Clusiaceae

Garcinia L.

1. Garcinia bicolorata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1790; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 83; Type: Elmer 12950 (A, BISH, BRIT, E, HBG, K, MICH, MO, NY, U, US) Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests along streams, c. 600m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 12 (1850) 414; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 5 (1883) 28; Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1049; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 366; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 83; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Cambogia binucao Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 434. = Garcinia duodecandra Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 5 (1883) 28; Type: Cuming 1509 (K, P), Luzon: Batangas. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BURIAS, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: In Luzon from Cagayan to Sorsogon, often common. 0-700m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Garcinia brevirostris Scheff., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 31 (1870) 353; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 83. = Garcinia eugeniifolia Wall. ex T.Anderson, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1874) 268. = Garcinia gitingensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1053; Type: Elmer 12213 (HBG, K, syn), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, Apr-1910; Elmer 12482 (BISH, E, HBG, MO, NY, US, syn), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, May-1910; Elmer 12526 (A, BISH, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, U, US, syn), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, May-1910. = Garcinia microphylla Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 20; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 85; Type: BS 23633 Ramos (A, K, US), Luzon: Sorsogon, Lake Polog, 26-Aug-1915. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BASILAN, BUCAS GRANDE, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation up to c. 1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Garcinia busuangaensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 472; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 249; Type: BS 41243 Ramos (A, K, NY, P, US, iso), Busuanga: 12-Sep-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, LUZON: Sorsogon, PALAWAN (photos). Notes: Dry forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Garcinia celebica L., Herb. Amboin. (Linn.) (1754) 7; Nazre et al., Phytotaxa 373 (2018) 17. = Garcinia cornea L., Syst. Veg., 13th Ed. (1774) 368. = Garcinia benthamii Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (1882) t.55; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 83. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Garcinia cordata Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 199; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 83; Type: FB 17236 Curran (US), Luzon: Cagayan (Palaui Isl), San Vicente, 8-Mar-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, PALAUI. Notes: Low elevation forests along streams. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Garcinia dives Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 5 (1883) 35; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 84; Type: Cuming 1659 (BM, G, K, L, P), Panay: 1841. = Garcinia palawanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1791; Type: Elmer 13027 (A, CAS, E, F, HBG, K, NY, US), Palawan: Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Lanao, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43(2) (1874) 88; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 362; Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1052; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 84; ≡ Xanthochymus dulcis Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3 (1820) 66. Distribution: Malay Peninsula to Moluccas. BALABAC, LAGEN, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos, Isabela, Kalinga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN, TAMLANGON. Notes: Throughout Luzon; primary forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
9. Garcinia garciae Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1048; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 84; Type: Elmer 12429 (BISH, CAS, E, GH, HBG, L, NY, U, US), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, May-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forested ridges, c. 750m. Native.
10. Garcinia ituman Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 473; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 249; Type: BS 35654 Martelino & Edaño, Panay: Capiz Prov, 20-Jun-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. AMBIL, BOHOL, MINDORO, PANAY, TICAO (photos). Notes: On rocky forested slopes in limestone regions. 0-600m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
11. Garcinia lateriflora Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 214; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 367; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 85. = Garcinia bulusanensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 85, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3746, nom. inval. no Latin descr.; Voucher: Elmer 16001 (HBG, MO, NY, P, S, U), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, May-1916. Distribution: Java, Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, BASILAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Native.
12. Garcinia linearifolia Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1051; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 85; Type: Elmer 12196 (A, BISH, E, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, MICH, NY, U, US), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, Apr-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests along streams, c. 225m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
13. Garcinia loheri Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 37; Type: Loher 14077, Luzon: Rizal. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija (photos), Rizal. Notes: 990m (photos). Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
14. Garcinia luzoniensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 362; Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1047; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 85; Type: Whitford 678 (NY, US, syn), Luzon: Tayabas, Atimonan, Aug-1904; Whitford 739 (NY, syn), Luzon: Tayabas, Atimonan, Aug-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
15. Garcinia macgregorii Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 198; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 85; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Type: BS 24279 Ramos (A, K, NY), Samar: Palapag, Catubig River, Feb/Mar 1916. = Garcinia gynotrochoides Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 85, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3747, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Voucher: Elmer 15604 (HBG, K, MO, NY, S, U), Luzon: Sorsogon, Iroson, Mt Bulusan, Nov-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, BILIRAN, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
16. Garcinia mindanaensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 367; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 85; Type: Clemens s.n. (syn), Mindanao: Camp Keithley, Mar-1907; Clemens 467 (A, US, syn), Mindanao: Camp Keithley, Apr-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Forests at medium elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
17. Garcinia moseleyana Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 5 (1883) 10; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 367; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 86; Nazre et al., Phytotaxa 373 (2018) 47; Type: Moseley s.n. (K, lecto), Basilan, Jan-1875. = Garcinia sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1487; Type: Elmer 7187 (E), Leyte: Palo, Jan-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MALAMAWI, MINDANAO: Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. 20m (photos). Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
18. Garcinia multibracteolata Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 284; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 86; Type: Wenzel 1806 (K), Mindanao: Surigao, Placer, 20-Jun-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Norte. Notes: Primary forests, c. 150m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
19. Garcinia nervosa (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1 (1864) 208; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 86; ≡ Stalagmitis nervosa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 496. = Garcinia andersonii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1 (1874) 270. Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. LUZON: Camarines, Quezon, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
20. Garcinia pacifica Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 473; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 249; Type: BS 28649 Ramos & Edaño (A), Luzon: Quezon prov., Mt Binuang, 300m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Primary lowland forest, 300m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
21. Garcinia ramosii Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 307; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 86; Type: BS 13919 Ramos (P, US), Luzon: Cagayan, Abulug River, Jan-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
22. Garcinia rhizophoroides Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1049; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 86; Type: Elmer 12528 (A, HBG, L, MO, NY, U, US, syn), Sibuyan: Capiz, Magallanes, Mt Giting-giting, May-1910; Elmer 12185 (BISH, HBG, MO, NY, US, syn), Sibuyan: Capiz, Magallanes, Mt Giting-giting, Apr-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Camarines Norte, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests. 150-500m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
23. Garcinia rubra Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 366; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 86; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; Type: R.C. McGregor 192 (NY, US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Baco River, Apr-1905. = Garcinia oligophlebia Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 378; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 86; Type: C.A. Wenzel 632 (A, US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Jaro, in forest, c. 500m, 15-Mar-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, BASILAN, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MATINLOC, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TURTLE IS. Notes: Primary forests at sea level and low elevation. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
24. Garcinia samarensis Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 197; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 86; Type: BS 24452 Ramos (A, GH, K, NY, US), Samar: Catubig River, Mt Capotoan, 20-Feb-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Damp primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
25. Garcinia subelliptica Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 361; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 86; Type: FB 10184 Curran (US, syn), Luzon: Tayabas, Mauban, Mar-1908; Whitford 757 (syn), Luzon: Infanta, Tinauan River, Sep-1904; FB 10731 Curran (syn), Luzon: Camarines, Daet, Jul-1908. Distribution: Java, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, Quezon, POLILLO. Notes: Forests immediately behind sandy beaches. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
26. Garcinia sulphurea Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1789; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 87; Type: Elmer 12907 (BISH, F, GH, HBG, K, L, NY, U, US), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, LEYTE, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
27. Garcinia tetrandra Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 5 (1883) 20; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 87; Type: Cuming 1611 (BM, K, P), Mindanao: Misamis. = Garcinia pinnatinervia Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 502; Type: Elmer 7190 (A, K, NY), Leyte: Leyte prov, Palo, Jan-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Misamis, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
28. Garcinia venulosa (Blanco) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 12 (1850) 414; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 87; Nazre et al., Phytotaxa 373 (2018) 44; ≡ Cambogia venulosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 435; Type: Cuming 1124 (male specimen) (K, neo; BM, isoneo), Luzon: Albay, 1841. = Garcinia cumingiana Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 5 (1883) 11; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 84; Type: Cuming 1124 (female specimen) (K, lecto; BM, isolecto), Luzon: Albay, 1841. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: In most or all provinces in Luzon. Primary forests at low elevation, often abundant. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
29. Garcinia vidalii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 360; Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1051; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 87; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Type: FB 3093 Ahern's collector (NY, US, syn), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, May-1905; BS 2139 Ramos (syn), Feb-1907; FB 8289 Curran & Merritt (syn), Luzon: Pangasinan, Eguia, Dec-1907. = Garcinia fragrans Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 87, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3808, nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ?HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, PALAUI (photos), PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
30. Garcinia whitfordii Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 474; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 250; Type: FB 9142 Whitford & Hutchinson (US, syn), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Banga; FB 22784 Miranda (US, syn), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Jul-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (photos). Notes: In lowland rainforest. Native.

Excluded

1. Garcinia murdochii Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 82 (1920) 169; Type: from Malaysia. Distribution: Malay Peninsula. Notes: Known from the Philippines from SMHI 154 Ridsdale (L) collected in Irawan, Palawan. Jayson Mansibang (pers. comm., 13-Jul-22): This specimen does not match the type (Ridley’s collector 371 (K)) and protologue of Garcinia murdochii. SMHI 154 Ridsdale has coarse venation (vs. fine venation) and axillary infructescence (vs. terminal infructescence).

Incertae sedis

1. Garcinia blancoi Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 5 (1883) 15; Nazre et al., Phytotaxa 373 (2018) 45; Type: Gaudichaud-Beaupré 226 (P, lecto; P isolecto), Manila, 1836. = Garcinia calleryi Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 5 (1883) 15; Type: Callery 56 (P, lecto; P, isolecto), Palawan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON, PALAWAN. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Garcinia brasiliensis Mart., Flora 24(Beibl.) (1841) 34; ≡ Rheedia brasiliensis (Mart.) Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 4th Sér. 14 (1860) 310. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76 (1989) 927. = Rheedia edulis (Seem.) Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 4th Sér. 14 (1860) 310; ≡ Calophyllum edule Seem., Bot. Voy. Herald (Seemann) 3 (1853) 89. Cultivated, not naturalized.
3. Garcinia mangostana L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 635; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 85. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula. Notes: Planted in some parts of the Philippines, particularly Mindanao and Sulu. Mangosteen. Cultivated, not naturalized.