Burseraceae

Canarium L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 July 2026
  1. Canarium asperum Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 215; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 293; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BALABAC, CEBU, CULION, DUMARAN, HOMONHON, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLUTANGA, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Medium elevation forests. 0-1250(-1800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. asperum. = Canarium sibuyanense Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1502. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BALABAC, CEBU, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Isabela, Laguna, Rizal, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Native.
      • var. asperum. = Canarium villosum Benth. & Hook.f. ex Náves, Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 40; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 354. = Canarium minutiflorum Engl., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 123; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 351. = Canarium calophyllum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 91; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium lucidum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 94; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 351. = Canarium polyneurum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 96; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium reticulatum Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 141; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium apoense Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1083; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium ogat Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1086; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 352. = Canarium euphlebium Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 372; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium heterophyllum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 19; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium lagunense Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 21; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium barnesii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 22; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium sanchezii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 27; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium agusanense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2564; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium urdanetense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2568; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 354. = Canarium samarense Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 183; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium unifoliolatum Merr., PJS 17 (1921) 267; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 354. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Common in primary and secondary forests on both seasonal and ever-wet areas, also in more open savanna-like sites, on various soil types including waterlogged. 0-1000(-1800)m. Native.
      • var. clementis (Merr.) Leenh., Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 5 (1956) 295; ≡ Canarium clementis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 142. = Canarium leytense Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1081, nom. inval., nom. nud. = Canarium wenzelii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 363; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 355. Distribution: MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Native.
  2. Canarium denticulatum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826-1827) 1162; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 272. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos). Notes: Forests. 0-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. denticulatum. = Canarium laciniatum Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1084; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 350. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Surigao, Zamboanga. Notes: Forests. 0-700m. Native.
  3. Canarium euryphyllum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 99; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 350; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 280; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-800(-1700)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. euryphyllum. = Canarium microphyllum Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 304; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 351. = Canarium stenophyllum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 25; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 354. = Canarium purpureum Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1503. = Canarium perkinsae Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 26. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Camarines Sur, Isabela, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines except Palawan. Rather common in lowland forests. 0-800(-1700)m. Native.
    • var. ramosii (Merr.) Leenh., Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 5 (1956) 280; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 31; ≡ Canarium ramosii Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 374; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 353; Type: Ramos 1168, Leyte: Dagami, Aug-1912. = Canarium ramosii var. parvum Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 375; Type: Wenzel 103, Leyte: Dagami, 12-Jun-1913. = Canarium paucinervium Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 364; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 352. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation forests. Native.
  4. Canarium gracile Engl., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 140; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 350; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 282. = Canarium antonii Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3711, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 16133 (syn), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), 1916; Elmer 15823 (syn), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), 1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Throughout the Philippines except Palawan. Forests. 0-400(-600)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Canarium hirsutum Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 4 (1805) 760; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 287; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. = Canarium altissimum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826-1827) 1163; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 355. = Canarium multipinnatum Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 107; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 351. = Canarium warburgianum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 99; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 355. = Canarium ahernianum Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 70; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 415. = Canarium racemosum Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 141; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium costulatum Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1080; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium ellipsoideum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 26; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium robustum Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 184; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium oxygonum Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 155; Type: BS 45723 Ramos & Edaño, Luzon: Mt Alzapan, 1900m, 6-Jun-1925. = Canarium bataanense Merr. ex Sasaki, Cat. Gov. Herb. Formosa (1930) 295, nom. inval., nom. nud. = Canarium nervosum Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 482; LPB 10 (1939) 3713; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 352. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BALABAC, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, NCR, Quirino, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Rather common in primary, rarely in secondary forests, in ever-wet and seasonal areas. 0-1900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A.Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. (1854) 374; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 80; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 351; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 270; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 13; ≡ Pimela luzonica Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 220. = Canarium oliganthum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 23. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines. ALABAT, BOHOL, DINAGAT, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales (photos), MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN (photos), SAMAR, TICAO. Notes: Common in primary forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  7. Canarium odontophyllum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 525; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 271. = Canarium palawanense Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1754. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Notes: Forests. 0-450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Canarium ovatum Engl., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 110; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 352; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 271; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. = Canarium melioides Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1079; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 351. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao, POLILLO, SAMAR, SEMIRARA. Notes: Cultivated in other parts of Malesia, Melanesia and Micronesia on account of the highly prized nuts. 0-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Canarium vrieseanum Engl., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 142; Leenhouts, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1956) 291. Distribution: ?Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, ?PANAY (photos). Notes: 0-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • forma williamsii (C.B.Rob.) Leenh., Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 5 (1956) 291; ≡ Canarium williamsii C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 185. = Canarium dolichophyllum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 20; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium toncalingii Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1082; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 354; Type: Elmer 10996, Mindanao: Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo, Jun-1909. = Canarium sibulanense Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1085; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 353. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Native.
    • forma stenophyllum Leenh., Blumea 8 (1959) 194; Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 291. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Canarium indicum L., Amoen. Acad. 4 (1759) 143; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 287; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 266. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. Cultivated, not naturalized.
    • var. indicum. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Isls. Notes: Not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.

Dacryodes Vahl

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 October 2022
  1. Dacryodes costata (A.W.Benn.) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 42 (1932) 204; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 222; ≡ Santiria costata A.W.Benn., Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 537. Distribution: Borneo, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE, SAMAR. Notes: 0-100(-500)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Dacryodes incurvata (Engl.) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 42 (1932) 204; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 224; ≡ Canarium incurvatum Engl., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 138. = Santiria nitida Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 29; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 352. = Canarium nitens Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 24; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 352. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-100(-475)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Dacryodes longifolia (King) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 42 (1932) 202; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 12 (1932) 340; Kalkman, Blumea 7 (1954) 509; Leenhouts, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1956) 228; ≡ Santiria longifolia King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 62(2) (1894) 258. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO. Notes: 0-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Dacryodes macrocarpa (King) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 42 (1932) 203; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 226; ≡ Santiria macrocarpa King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 62 (1894) 256. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Camarines, MINDORO. Notes: 0-50(-400)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. merrillii H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 42 (1932) 203; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 228. = Santiria elliptifolia Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 305; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 355. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines. Notes: Low elevation forests. Known only from the type collection. Native.
  5. Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 42 (1932) 203; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 225; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; ≡ Santiria rostrata Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 212. = Santiria samarensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 31; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 356. Distribution: Borneo, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. BASILAN, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Norte, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Damp forests. 0-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Garuga Roxb.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 October 2025
  1. Garuga floribunda Decne., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3 (1834) 477; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 215; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Thailand. ALABAT, APULIT, BAGUAN, BALABAC, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CALUSA, CEBU, LAGEN, LUZON: Batangas, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao Occidental, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-400(-1200)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. floribunda. = Garuga abilo (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 73; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 356; ≡ Guaiacum abilo Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 364. = Garuga littoralis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 27; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 356; Type: FB 12342 Curran, Luzon: Tayabas, Apr-1908. = Garuga littoralis var. paucijuga Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 29; Type: Merrill 5301, Cagayan de Sulu, 15-Oct-1906. = Garuga clarkii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 29; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 356; Type: FB 1700 Clark, Masbate: 23-Jul-1904. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, LAGEN, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Quezon, MASBATE, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PANAY. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low to medium elevation thickets and secondary forests in the more seasonal parts of the archipelago. Native.

Protium Burm.f.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 21 May 2018
  1. Protium connarifolium (Perkins) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 30; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 348; H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 12 (1932) 320; Leenhouts, Blumea 7 (1952) 155; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1956) 215; ≡ Canarium connarifolium Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 92. = Protium philippinense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2571, as 'philippinensis'; Type: Elmer 12760 (syn), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Iwahig River; Elmer 13225 (syn), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Iwahig River. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests along streams. 0-600m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Santiria Blume

  1. Santiria apiculata A.W.Benn., Fl. Brit. India 1 (1875) 537; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 234; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Lanao, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. apiculata. = Santiria glabra Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 30; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 355. = Santiria lagunensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 31; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 355. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1200m. Native.
  2. Santiria grandiflora Kalkman, Blumea 7 (1954) 525; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 232; Type: from Sarawak. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur. Notes: 0-300m. Native.
  3. Santiria laevigata Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 211; Kalkman, Blumea 7 (1954) 540; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 232. = Santiria laevigata var. applanata Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 211. Distribution: Borneo, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Zambales, MINDANAO, MINDORO. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Santiria tomentosa Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 211; Kalkman, Blumea 7 (1954) 529; Leenhouts, Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 231. Distribution: Borneo, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: 0-250m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

References