
Burseraceae
Canarium
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 21 May 2018
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Canarium asperum Benth. in Hook.f., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 215; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 293.
Distribution:
LEYTE, MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao.
Notes:
Medium elevation forests, 700-1200m.
Native.
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ssp. asperum.
- var. asperum. = Canarium villosum Benth. & Hook.f. ex Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. (1880) 40; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 354. = Canarium minutiflorum Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 123; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 351. = Canarium calophyllum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. 1 (1904) 91; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium lucidum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. 1 (1904) 94; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 351. = Canarium polyneurum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. 1 (1904) 96; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium reticulatum Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 141; EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium apoense Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1083; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium ogat Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1086; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 352. = Canarium euphlebium Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 372; EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium heterophyllum Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 19; EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium lagunense Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 21; EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium barnesii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 22; EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium sanchezii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 27; EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium agusanense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2564; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium urdanetense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2568; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 354. = Canarium samarense Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 183; EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium unifoliolatum Merr., PJS 17 (1921) 267; EPFP 2 (1923) 354. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Common in primary and secondary forests on both seasonal and ever-wet areas, also in more open savanna-like sites, on various soil types including waterlogged, usually in the lowlands, occasionally ascending beyond 1000m.
- var. clementis (Merr.) Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 295; ≡ Canarium clementis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 142. = Canarium leytense Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1081. = Canarium wenzelii Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 363; EPFP 2 (1923) 355.
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ssp. asperum.
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Canarium denticulatum Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1162; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 272.
Native.
- ssp. denticulatum. = Canarium laciniatum Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1084; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 350. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, Lanao, Surigao, Zamboanga. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests, ascending to 700m.
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Canarium euryphyllum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. 1 (1904) 99; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 350; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 280.
Distribution:
Endemic to the Philippines.
Native.
- var. euryphyllum. = Canarium stenophyllum Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 25; EPFP 2 (1923) 354. = Canarium microphyllum Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 304; EPFP 2 (1923) 351. Notes: Throughout the Philippines except Palawan. Rather common in lowland forests, ascending to 800m. Reportedly once collected at 1700m.
- var. ramosii (Merr.) Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 280; ≡ Canarium ramosii Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 374; EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium ramosii var. parvum Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) 374. = Canarium paucinervium Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 364; EPFP 2 (1923) 352. Distribution: LEYTE, MINDANAO: Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation forests.
- Canarium gracile Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 140; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 350; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 282. = Canarium antonii Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3711; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 350. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Notes: Throughout the Philippines except Palawan. Low elevation forests generally, rarely up to 600m. Native.
- Canarium hirsutum Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 760; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 287. = Canarium altissimum Blume, Bijdr. 17 (1826) 1163; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 355. = Canarium multipinnatum Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. 1 (1851) 107; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 351. = Canarium warburgianum Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. 1 (1904) 99; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 355. = Canarium ahernianum Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 70; EPFP 2 (1923) 415. = Canarium racemosum Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 141; EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium nervosum Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 482; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 352. = Canarium costulatum Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1080; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 349. = Canarium ellipsoideum Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 26; EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium robustum Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 184; EPFP 2 (1923) 353. = Canarium oxygianum Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 155. = Canarium bataanense Merr. ex Sasaki, Cat. Gov. Herb. Formosa (1930) 295, nom. nud. = Canarium nervosum Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 482; LPB 10 (1939) 3713; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 352. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Rather common in primary, rarely in secondary forests, in ever-wet and seasonal areas, mostly at low elevations, occasionally up to 1800m. Native.
- Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A.Gray, Wilkes Exp. Bot. (1854) 374; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 270; PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 80; EPFP 2 (1923) 351; ≡ Pimela luzonica Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1850) 220. = Canarium oliganthum Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 23. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines. ALABAT, BOHOL, LUZON, MASBATE, MINDANAO, MINDORO, TICAO. Notes: Common in primary forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11). Native.
- Canarium odontophyllum Miq., Sum. (1861) 525; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 271. = Canarium palawanense Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1754. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forests, up to 450m. Native.
- Canarium ovatum Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 110; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 352; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 271. = Canarium melioides Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1079; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 351. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Surigao, POLILLO, SAMAR, SEMIRARA. Notes: Cultivated in other parts of Malesia, Melanesia and Micronesia on account of the highly prized nuts. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11). Native.
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Canarium vrieseanum Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 142; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1956) 291.
Distribution:
?Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi.
Native.
- forma williamsii (C.B.Rob.) Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 291; ≡ Canarium williamsii C.B.Rob., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 185. = Canarium dolichophyllum Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 20; EPFP 2 (1923) 350. = Canarium tongcalingii Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1082; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 354. = Canarium sibulanense Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1085; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 353. Distribution: MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, Lanao, Zamboanga. Notes: Primary and secondary forests, up to 500m.
- forma stenophyllum Leenh., Blumea 8 (1959) 194; Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 291. Distribution: MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: Primary and secondary forests, up to 500m.
Cultivated, not naturalized
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Canarium indicum L., Amoen. Acad. 4 (1759) 143; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 287; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 266.
- var. indicum. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. Notes: Non-native cultivated. Not naturalized?.
Dacryodes
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 21 May 2018
- Dacryodes costata (Benn.) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 42 (1932) 204; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 222; ≡ Santiria costata Benn. in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 (1875) 537. Distribution: Borneo, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE. Native.
- Dacryodes incurvata (Engl.) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 42 (1932) 204; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 224; ≡ Canarium incurvatum Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 138. = Santiria nitida Merr., Publ. Govt. Lab. (Philipp.) no. 35 (1906) 29; EPFP 2 (1923) 352. = Canarium nitens Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 24; EPFP 2 (1923) 352. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, NEGROS, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Native.
- Dacryodes longifolia (King) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 42 (1932) 202; Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 12 (1932) 340; Kalkman, Blumea 7 (1954) 509; Leenh., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1956) 228; ≡ Santiria longifolia King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 62, 2 (1894) 258. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. MINDANAO. Native.
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Dacryodes macrocarpa (King) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 42 (1932) 203; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 226;
≡ Santiria macrocarpa King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 62, ii (1894) 256.
Distribution:
Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra.
Native.
- var. merrillii H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 42 (1932) 203; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 228. = Santiria elliptifolia Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 305; EPFP 2 (1923) 355. Distribution: LUZON: Camarines. Notes: Low elevation forests. Known only from the type collection.
- Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) H.J.Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 42 (1932) 203; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 225; ≡ Santiria rostrata Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1850) 212. = Santiria samarensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 31; EPFP 2 (1923) 356. Distribution: Borneo, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Damp forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Garuga
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Garuga floribunda Decne., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 3 (1834) 477; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 215.
Native.
- var. floribunda. = Garuga abilo (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Govt. Lab. (Philipp.) no. 35 (1905) 73; EPFP 2 (1923) 356; ≡ Guaiacum abilo Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 364. = Garuga littoralis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 27; EPFP 2 (1923) 356. = Garuga littoralis var. paucijuga Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 27. = Garuga clarkii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 29; EPFP 2 (1923) 356. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low to medium elevation thickets and secondary forests in the more seasonal parts of the archipelago.
Protium
Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 21 May 2018
- Protium connarifolium (Perkins) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 30; EPFP 2 (1923) 348; H.J.Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 12 (1932) 320; Leenh., Blumea 7 (1952) 155; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5 (1956) 215; ≡ Canarium connarifolium Perkins, Fragm. Fl, Philip. 2 (1904) 92. = Protium philippinensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2571. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Forests along streams at low elevation. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Native.
Santiria
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Santiria apiculata Benn. in Hook., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 (1875) 537; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 234;
Type: from Peninsular Malaysia.
Native.
- var. apiculata. = Santiria glabra Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 30; EPFP 2 (1923) 355. = Santiria lagunensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 31; EPFP 2 (1923) 355. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Lanao.
- Santiria grandiflora Kalkman, Blumea 7 (1954) 525; Type: from Sarawak. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur. Native.
- Santiria laevigata Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 211; Kalkman, Blumea 7 (1954) 540; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 232. = Santiria laevigata var. applanata Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 211. Distribution: Borneo, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO. Native.
- Santiria tomentosa Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 211; Kalkman, Blumea 7 (1954) 529; Leenh., Fl. Males ser. 1, 5 (1956) 231. Distribution: Borneo, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. MINDANAO. Native.
Literature
- 📋 DENR Administrative Order. 2017. Updated national list of threatened Philippine plants and their categories. DAO 2017-11
- 📋 Kalkman, C. 1954. Revision of the Burseraceae of the Malaysian area in a wider sense. Blumea 7: 498-552
- 📋 Leenhouts, PW. (in collaboration with C. Kalkman & HJ Lam). 1956. Burseraceae. Flora Malesiana ser. 1, 5: 209-296
- 📋 Leenhouts, PW. 1952. Revision of the Burseraceae of the Malaysian Area in a wider sense. I. Protium Burman f. Blumea 7: 154-160
- 📋 Leenhouts, PW. 1972. Burseraceae. Flora Malesiana ser. 1, 6: 917-928