Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum L.

1. Calophyllum blancoi Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 4th Sér. 15 (1862) 272; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 78; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 206; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. = Calophyllum megistanthum Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 170. = Calophyllum ferrugineum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 324; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 79. = Calophyllum glabrum Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 92; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 79. = Calophyllum mindanaense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2684; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 80. = Calophyllum racemosum Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 198; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 80. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Taiwan. AMBIL, BATAN, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, HOMONHON, ITBAYAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MANGSEE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In well-drained primary forests, thickets, often abundant. Fl. Feb-Jun, rarely Jan, Aug, Sep, Nov, Dec; fr. throughout the year. 0-1900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Calophyllum brachyphyllum Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 289; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 78; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61(1980) 667; Type: BS 34482 Ramos & Pascasio (A, K, P, US, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Hegapit River, c. 350m, 25-Apr-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte. Notes: Streamside forest. 0-350m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
3. Calophyllum cucullatum Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 288; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 78; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 382; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 29; Type: BS 34518 Ramos & Pascasio (A, BM, BO, K, L, NY, P, US, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, in thickets along streams at the iron deposit on the NE coast, 25-Apr-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Notes: BS 83930 Ramos & Convocar, NY, erroneously labeled as iso. Lowland streamside thickets on ‘iron deposit’ (may well be lateritic soil on ultramafics which is very common in the two areas). (?-)700m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
4. Calophyllum gracilipes Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 197; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 79; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 653; Type: FB 9405 Whitford & Hutchinson (K, LY, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Port Banga, ridge forest, c. 600m, 3-Feb-1908. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Mixed dipterocarp forest. 0-1372m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Calophyllum inophyllum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 513; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 79; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 324; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BATANES, BOHOL, BURIAS, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CULION, HOMONHON, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MANGSEE, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINASAWA, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao Occidental, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, PONEAS, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines along the seashore, a characteristic strand tree. 0-200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Calophyllum laticostatum P.F.Stevens, Austral. J. Bot. 22 (1974) 575; J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 579; Type: from Papua New Guinea. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Known from Dolores, Mt Calvario (FB 30019, UC). 20-1370m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
7. Calophyllum obliquinervium Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 409; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 80; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 644; Type: FB 27929 Cenabre, Paras & Gellidon (BM, UC, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Feb-1920. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Quezon, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests, sometimes along the seashore. 0-180m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Calophyllum oliganthum Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 289; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 78; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61(1980) 411; Type: BS 35110 Ramos & Pascasio (A, BM, BO, K, P, US), Bucas Grande: 10-Jun-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Notes: Lowland forests. On Dinagat growing on iron deposit. Fl. Jun; fr. Apr, Jun. 0-80m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
9. Calophyllum pentapetalum (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 266; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 80; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 494; ≡ Ochrocarpos pentapetalus (Blanco) Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 17; ≡ Tovomita pentapetala Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 432; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 184, leg. Peña (A, neo; BO, F, GH, K, L, MO, NSW, NY, P, US, isoneo), Luzon: Lepanto prov. (a former geographic entity covering W Mountain Province and E Ilocos Sur). = Calophyllum amplexicaule Choisy ex Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 4th Sér. 15 (1862) 281; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 96; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 54; Merrill, PJS 5c (1910) 199; Type: Cuming 1212 (G, holo; BM, FI, K, MEL, iso), Luzon: Albay (according to Stevens, properly Ilocos Norte). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CULION, GOLO, GUIMARAS, LUBANG, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Mountain Province, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-1300m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. pentapetalum. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Zambales, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland dry forests, sometimes with pines, also in rocky sites in the littoral forest. Fl. Dec, Feb, Mar; fr: Nov, Dec, Mar. 0-620m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
   • var. cumingii (Planch. & Triana) P.F.Stevens, J. Arnold Arbor. 61 (1980) 497; ≡ Calophyllum cumingii Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 4th Sér. 15 (1861) 259; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 96; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 54; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 78; Type: Cuming 1077 (G, holo; BM, E, FI, G, K, L, MEL, NY, P, W, iso), Luzon: Albay (or Zambales?). = Calophyllum pseudotacamahaca Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 4th Sér. 15 (1862) 270; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 96; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 54; Type: Cuming 1047 (G, holo; BM, E, FI, G, K, L, MEL, MO, NY, P, W, iso), Luzon: Albay (or Zambales?) prov. = Calophyllum buxifolium Vesque, Epharmosis 2 (1889) 9; in DC., Monog. Phan. 8 (1893) 538; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 78; Type: Llanos s.n. (G, holo), Philippines, 1853. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CULION, GOLO, GUIMARAS, LUBANG, LUZON: Albay, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, PANAY. Notes: Habitats similar to var. pentapetalum. Fl. Nov-Mar, May; fr. Dec-Mar, May, Aug. 0-450(-917)m. Native.
   • var. pulgarense (Elmer) P.F.Stevens, J. Arnold Arbor. 61 (1980) 498; ≡ Calophyllum pulgarense Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1786, as 'pulgarensis'; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 80; Type: Elmer 13217 (A, neo; BISH, BM, BO, E, F, FI, G, GH, K, L, LY, MO, NSW, NY, P, U, US, W, isoneo), Palawan: Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), 4250ft (1295m), May-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Mossy summit scrub. Fl. May; fr. Dec. 1100-1300m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
10. Calophyllum rigidulum P.F.Stevens, J. Arnold Arbor. 61 (1980) 668; Type: BS 45686 Ramos & Edaño (A, holo; B, K, NY, UC, US, iso), Luzon: Aurora, Mt Alzapan, 6000ft (1829m), 7-Jun-1925. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: Shrub in mossy forest. 1829m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
11. Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 121; Merrill, PJS 19 (1921) 366; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 81; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 277; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 386; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 192; Type: from Java. = Calophyllum lancifolium Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2683; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 80; Type: Elmer 13266 (A, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, E, F, FI, G, GH, K, L, MO, NY 2 sheets, U, UC, US, W, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, 1000ft (305m), Jul-1912. = Calophyllum zschokkei Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2686; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 81; Type: Elmer 12129 (GH, lecto; A, BISH, BM, BO, E, F, FI, G, K, L, LY, MO, NY, P, US, W, isolecto), Sibuyan: Magallanes (Magdiwang), Mt Giting-giting, Pauala River, 750ft [225m], Mar-1910. = Calophyllum hibbardii Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 503; Type: Elmer 9837 (A, BM, BO, E, F, FI, G, K, L, LY, MO, NY, P, W, US), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, 3500ft [1067m], Apr-1908. ≠ Calophyllum kunstleri auct. non King; Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 307; EPFP 3 (1923) 79. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BATAN DE ALBAY, BUSUANGA, CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TICAO. Notes: Lowland and hill forests, swamp forests. 0-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
12. Calophyllum venulosum Zoll., Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 2 (1854) 149; Miq., Walp. Ann. Syst. Bot. 4 (1857) 366; J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 479. = Calophyllum auriculatum Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 291; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 78; Type: R.S. Williams 2339 (A, K, NY 3 sheets, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River River, 500m, 20-Feb-1905. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BASILAN, LUZON: Quezon (photos), MINDANAO: Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: (5-)200-610(-1524)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. venulosum. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga. Notes: Lowland to medium elevation mixed dispterocarp forests, lakeshore and streamside forests. Native.
13. Calophyllum whitfordii Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 96; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 81; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 629; Type: FB 2613 Meyer (K, NY, SING, US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, 2300ft [701m], Feb-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Hill forests. Fl. Jan-Mar; (submature) fr. May-Jul. 150-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Needs name

1. Calophyllum A; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 493; Voucher: PNH 41930 (L, PNH, SING), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Butuan, San Mateo Bo., Tungao Bo., along Ojot River, Maasin Line Km 25, 350m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: Hill forest, 350m. Fr. Jun. Entry 96 in Stevens (1980); note by L.L.Co: Known only from a single collection. Native.
2. Calophyllum B; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 565. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Notes: Based on Whitford 257, R.S. Williams 424, and BS 1577. Lower montane forest, c. 1000m. Fl. Jan; fr. Mar, May, Jul, Oct, Nov. Entry 121 in Stevens (1980). Native.
3. Calophyllum C; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 678; Voucher: FB 30772 (NY), Luzon: Quezon, Malbog, 100m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Forest, c. 100m. Fl. Feb. Note by L.L.Co: Only known from a single collection. Entry 178 in Stevens (1980). Native.

Possibly present

1. Calophyllum dasypodum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 511; F.Muell. in Walp., Ann. Syst. Bot. 7 (1868) 357; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 364; ≡ Calophyllum lanceolatum Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 4 (1853) 398, nom. illeg., non Blume; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Java, ?Philippines, Sumatra. ?BUSUANGA. Notes: Known from Malbato (?Marche 381, A, P). Note by L.L.Co: This only known specimen from the Philippines is sterile. Calophylum dasypodum Miq. is a nom. nov. for Calophyllum lanceolatum Teijsm. & Binn.

Incertae sedis

1. Calophyllum vanoverberghii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 454; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 81; Stevens, J. Arnold Arb. 61 (1980) 680; Type: Vanoverbergh 1466 (PNH, lost), Luzon: Mountain Province, Bauco, c. 1700m, 12-Sep-1918. Note by L.L.Co: From Merrill’s original description, Stevens distinguishes this taxon from Calophyllum soulattri in the following vegetative features: oblong, very coriaceous lamina that dries concolorous & nitid. An additional specimen from Catanduanes, BS 75484, may belong here. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ?CATANDUANES, LUZON. Native.

Kayea Wall.

1. Kayea garciae (Fern.-Vill.) Vesque, Monogr. Phan. 8 (1893) 629; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 82; ≡ Mesua garciae (Fern.-Vill.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1969) 427; ≡ Vidalia garciae Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 18. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, POLILLO. Notes: Primary forests, ascending to 330m. Native.
2. Kayea lanceolata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 290; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 82; ≡ Mesua lanceolata (Merr.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1969) 427. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Native.
3. Kayea megalocarpa Merr., PJS 12c (1917) 285; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 82; ≡ Mesua megalocarpa (Merr.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1969) 428. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Native.
4. Kayea navesii (Fern.-Vill.) Vesque, Monogr. Phan. 8 (1893) 628; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 82; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; ≡ Mesua navesii (Fern.-Vill.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1969) 428; ≡ Vidalia navesii Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 18. = Mesua brevipes (Merr.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1969) 426; ≡ Kayea brevipes Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 200; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 81. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Isabela, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Forests at low or medium elevation. Native.
5. Kayea paniculata (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 29; Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 20; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 82; ≡ Mesua paniculata (Blanco) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1969) 428; ≡ Plinia paniculata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 423. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, BASILAN, CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Common along streams. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Kayea philippinensis Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 4th Sér. 15 (1861) 298; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 82; ≡ Mesua philippinensis (Planch.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1969) 428. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, LUZON: Albay, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, NEGROS, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests along streams at low and medium elevation. Native.

Mammea L.

1. Mammea ramiflora (Merr.) Kosterm., Mammea & Ochrocarpos (1956) 14; ≡ Ochrocarpos ramiflorus Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 325; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 77. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Camarines, Quezon. Notes: Primary forests along streams at low elevation. Native.