea 3 (1939) 274; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 433. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Native.
   • var. tomentosa (Warb.) Ooststr., Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 4 (1953) 432; ≡ Convolvulus parviflorus var. tomentosus Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18 (1893) 207. Distribution: Australia, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines. APO, APO DE MINDORO, CULION, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1200m. Native.

Lepistemon Blume

1. Lepistemon binectarifer (Wall.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 446; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 383; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 489; ≡ Ipomoea binectarifera (Wall.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 33; ≡ Convolvulus binectariferus Wall., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 47. = Lepistemon obscurus (Blanco) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 364, as 'obscurum'; ≡ Polemonium obscurum Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 103. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, ?New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Lanao. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets, often common. 25-1100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Staples 2007). Native.
   • var. binectarifer. Native.
   • var. trichocarpus (Gagnep.) Ooststr., Blumea 5 (1943) 343; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 490; ≡ Ipomoea var. trichocarpa (Gagnep.) J.R.I.Wood & Scotland, Nat. Plants 5 (2019) 1144 Suppl. 33; ≡ Lepistemon trichocarpus Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3 (1915) 152; Type: Vanoverbergh 1869 (P, syn), Luzon, Bontoc. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: 25-1100m. Native.

Merremia Dennst. ex Endl.

1. Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16 (1893) 552; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 360; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1939) 312; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 444; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 5 (1958) 560; ≡ Evolvulus emarginatus Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 77. Distribution: Africa, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, SE Asia, Sulawesi. LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Cagayan (photos), Laguna, NCR, Rizal, PANAY (photos). Notes: Confined to regions with strong to very strong dry season, on rather heavy soils, in open areas. 0-200m. Native.
2. Merremia gemella (Burm.f.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16 (1893) 552; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 389; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 360; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 441; ≡ Convolvulus gemellus Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 46. Distribution: GUIMARAS (photos), LUZON: ?Abra (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Bulacan (photos), Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: 0-250m. Native.
   • var. gemella. Distribution: Australia, Malesia, SE Asia. Notes: Thickets, hedges or grasslands, rice field dikes, often on moist soil, 0-250m. Native.
3. Merremia hederacea (Burm.f.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18 (1893) 118; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 388; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 361; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1939) 302; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 441; ≡ Evolvulus hederaceus Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 77. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. CEBU, LUZON: NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-50m. Native.
   • forma hederacea. Notes: Thickets and open grasslands at low elevation. Native.
4. Merremia hirta (L.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 244; Fl. Manila (1912) 388; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 361; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1939) 307; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 442; ≡ Convolvulus hirtus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 159. Distribution: CULION, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Abra, Bulacan, NCR, Pangasinan, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: 0-1100m. Native.
   • var. hirta. = Ipomoea reptans (L.) Poir. ex G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 264; ≡ Convolvulus reptans L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 158. Distribution: Australia, India to China, Malesia, Thailand. Notes: Open grasslands, dry rice fields, along trails. 0-1100m. Native.
   • var. retusa Ooststr., Blumea 3 (1939) 311; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 443. = ?Ipomoea hepaticifolia Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 72; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 324. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bulacan, Tarlac. Native.

Operculina Silva Manso

1. Operculina riedeliana (Oliv.) Ooststr., Blumea 3 (1939) 366; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 457; Staples et al., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105 (2020) 111; ≡ Ipomoea riedeliana Oliv., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 15 (1883) t.1424; Type: from Indonesia. = Operculina bufalina (Lour.) Hallier f., Meded. Rijks-Herb. 1 (1910) 26; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 363; ≡ Convolvulus bufalinus Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 109, nom. rej. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, China, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Thailand. BORACAY (photos), CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Abra (photos), Bataan, Batangas (photos), Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation thickets and secondary forests. 0-300(-500)m. Native.
2. Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso, Enum. Subst. Braz. (1836) 16; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 385; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 363; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 454; Staples et al., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 105 (2020) 115; ≡ Convolvulus turpethum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 155; Type: from Sri Lanka (lecto). Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BATAN, BATANES, CULION, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO. Notes: 0-350(-1300)m. Native.

Porana Burm.f. (Not native)

1. Porana volubilis Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 51; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 358; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 402; Staples, Blumea 51 (2006) 456. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra (photos), NEGROS. Notes: Seemingly introduced and naturalized in India, Myanmar, Philippines; disturbed forests and thickets. 0-500(-1000))m. Naturalized.

Poranopsis Roberty (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Poranopsis paniculata (Roxb.) Roberty, Candollea 14 (1952) 26; ≡ Porana paniculata Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3 (1815) 31; Ooststroom, Blumea 3 (1938) 87; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 404. Distribution: India, Myanmar. Notes: Cultivated as an ornamental elsewhere in the tropics, occasionally escaping. Not reported to be naturalized in the Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Stictocardia Hallier f. (Not native)

1. Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18 (1893) 159; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 385; Ooststroom, Blumea 5 (1943) 346; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 491; ≡ Ipomoea tiliifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 4 (1819) 229; ≡ Convolvulus tiliifolius Desr., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1792) 544. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BATANES, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, NEGROS, TICAO. Notes: Naturalized in thickets (Merrill 1912). Naturalized.

Turbina Raf. (Not native)

1. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4 (1838) 81; Ooststroom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 493; ≡ Ipomoea corymbosa (L.) Roth, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 4 (1819) 232; ≡ Legendrea corymbosa (L.) Ooststr., Blumea 5 (1943) 355; ≡ Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18 (1893) 157; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 387; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 371; ≡ Convolvulus corymbosus L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 923. Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON: Bulacan, Laguna, Rizal. Notes: Introduced here and there in the Old World. In some places now spontaneous in thickets and secondary forests. Naturalized.

Xenostegia D.F.Austin & Staples

1. Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples, Brittonia 32 (1981) 533; ≡ Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16 (1893) 552; ≡ Convolvulus tridentatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 157. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Middle East, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. GUIMARAS (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Throughout Malesia; open grasslands including cogonals, thickets, along trails, etc. 0-1200m. Native.
   • ssp. hastata (Ooststr.) Parmar, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 18 (1994) 251; ≡ Merremia tridentata ssp. hastata Ooststr., Blumea 3 (1939) 317; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1953) 445; ≡ Merremia hastata Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16 (1893) 552, nom. illeg.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 388; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 361; ≡ Convolvulus hastatus Desr., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1792) 542, nom. illeg. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. GUIMARAS (photos). Notes: 0-1200m. Native.
   • ssp. tridentata. Notes: 0-600m. Native.