Cannabaceae

Aphananthe Planch.

1. Aphananthe cuspidata (Blume) Planch., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 17 (1873) 209; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 69; ≡ Gironniera cuspidata (Blume) Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2 (1877) 470; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 35; Backer & Bakh.f. Fl. Java 2 (1965) 12; ≡ Cyclostemon cuspidatus Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 599, as 'cuspidatum'. = Gironniera curranii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 251. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, Hong Kong, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Camarines Sur, Isabela, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1300m. Native.
2. Aphananthe philippinensis Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 3rd Sér. 10 (1848) 337; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 34; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 67. Distribution: Australia, New Guinea, Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: Primary and secondary forest subject to rather strong seasonal climate. 0-750m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Cannabis L. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Cannabis sativa L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1027; Backer, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1948) 223. Distribution: C Asia. Notes: Cultivated either as a fiber plant or as a narcotic in many other countries. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Celtis L.

1. Celtis latifolia (Blume) Planch., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 17 (1873) 186; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 63; ≡ Solenostigma latifolium Blume, Mus. Bot. 2 (1856) 67. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls. PALAWAN. Notes: Primary and secondary forests on sandy clay soils. 0-400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Celtis luzonica Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 164; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 32; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 61; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. CAPUL, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Sea level and lowland thickets and forests. Fl. & fr. Mar-Jul. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Celtis philippensis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 197; S.Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 248; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 42; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 122; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 32; Soepadmo in Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 416; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 62; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Buhay et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 3085. = Celtis mindanaensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2842. = Celtis multifolia Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 32; Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3796, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BASILAN, BOHOL (photos), BORACAY (photos), BUYAYAO (photos), CEBU (photos), DALUPIRI, DINAGAT, HOMONHON, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, TICAO. Notes: 0-650m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. philippensis. Distribution: CEBU (photos), LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: N Luzon to Mindanano and Palawan. Common in thickets and open forests at low elevation. Native.
   • var. wightii (Planch.) Soepadmo, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 8 (1977) 62; ≡ Celtis wightii Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 3rd Sér. 10 (1848) 307. Native.
4. Celtis rigescens (Miq.) Planch., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 17 (1873) 182; Soepadmo in Whitmore (ed.), Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 416; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 58; ≡ Solenostigma rigescens Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 411. = Celtis asperifolia Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 246; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 32. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Lowland thickets or forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Celtis rubrovenia Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 464; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 33; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 65. = Celtis rubrovenia Elmer var. integra Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 33; Type: BS 33201 Ramos, Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Mt Nagapatan, Aug-1918. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province. Notes: Primary forests on hills and ridges. 500-1800m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Celtis timorensis Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 343; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 65. = Celtis cinnamomea Lindl. ex Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 3rd Sér. 10 (1848) 303; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 32. = Celtis crenato-serrata Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 174. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Rizal. Notes: Open forests. Common in areas with rather prominent seasonal climate, in open forests at low elevation. Fl. & fr. Nov-Apr. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Gironniera Gaudich.

1. Gironniera celtidifolia Gaudich., Voy. Bonite, Bot. 3 (1844) t.85; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 35; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 73. = Gironniera sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1845; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 35. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Fl. & fr. Jan-Dec. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Gironniera subaequalis Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 3rd Sér. 10 (1848) 339; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 35; Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya (1940) 690; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 12; Soepadmo in Whitmore (ed.), Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 419; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 75; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10. Distribution: Andaman Isls, China, Indochina, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT (photos), HOMONHON, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Isabela, Quezon, MINDANAO: Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Throughout Malesia except Lesser Sunda Isls; lowland primary and secondary forests. (0-)200-500(-1300)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Trema Lour.

1. Trema cannabina Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 563; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 50; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 12; Soepadmo in Whitmore (ed.), Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 421; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 50. = Trema amboinense (Willd.) Blume, Mus. Bot. 2 (1856) 61; ≡ Celtis amboinensis Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 4 (1806) 997. Distribution: Australia, China, Indochina, Myanmar, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Isls, Taiwan, Thailand. BASILAN, BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout Malesia. Along roadsides, forest edges, thickets, early re-growth secondary forests, a common pioneer in newly opened sites. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Trema eurhynchum (Miq.) Byng & Christenh., Global Fl. 4 (2018) 127; De Castro et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3773; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; ≡ Parasponia eurhyncha Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 411. = Parasponia rugosa Blume, Mus. Bot. 2 (1856) 66; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 44; ≡ Trema rugosum (Blume) Byng & Christenh., Global Fl. 4 (2018) 127, nom. illeg., non Blume, as 'rugosa'. = Trema vulcanicum Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 260, as 'vulcanica'; Type: BS 14600 Ramos, Camiguin de Mindanao: 27-Apr-1912. = Trema philippinense Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3218, as 'philippinensis'; Type: Elmer 22227, Luzon: Pampanga, Zambales Mts, Mt Pinatubo, May-1927. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet (photos), Pampanga, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato (photos), Davao del Sur (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Often dominant or co-dominant in seral vegetation on various soil types including volcanic ash. 50-1900m. Native.
3. Trema orientale (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. 2 (1856) 62; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 171; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 34; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 12; Soepadmo in Whitmore (ed.), Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 421; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 51; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; ≡ Celtis orientalis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1044. Distribution: ?Africa, Australia, Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. BALABAC, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: 476m (photos) to 600-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Trema tomentosum (Roxb.) H.Hara, Fl. E. Himalaya, 2nd Rep. (1971) 19; Soepadmo in Whitmore (ed.), Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 423; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1977) 53; ≡ Celtis tomentosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2 (1832) 66. = Sponia velutina Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 3rd Sér. 10 (1848) 327. ≠ Celtis lima auct. non Sw.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. 2 (1837) 139. ≠ Trema orientale auct. non (L.) Blume; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 121. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Indochina, Madagascar, Myanmar, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand. BALABAC, BUSUANGA, CULION, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN (photos), PAMALICAN. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.