Combretaceae

Combretum L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 15 April 2026
  1. Combretum acuminatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2 (1832) 228; Hort. Beng. (1814) 28, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Roxb. ex G.Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 15 (1827) 440, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 148; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 538. Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Isabela, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Low elevation secondary forests. Native.
  2. Combretum confusum Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 116; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 544. ≠ Combretum sundaicum auct. non Miq.; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 149. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, Rizal. Notes: Forested slopes, low and medium elevation. According to Exell, what is extant in the Philippines (Luzon) is a possible hybrid between Combretum sundaicum and Combretum latifolium. However, Combretum sundaicum is not yet known from the Philippines. Exell (1954) tentatively accepts Combretum confusum Merr. & Rolfe as the name for this particular form. Native.
  3. Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps, Useful Pl. Dominica (1998) 277; ≡ Quisqualis indica L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 556; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 349; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 154; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 547. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BILIRAN, CORON, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas (photos), Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac (photos), Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIBUYAN, TICAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in thickets, secondary forest, sandy-gravelly riverbanks, etc. Sometimes planted for its fragrant flowers. 0-100(-300)m. Native.
  4. Combretum latifolium Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 641; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 542. = Combretum extensum Roxb. ex G.Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 15 (1827) 414; Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 28, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 148. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, MINDANAO: Misamis, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation thickets and forests. 0-500(-1000)m. Native.
  5. Combretum punctatum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 640; Exell, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 4 (1954) 539. Distribution: BASILAN, BUSUANGA, CULION, DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: 1000-1600m. Native.
    • ssp. squamosum (Roxb. ex G.Don) Exell, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 4 (1954) 539; ≡ Combretum squamosum Roxb. ex G.Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 15 (1827) 419; Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 2 (1832) 231; Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 28, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 149. Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand. BASILAN, BUSUANGA, CULION, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Low elevation thickets and secondary forests. Native.

Lumnitzera Willd.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 August 2025
  1. Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. (1845) 39; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 153; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 586; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; ≡ Pyrrhanthus littoreus Jack, Malayan Misc. 2 (1822) 57. = Petaloma coccinea Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 345. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BUSUANGA (photos), CULION, DANJUGAN, DINAGAT, JOLO, LUZON: Aurora, Bulacan, Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MALAMAWI, MASBATE, MINASAWA, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines along the seashore and tidal streams. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Lumnitzera racemosa Willd., Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4 (1803) 187; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 350; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 154; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 588. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. BORACAY (photos), CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas (photos), Bulacan, NCR, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PANAY, SEMIRARA. Notes: 0-5m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. racemosa. = Petaloma alba Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 344. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Beach swamps and along tidal streams. Native.

Terminalia L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 July 2026
  1. Terminalia calamansanai (Blanco) Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 310, as 'calamansanay'; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 149; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 556; ≡ Gimbernatia calamansanai Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 266. = Terminalia calamansanai var. acuminata Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 646; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 150. = Terminalia calamansanai var. platypteris Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 646; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 150. = Terminalia blancoi Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 645; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 149. = Pentaptera mollis C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 574. = ?Terminalia bialata (Roxb.) Steud., Nomencl. Bot. (Steudel), 2nd Ed. 2 (1841) 668; Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 80; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 149; ≡ ?Pentaptera bialata Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2 (1832) 441. Distribution: ?Borneo, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. CORON (photos), LUZON: Abra (photos), Zambales (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: Some sources consider T. bialata (Roxb.) Steud. distinct from T. calamansanai. Throughout the Philippines, often common. 0-350m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Terminalia catappa L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 128; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 349; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 150; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 566; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 437; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. Distribution: Asia, Australia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. APULIT, BASILAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, DANJUGAN, DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, La Union, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao Occidental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIARGAO. Notes: Commonly planted in the tropics. Throughout the Philippines along the seashore, also often planted inland. 0-5m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 183; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 555; ≡ Myrobalanus citrina Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2 (1790) 91. = Terminalia comintana (Blanco) Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 300; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 150; ≡ Bucida comintana Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 856. Distribution: India, Indochina, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand. BANCALAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, POLILLO, ROMBLON, TICAO. Notes: Throughout Malesia; widespread in Luzon; forests at low and medium elevation, also frequent along the seashore. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Terminalia darlingii Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 202; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 151; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 559; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 99; Type: FB 18735 Darling (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Mambulao, in forest, c. 100m, 6-Apr-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. 100-900m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  5. Terminalia foetidissima Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4 (1854) 685; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 577; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. = Terminalia oocarpa Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 32, as 'ovocarpa'; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 152. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PAMALICAN, PANAY. Notes: Primary forests at sea level and low elevation. 0(-?)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Terminalia macrantha Rojo, Blumea 17 (1969) 93. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Summit of flat ridge, locally common. 300m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  7. Terminalia microcarpa Decne., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3 (1834) 457; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 562. = Terminalia edulis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 265; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 151. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: In all or most provinces in the Philippines. A usually tall tree common in both primary evergreen and in seasonal deciduous forests. 0-830m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. microcarpa. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Native.
  8. Terminalia nitens C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 574; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 152; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 574; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 100; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls. ALABAT, APULIT, BALABAC, DINAGAT, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines; primary forests at sea level and low and medium elevation. 81m (photos) to 100-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Terminalia pellucida C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 574; Epim. (1851) 214; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 152; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 575. = Terminalia iwahigensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1760. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines. GOLO, LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Terminalia plagata Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 414; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 575; Type: BS 44338 Ramos & Edaño, Bilatan Island, immediately south of Tawitawi, in forests near the seashore, 31-Jul-1924. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines. BILATAN. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Terminalia polyantha C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 573; Epim. (1851) 214; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 152; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 555. = Terminalia montalbanica Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 153, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn. Distribution: Indochina, Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO. Notes: Dry thickets and secondary forests at low and medium elevation, including near the shore. 18-40m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  12. Terminalia procera Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3 (1811) 18; Chakrabarty & Kumar, Brittonia 75 (2023) 295. = Terminalia copelandii Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1759; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 151; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 579; Type: Elmer 12594 (GH, lecto; A, CAL, E, K, L, U, isolecto), Palawan: Brooks Point (Addison Peak), Feb-1911. = Terminalia crassiramea Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 287; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 151. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon (photos), Davao, Surigao, PALAWAN. Notes: Freshwater swamps and low elevation primary forests. 0-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  13. Terminalia surigaensis Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 295; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 153; Exell, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1954) 559; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 101; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, HOMONHON, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur. Notes: Along streams at low elevation. (?-)300m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.

Excluded

  1. Terminalia magarapali S.Vidal, Sin. Gen. Pl. Leños Filip., Atlas (1883) 26. Notes: According to Merrill (EPFP 3 (1923) 151), possibly referable to Elaeocarpus monocera Cav.

References