Arecaceae

Palmae

Actinorhytis H.Wendl. & Drude (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Paul Collantes, 13 August 2020

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Actinorhytis calapparia (Blume) H.Wendl. & Drude ex Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1 (1876) 156; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 163; ≡ Ptychosperma calapparia (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1855) 20; ≡ Seaforthia calapparia (Blume) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1849) 313; ≡ Areca calapparia Blume, Rumphia 2 (1843) t.100. Distribution: New Guinea, Solomon Isls. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Adonidia Becc.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 March 2025
  1. Adonidia merrillii (Becc.) Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 329; Brown & Merrill, Philip Bur. Forestry Bull. 18 (1919) 15; Fernando, Palms 55 (2011) 57; ≡ Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H.E.Moore, Gentes Herbarum 8 (1957) 501; ≡ Normanbya merrillii Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 606; LPB 8 (1919) 3009; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 127; Type: Plates 30 & 31, Becc. l.c. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. APULIT, CALAMIANES, CORON, DANJUGAN, LAGEN, LUZON: NCR, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Common in cultivation worldwide as an ornamental. Karst limestone formations, sandy coastal areas, often subgregarious in Coron and N Palawan. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  2. Adonidia zibabaoa Adorador & Fernando, Palms 69 (2025) 12; Type: Adorador 001 with Meneses & Lugasan (PNH, holo; CAHUP, iso), Samar: Samar Prov, Paranas, Brgy Tenani, 380m, 12-Jul-15. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Forest over limestone. 270-420m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Adorador et al. 2025). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.

Areca L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 20 April 2025
  1. Areca caliso Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 2998; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 310; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 17; Type: Elmer 11898 (FI, holo; BM, BO, CAS, K, NY, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, c. 1000m, May-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon (photos), Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Apparently flowering and fruiting throughout the year. Moist humus-covered soil along streams in forested slopes. 270-1067m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Areca camarinensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 309; Type: FB 14268 Aguilar (FI, holo), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon. Notes: Lowland evergreen rain forest. 60-2000m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  3. Areca catechu L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1189, as 'cathecu'; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 714; Fl. Filip. 2 (1845) 494; Fl. Filip. 3, 3 (1879) 129; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1855) 8; S.Vidal, Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 42; Naves, Novis. App. (1882) 278; Beccari, PJS 3c (1908) 340; Beccari, PJS 6c (1911) 229; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 32; Fl. Manila (1912) 128; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 89; Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 2997; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 304; Brown & Merr., Philip. Bur. Forestry Bull. 18 (1919) 20; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973. = Areca catechu var. alba Blume, Rumphia 2 (1839) 68. = Areca catechu var. batanensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 304; Type: BS 3824 Fénix (FI, holo; US, iso), Batan: Basco, along a mountain stream. = Areca catechu var. longicarpa Becc., PJS 6c (1911) 229; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 304; Type: BS 10470 McGregor, Polillo, Probably from planted trees. = Areca catechu var. portoricensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 361. = Areca catechu var. semisilvatica Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 361. = Areca catechu var. silvatica Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 304; Type: Merrill 9447 (FI, holo; US, iso), Palawan: near Lake Manguao, in primary forest at a place where an old trail crosses a small stream. = Areca macrocarpa Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 601; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 306; Type: FB 9103 Whitford & Hutchinson (FI, holo), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Port Banga, Jan-1908. ≠ Areca alba auct. non Bory; Naves, Novis. App. (1882) 278. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SABTANG, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Generally cultivated throughout the settled areas of the Philippines, in some places spontaneous; thought to be possibly indigenous in the Philippines, having been found once spontaneous in primary forests in Palawan. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Areca costulata Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 310; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 18; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Type: BS 15236 Ramos (FI, holo; K, iso), Leyte: Dagami. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. (?-)250-850m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Fernando et al. 2017). Native.
  5. Areca hutchinsoniana Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 312. = Areca mammillata var. mindanaoensis Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 602; Type: FB 9141 Whitford & Hutchinson (FI, holo), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Port Banga, 20m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Lanao, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, SIASI. Notes: Low to medium elevation primary forests. 20m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  6. Areca ipot Becc., LPB 2 (1909) 639; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 11; Type: Elmer 9292 (FI, lecto; BM, BO, NSW, NY, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban. = Areca catechu var. humilis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 716. = Areca ipot var. polillensis Becc., PJS 6c (1911) 229; Type: 6938 Robinson (FI, holo; BM, iso), Polillo. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Quezon, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Forest along streams at low and medium elevation. Also planted in and about towns. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  7. Areca parens Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 307; Type: FB 21712 Peñas, Soriano & Abellanosa (FI, holo), Luzon: Camarines, 23-Apr-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur. Notes: In lowland forests, often in damp, semi-swampy areas, also along streams. 0-600m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  8. Areca triandra Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5 (1826) 310. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Areca vidaliana Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 222; Type: Vidal 3955 (FI, holo; K, iso), Paragua (Palawan). = Areca mammillata Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 220; Type: FB 3816 Curran (FI, holo), Palawan: Sariban River. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BUSUANGA, LUZON, PALAWAN, TURTLE IS. Notes: Lowland swampy forest, also on forested slopes. 900m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  10. Areca whitfordii Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 219; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 306; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 169; Type: Whitford 1372 (FI, holo), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Bongabon River. = Areca whitfordii var. luzonensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 306; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 169; Type: BS 11384 McGregor (FI, holo; BM, iso), Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, Dupax. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Semi-swampy forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Arenga Labill.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 17 July 2026
  1. Arenga brevipes Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 95; Jeanson et al., Phytotaxa 719 (2025) 17; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  2. Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 119; Jeanson et al., Phytotaxa 719 (2025) 45; ≡ Saguerus pinnatus Wurmb, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 1 (1779) 351. = Caryota onusta Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 741. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BILIRAN, BOHOL, LUZON: Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, NEGROS, POLILLO. Notes: Widely cultivated and abundant in some forested areas, but never venturing far from human settlements. It has all the appearance of an introduced palm that has become naturalized. However, some consider this species native to Malesia (see Jeanson et al. 2025). Sugar palm, kaong, kabo-negro. Conservation status: Least Concern. Cryptogenic.
  3. Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 612; Merr. Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 87; Brown & Merr., Philip. Bur. Forestry Bull. 18 (1919) 34; Jeanson et al., Phytotaxa 719 (2025) 54; ≡ Didymosperma tremulum (Blanco) H.Wendl. & Drude, Palmiers (1878) 243; ≡ Wallichia tremula (Blanco) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1853) 315; Naves Novis. App. (1882) 280; S.Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 279; ≡ Caryota tremula Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 744; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 512; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 144; Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 88; Type: Merrill 828 (PNH, neotype; BM, K, L, P, isoneo), Luzon: Batangas, Batulago, Feb-1915. = Saguerus mindorensis (Becc.) O.F.Cook, Invent. Seeds U.S.D.A. Bur. Pl. Industr. 33 (1915) 53; ≡ Arenga mindorensis Becc., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 48; Webbia 1 (1905) 329; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 355; Type: Merrill 1790 (FI, holo), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Calapan, Apr-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, CEBU, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Sur, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation thickets and secondary forests, occurring in large clumps. 0-200m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Arenga undulatifolia Becc., Malesia 3 (1886) 92; Jeanson et al., Phytotaxa 719 (2025) 57; ≡ Saguerus undulatifolius (Becc.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 736; Type: from Borneo. = Arenga ambong Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 229; Type: Copeland 1681 (PNH, holo; FI, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, San Ramon, 16-Mar-1906. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, BASILAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, LUZON: Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Mendoza 91193 (L) represents Arenga undulatifolia instead of Arenga distincta (Jeanson et al. 2025). Low elevation forests. 152m to 400m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (Jeanson et al. 2025). Native.

Calamus L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 26 June 2026
  1. Calamus aidae Fernando, Gard. Bull. Singapore 41 (1988) 49; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 71; Adorador & Fernando, Phytotaxa 447 (2020) 101; Type: Baja-Lapis 123 (K, holo; LBC, iso), Samar: Western Samar, Basey, Guirang, Rawis, 24-May-1984. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MANICANI, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Dipterocarp forest. 50-800m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  2. Calamus arugda Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 622; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 352; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 147; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 78; Type: FB 6649 Klemme (FI, holo), Luzon: Cagayan, Lalloc, 50m, Apr-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela. Notes: Primary forests. 15-1600m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  3. Calamus balerensis Fernando, Gard. Bull. Singapore 41 (1989) 51; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 88; Type: Fernando 478 (LBC, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Aurora, Baler, 13-Apr-1985. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: In forest over ultramafics with large boulders, facing the sea. 50m. DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  4. Calamus batanensis (Becc.) Baja-Lapis, Sylvatrop 12 (1989) 73; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 95; ≡ Calamus siphonospathus var. batanensis Becc., PJS 3c (1908) 342; Type: BS 3611 Fénix (FI, holo), Batan: Mt Iraya, May/Jun-1907. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, ITBAYAT (photos). Notes: Lowland forest. 100-850m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  5. Calamus bicolor Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3055; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 356; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 147; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 97; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Type: Elmer 10541 (FI, holo; BM, BO, CAL, CAS, F, G, K, L, MO, NY, P, S, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, 1300m, May-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga. Notes: Primary forests. 800-1800m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  6. Calamus caesius Blume, Rumphia 3 (1847) 57; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 107; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: 5-650m. DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  7. Calamus carsicola Adorador & Fernando, Phytotaxa 447 (2020) 89; Type: Adorador 072 (PNH, holo; K, LBC, iso), Samar: Eastern Samar, Taft, Brgy San Rafael, 10-Feb-2016. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: 255m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Adorador & Fernando 2020). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  8. Calamus cumingianus Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 210; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 351; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 147; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 134; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Type: Cuming 762 (K, holo; BM, FI, iso), Luzon: Tayabas. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. 500m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  9. Calamus diepenhorstii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 594; Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11 (1908) 96; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 145; Type: from Indonesia. = Calamus diepenhorstii var. exulans Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 627; Beccari, PJS 6c (1911) 230; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 350; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 147; Type: FB 756 Foxworthy (PNH, holo, lost; FI, lecto), Palawan: Mt Victoria, 25-Mar-1906. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Quezon, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Notes: Low elevation primary forests. 20-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  10. Calamus discolor Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1838) 212; Beccari, PJS 4c (1909) 635; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 350; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 148; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 149; Adorador & Fernando, Phytotaxa 447 (2020) 101; Type: Haenke s.n. (M, holo), Philippines. = Calamus discolor var. negrosensis Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 635; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 148; Type: FB 12432 Danao (PNH, holo, lost; FI, lecto), Negros: Cadiz, 50m, 10-Mar-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, CEBU, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: 30-2134m. Native.
  11. Calamus erinaceus (Becc.) Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(1) (1911) 232; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 159; ≡ Daemonorops erinacea Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 225; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
    • ssp. erinaceus; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 160. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: 1-24m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
    • ssp. daemonoropoides (Fernando) A.J.Hend., Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 161; ≡ Calamus daemonoropoides Fernando, Phytotaxa 166 (2014) 70; Type: Fernando 386 (LBC, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Atimonan, Quezon National Park, 2-Mar-1984. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO, SAMAR. Notes: 2-450m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  12. Calamus filispadix Becc., PJS 6c (1911) 230; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 350; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 148; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 170; Type: FB 10630 Curran (PNH, holo, lost; FI, lecto), Luzon: Albay, Adlumay Hills, Jun-1908. = Calamus pulgarensis Becc., nom. inval., in sched.; Voucher: Elmer 12769 (L, P, U), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Mar-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Lanao, Surigao, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 65-1200m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  13. Calamus javensis Blume, Rumphia 3 (1847) 62; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 217; Atria & Van Welzen, Reinwardtia 20 (2021) 1; Atria et al., Nordic J. Bot. e03763 (2023) 3; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Pampanga, PALAWAN. Notes: Atria et al. (2023) distinguished several informal 'Groups' within Calamus javensis to recognize different morphological forms. They reported a Philippine specimen from Pampanga for Group Setosus. 2-2600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
    • var. javensis. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Pampanga, PALAWAN. Native.
  14. Calamus loherianus (Becc.) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 145; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 251; ≡ Daemonorops loheriana Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 637; Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(1) (1911) 104; Type: Loher 7073 (K, holo; FI, iso), Luzon, Rizal, Siya Bundok, Jun-1905. = Calamus pannosus (Becc.) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 147; ≡ Daemonorops pannosa Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3033; Type: Elmer 11600 (FI, holo; BM, BO, CAS, F, GH, K, L, NY, P, S, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, Mainit Creek, 1219m, May-1909. = Calamus oligolepis (Becc.) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 147; ≡ Daemonorops oligolepis Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3035; Type: Elmer 11757 (FI, holo; BM, BO, CAS, F, GH, K, L, NY, P, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, junction of Colon Creek with Baruring River, 1143m, May-1909. = Calamus urdanetanus (Becc.) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 149; ≡ Daemonorops urdanetana Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3038; Type: Elmer 14201 (FI, holo; BO, CAS, F, GH, K, L, NY, P, S, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, 1676m, Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Zamboanga, SAMAR. Notes: 100-1680m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  15. Calamus longipes Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1844) 68; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 253; ≡ Daemonorops longipes (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1853) 329. = Daemonorops virescens Becc., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 47; Type: Merrill 868 (PNH, holo; FI, iso), Palawan: San Antonio Bay, Feb-1903. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, PALAWAN. Notes: 6-1130(-2000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  16. Calamus malawaliensis J.Dransf., Kew Bull. 36 (1982) 805; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 265; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 10-500m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  17. Calamus manillensis (Mart.) H.Wendl., Palmiers (1878) 237; Becc. in Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3052; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 352; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 268; ≡ Palmijuncus manillensis (Mart.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 733; ≡ Daemonorops manillensis Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1853) 330; Type: Gaudichaud s.n. (P, holo; FI, iso), Manilla. = Calamus trispermus Becc., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 46; Type: Merrill 1645 (B, holo, lost; FI, lecto), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Feb-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, LUZON: Benguet (photos), Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte (photos), Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO. Notes: 40-1370m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (as Calamus manillensis sensu stricto). Native.
  18. Calamus marginatus (Blume) Mart. ex Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 3 (1852) 491; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 269; ≡ Daemonorops marginata Blume, Rumphia 3 (1847) 24; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: 20-2438m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  19. Calamus megaphyllus Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(App.) (1913) 66; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 271; Type: Elmer 11878 (FI, holo; CAL, CAS, F, G, K, L, NY, P, S, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo, 914m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 200-1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  20. Calamus melanochaetes (Blume) Miq., Verh. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 11 (1868) 28; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 273; ≡ Daemonorops melanochaetes Blume, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1830) 1333; Type: from Java. = Calamus jenkinsianus Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1844) 81; Baker, Phytotaxa 204 (2015) 235; Type: from India. = Daemonorops margaritae (Hance) Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 220; ≡ Calamus margaritae Hance, J. Bot. 12 (1874) 266; Type: from China. = Daemonorops margaritae var. palawanica Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(1) (1911) 57; Type: FB 899 Foxworthy (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto), Palawan: Iwahig, May-1906. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests. Rare. 0-1900m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  21. Calamus melanorhynchus Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(App.) (1913) 30; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 280; Type: Elmer 11708 (FI, holo; CAL, CAS, F, G, GH, K, L, MICH, MO, NY, P, S, US, iso), Mindanao, Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo, 1200m, Jun-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Notes: Forest. 1000-1200m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  22. Calamus microsphaerion Becc., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 45; Beccari, PJS 4c (1909) 627; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 353; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 151; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 286; Type: Merrill 507 (B, holo, lost; FI, lecto; US, isolecto), Culion: Halsey Harbor, 16-Dec-1902. = Calamus ramulosus Becc., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 46; Type: Merrill 2070 (B, holo, lost; FI, lecto), Luzon, Quezon, Guinayangan. = Calamus microsphaerion var. spinosior Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 354; Type: Merrill 9247 (FI, lecto; BM, CAL, F, L, MO, NY, P, US, iso), Palawan: Taytay, Apr-1913. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BUSUANGA, CATANDUANES, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 5-600m. Native.
  23. Calamus mitis Becc., PJS 3c (1909) 341; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 290; Type: BS 4075 Fénix (PNH, holo, lost; FI, lecto; US, isolecto), Camiguin de Babuyanes: Jun/Jul-1907. = Calamus elmerianus Becc., LPB 2 (1909) 647; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 353; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 148; Type: Elmer 9298 (FI, holo; BO, F, G, K, L, LE, NY, US), Quezon, Lucban, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, BATANES, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, DINAGAT, LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: 150-1830m. Native.
  24. Calamus moseleyanus Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 211; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 295; Type: Moseley s.n. (K, holo; FI, iso), Malanipa Island, Jan/Feb-1875. = Calamus spinilifolius Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 202; Type: Vidal 3954 (K, holo; FI, iso), Panay: Iloilo, Igbaras. = Calamus subinermis H.Wendl. ex Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 212. = Calamus mindorensis Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 235; Type: McGregor 309 (K, holo; FI, US, iso), Mindoro: Balete, Baco River, Apr/May-1905. = Calamus reyesianus Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 237; Type: Reyes s.n. (PNH, holo, lost; FI, lecto), Luzon: Quezon, Unisan, Oct-1904. = Calamus jenningsianus Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 623; Type: FB 4400 Merritt (FI, holo), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon, 1500m, Jun-1906. = Calamus grandifolius Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 629; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 149; Type: Loher 7088 (K, holo; FI, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Banahaw. = Calamus viridissimus Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(App.) (1913) 84; Type: Elmer 11938 (FI, holo; A, BM, CAL, CAS, F, G, K, L, MICH, NY, P, S, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo, 300m, Jul-1909. = Calamus multinervis Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(App.) (1913) 88; Type: Elmer 11955 (FI, lecto; A, BM, CAS, F, L, MO, NY, P, S, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo, May-1909. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MALANIPA, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN (photos). Notes: 10-2134m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  25. Calamus oblongus Reinw. ex Blume, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1830) 1323; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 315; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-2400m. Native.
    • ssp. gracilis (Becc.) A.J.Hend., Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 319; ≡ Calamus flexilis W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 143; ≡ Daemonorops gracilis Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3044; Type: Elmer 12945 (FI, holo; BO, K, NY, US, iso), Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests. 0-500m. DAO category: Endangered. Native.
    • ssp. mollis (Blanco) A.J.Hend., Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 319; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 11; ≡ Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 86; ≡ Calamus mollis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 264; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 685 (NY, neo; US, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Nov-1914. = Daemonorops fusca Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1853) 331; Type: Voyage de M. Gaudichaud sur la Bonite, 1836–37 (P, holo; FI, iso), Manila, Nov-1836. = Calamus gaudichaudii (Mart.) H.Wendl., Palmiers (1878) 236; ≡ Daemonorops gaudichaudii Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1853) 331; Type: Gaudichaud s.n. (P, holo; FI, iso), Manila, Nov-1836. = Calamus curranii (Becc.) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 142; ≡ Daemonorops curranii Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 238; Type: Curran F.B. 3791 (FI, lecto), Palawan: Feb-1906. = Calamus clemensianus (Becc.) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 142; ≡ Daemonorops clemensiana Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 636; Type: Clemens 1227 (FI, lecto), Mindanao, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Sep/Oct-1907. = Calamus affinis (Becc.) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 141; ≡ Daemonorops affinis Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3042; Type: Elmer 13978 (FI, holo; BO, CAS, F, GH, K, L, NY, P, S, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Duros Peak, 1219m, Oct-1912. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the archipelago. 0-1524m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  26. Calamus ochrolepis (Becc.) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 147; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 323; ≡ Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 47; Type: Merrill 2069 (FI, holo), Luzon: Tayabas, Guinayangan. = Daemonorops ochrolepis var. radulosus Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(1) (1911) 162; Type: FB 10190 Curran (FI, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon, Quezon, Mauban, 1200-1500m, Mar-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests. Common. 100-2000m. Native.
  27. Calamus ornatus Blume, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1830) 1326; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 328; Type: from Java. = Calamus ornatus var. philippinensis Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 346; Type: Loher 1387 (K, holo; FI, iso), Luzon. = Calamus ornatus var. pulverulentus Fernando, Gard. Bull. Singapore 41 (1988) 53; Type: Fernando 599 (LBC, holo; K, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, La Paz, 4-Jul-1986. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, CALAYAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: 10-1250m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  28. Calamus pedicellaris (Becc.) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 148; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 342; ≡ Daemonorops pedicellaris Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3040; Type: Elmer 14132 (FI, lecto; BO, CAS, F, GH, K, L, NY, P, S, US, isolecto), Mindanao, Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Misamis Oriental, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, NEGROS (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests on ridges. 200-2134m. Native.
  29. Calamus plicatus Blume, Rumphia 3 (1847) 67; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 353; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDANAO. Notes: 25-1750m. Native.
  30. Calamus politus (Fernando) W.J.Baker, Phytotaxa 197 (2015) 148; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 358; ≡ Daemonorops polita Fernando, Gard. Bull. Singapore 41 (1988) 56; Type: Fernando 575 (LBC, holo; BH, K, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga peninsula, La Paz, 2-Jul-1986. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: In dipterocarp forest. 600-800m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  31. Calamus samian Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(App.) (1913) 92; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 392; Type: Elmer 11336 (FI, holo; CAL, CAS, F, GH, K, L, MICH, MO, NY, P, S, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo, 1400m, Jul-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Primary forests. 1000-1500m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  32. Calamus scipionum Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 210; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 401; Type: from Malaysia. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 20-840m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  33. Calamus siphonospathus Mart. ex Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 3 (1852) 491; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 409; ≡ Palmijuncus siphonospathus (Mart. ex Walp.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 734; Type: Perrottet s.n. (P, holo), Manilla, 1819. = Calamus microcarpus Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 213; Beccari, PJS 4c (1909) 627; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 356; LPB 8 (1919) 3055; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 150; Type: Vidal 3952 (K, holo; FI, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mar-1886. = Calamus dimorphacanthus Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 214; Beccari, PJS 4c (1909) 631; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 355; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 148; Type: Vidal 3956 (FI, holo, K, iso), Panay: Iloilo, Igbaras, Apr-1887. = Calamus siphonospathus var. sublaevis Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 354; Type: Whitford 308 (FI, lecto, US, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Mt Mariveles, 22-May-1904. = Calamus siphonospathus var. oligolepis Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 353; Type: Warburg s.n. (B, holo, lost; FI, lecto), Luzon: Samplor, 1888. = Calamus siphonospathus var. polylepis Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 354; Type: Vidal 4068 (FI, holo), Morong, San Isidro, 1887. = Calamus siphonospathus var. farinosus Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11 (1908) 474; Type: Loher 1375 (K, holo), Luzon: Simutan. = Calamus dimorphacanthus var. montalbanicus Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 631; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 355; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 148; Type: Loher 7085 (K, holo; FI, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban, Mt Batay, 1380m, 18-Apr-1905. = Calamus dimorphacanthus var. zambalensis Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 632; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 355; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 148; Type: FB 8412 Curran & Merritt. (FI, holo; US, iso), Luzon: Zambales, Mt Tapulao, 2000m, Nov/Dec-1907. = Calamus microcarpus var. diminutus Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 356; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 151; Type: BS Ramos 16599 (FI, holo), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio, Sep/Oct-1912. = Calamus dimorphacanthus var. halconensis (Becc.) Baja-Lapis, Sylvatrop 12 (1989) 73; ≡ Calamus halconensis Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 633; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 356; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 149; Type: FB 4399 Merritt (FI, lecto), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon, 1500m, 15-27 Jun-1906. = Calamus microcarpus var. longiocrea Baja-Lapis, Sylvatrop 12 (1989) 68; Type: Madulid et al. 5280 (K, holo; PNH, iso), Luzon: Ifugao, Mayoyao, Mt Botak, 21-May-1983. = Calamus dimorphacanthus var. benguetensis Baja-Lapis, Sylvatrop 12 (1989) 72; Type: Elmer 6238 (K, holo; BM, FI, L, P, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Santo Tomas, May-1905. = Calamus siphonospathus var. dransfieldii Baja-Lapis, Sylvatrop 12 (1989) 80; Type: from Sulawesi. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur (photos), Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PANAY, POLILLO, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 9-2000m. Native.
  34. Calamus symphysipus Mart. ex Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 3 (1852) 487; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 426; Type: from Indonesia. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. BUCAS GRANDE, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Surigao, Zamboanga, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests. 10-2134m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  35. Calamus usitatus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 265; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 443; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 682 (BM, neo; A, CAL, F, GH, MO, NY, P, US), Luzon: Bulacan, Angat, Dec-1914. = Calamus blancoi Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 3 (1841) 595; Beccari, PJS 4c (1909) 635; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 349; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 147; ≡ Palmijuncus blancoi (Kunth) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 733; ≡ Calamus gracilis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 267, nom. illeg., non Roxb.; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 791 (K, neo; A, CAL, F, GH, MO, NY, P, US, isoneo), Luzon: Batangas, Mt Batulao, Feb-1915. = Palmijuncus haenkeanus (Mart.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 733; ≡ Calamus haenkeanus Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1838) 212; Type: Haenke s.n. (BR, holo; M, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon Prov. = Calamus meyenianus Schauer, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1) (1843) 425; Type: Calléry s.n. (FI, neo; P, isoneo), Luzon: Pangasinan, San Mateo, Mt Masiqui. = Palmijuncus brevifrons (Mart. ex Walp.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 733; ≡ Calamus brevifrons Mart. ex Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 3 (1852) 488; Type: Haenke s.n. (BR, holo), Luzon. = Calamus usitatus var. major (Becc.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 154; ≡ Calamus mollis var. major Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 345; Type: Meyer 2499 (FI, holo), Luzon: Batan, Lamao River, Mt Mariveles. = Calamus usitatus var. palawanicus (Becc.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 154; ≡ Calamus mollis var. palawanicus Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 233; Type: Curran 3613 (FI, holo), Palawan: Feb-1906. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BATAN, BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, DALUPIRI, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, South Cotabato (photos), Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation forests. 1-305m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  36. Calamus vidalianus Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 212; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 28; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 449; Type: Vidal 938 (K, holo; FI, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Unisan, Jan-1884. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests. 100-500m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  37. Calamus vinosus Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3061; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 452; Type: Elmer 14158 (FI, holo; BM, BO, CAL, CAS, F, G, GH, K, L, NY, P, S, UC, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, 1448m, Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao de Oro (photos). Notes: Forested ridges. 1000-1500m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  38. Calamus warayanus Adorador & Fernando, Phytotaxa 447 (2020) 97; Type: Adorador 055 (PNH, holo; LBC, iso), Samar: Samar, Paranas, Brgy Tenani, 6-Feb-2016. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: 388m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Adorador & Fernando 2020). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  39. Calamus zollingeri Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2 (1902) 199; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 465; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; Type: from Sulawesi (lecto). Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1566m. Native.
    • ssp. foxworthyi (Becc.) A.J.Hend., Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 467; ≡ Calamus foxworthyi Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(App.) (1913) 81; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 352; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 149; Type: BS 690 Foxworthy (FI, holo), Palawan: Victoria Peaks, Mar/Apr-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 500-1050m. DAO category: Endangered. Native.
    • ssp. merrillii (Becc.) A.J.Hend., Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 468; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 11; ≡ Calamus merrillii Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 347; Beccari, PJS 4c (1909) 629; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 351; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 149; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Type: Merrill 1893 (B, holo, lost; FI, lecto), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, Apr-1903. = Calamus maximus var. merrittianus (Becc.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 150; ≡ Calamus merrillii var. merrittianus (Becc.) Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 351; ≡ Calamus merrittianus Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 233; Type: FB 3912 Merritt (FI, holo; FI, P, US, iso), Mindoro: Bongabong River, Mar-1906. = Calamus maximus var. nanga (Becc.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 150; ≡ Calamus merrillii var. nanga Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 351; LPB 8 (1919) 3057; Type: Elmer 11110 (FI, holo; BM, CAL, F, FI. G, K, L, MO, NY, P, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, May-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: 20-1500m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Needs name

  1. Calamus maximus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 266, nom. illeg., non Reinw. ex Schult.f.; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 185; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 1 (1877) 331; Henderson, Phytotaxa 445 (2020) 489; Type: none thought to exist, posible neotype: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 879 (US), Luzon: Rizal, Caytimon, forested slopes, 13-Mar-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal, Sorsogon. Native.

Caryota L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 17 July 2025
  1. Caryota cumingii Lodd. ex Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1853) 315; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; Paguntalan et al., Project Tawsi: Sulu Hornbill Project (2020) 40; Jeanson et al., Phytotaxa 719 (2025) 66; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. = Caryota rumphiana var. oxyodonta Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 337; Type: Curran 10045 (PNH, holo; FI, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Santa Maria, Mavitae, Feb-1908. = Caryota merrillii Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 333; Type: Merrill 2880 (PNH, holo; FI, US, iso), Luzon, Pangasinan, Bautista, Jul-1903. = Caryota blancoi Hook.f., Rep. Progr. Condition Roy. Gard. Kew 1882 (1884) 61. = Caryota majestica Schaedtler, Hamburger Garten- Blumenzeitung 31 (1875) 111; Type: Merrill 1892 (PNH, lecto; FI, isolecto), Luzon: Rizal Province, Bosoboso, Apr-1903. = Caryota urens Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 740, nom. illeg., non L; Type: Merrill 736 (P, lecto; NY, isolecto), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Jan-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. Sea level and Lowland forests. 0-914m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Caryota mitis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 697; Jeanson et al., Phytotaxa 719 (2025) 72; Type: from Vietnam. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Batangas, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Sultan Kudarat (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Caryota rumphiana Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1838) 195; Jeanson et al., Phytotaxa 719 (2025) 82. = Caryota rumphiana var. philippinensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 337; Type: Merrill 8037 (FI, holo), Luzon: Jul-1911. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Cocos L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 December 2021
  1. Cocos nucifera L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1188; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls. HOMONHON, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Ifugao, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Widely introduced elsewhere. Throughout the Philippines, extensively cultivated; wild-types in E Samar. 0-700(-1500)m. Native.

Corypha L.

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 November 2016
  1. Corypha microclada Becc., Webbia 5 (1921) 7; Type: BS 18720 McGregor, Biliran. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Corypha utan Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1786) 131. = Corypha elata Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2 (1832) 176; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 123; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 143. = Livistona vidalii Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 343. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, India, Philippines, Sri Lanka. BILIRAN, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon (photos), MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in open places, in some regions widely scattered, in others subgregarious and abundant at low and medium elevation. 30-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Dypsis Noronha ex Mart. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Paul Collantes, 13 August 2020

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Dypsis lutescens (H.Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf., Palms Madagascar (1995) 212; ≡ Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H.Wendl., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 36 (1878) 171; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 171. Distribution: Madagascar. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Heterospathe Scheff.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 July 2026
  1. Heterospathe brevicaulis Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 220; Type: Fernando 534 (K, holo; BH, LBC, iso), Luzon: Aurora, Baler, Saipon. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Isabela. Notes: Lowland stream valley with large boulders, forest on ultramafics. 50m to 1500m (photos). Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  2. Heterospathe cagayanensis Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 611; Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 221; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; ≡ Ptychoraphis cagayanensis (Becc.) Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 326; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 163; Type: FB 11286 Klemme (FI, holo), Luzon: Cagayan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela. Notes: Lowland forests. In Isabela found on ultramafic vegetation near the coast (as a trunk-forming palm in closed canopy forests and acaulescent on open scrubs). Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Heterospathe califrons Fernando, Palms 45 (2001) 118; Type: Fernando 1567 & Sotalbo (LBC, holo; BH, K, PNH, PUH, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Sur, Carmen. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna (photos), MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur. Notes: Vernacular names: yanisi (Bagobo). In forest on ultramafic rocks, often along small creeks and partially water-logged areas. 580m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  4. Heterospathe dransfieldii Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 223; Type: Dransfield 6189 (K, holo; BH, PNH, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Beaufort & Thumb Peak. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Exposed ridge forest. 850m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  5. Heterospathe elata Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1 (1876) 141; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 162; Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 225; Type: from Moluccas. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BOHOL, BUCAS GRANDE, CEBU, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR, SIQUIJOR. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. elata. Distribution: BOHOL, BUCAS GRANDE, CEBU, DINAGAT, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR, SIQUIJOR. Notes: Lowland forests. Native.
  6. Heterospathe elmeri Becc., LPB 2 (1909) 646; Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 225; ≡ Ptychoraphis elmeri (Becc.) Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 328; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 164; ≡ Rhopaloblaste elmeri (Becc.) Becc., Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Mem. 44 (1934) 138; Nuov. Gior. Bot. Ital. (n.s.) 42 (1935) 81; Type: Elmer 9559 (FI, holo; BM, K, NY, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns. = Ptychoraphis microcarpa Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 327; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 164; ≡ Rhopaloblaste microcarpa (Becc.) Becc., Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Mem. 44 (1934) 36; Nuov. Gior. Bot. Ital. (n.s.) 42 (1935) 81; Type: BS 14678 Ramos (FI, holo; K, iso), Camiguin de Misamis. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at medium elevation. 1000-2000m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Heterospathe fernandoi Adorador, Phytotaxa 401 (2019) 118; Type: Adorador 088 (LBC, holo; PNH, K, iso), Samar: Eastern Samar Province, Balangiga, Brgy Guinmaayuhan, 167m, 23-Feb-2016. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: 135-280m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  8. Heterospathe intermedia (Becc.) Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 226; ≡ Rhopaloblaste intermedia (Becc.) Becc., Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Mem. 44 (1934) 137; Nuov. Gior. Bot. Ital. (n.s.) 42 (1935) 81; ≡ Ptychoraphis intermedia Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3011; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 164; Type: Elmer 13663 (FI, lecto; BM, K, NA, NY, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 150m (photos) to 430-1190m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 611; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 162; Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 227; Type: Whitford 1539 (F, holo), Negros: Negros Occidental, Mt Silay. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, MASBATE, NEGROS, ?PANAY (photos), SIBUYAN. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Heterospathe philippinensis (Becc.) Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 610; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 162; Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 227; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 54; ≡ Ptychoraphis philippinensis Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2 (1885) 90; Type: Cuming 1476 (excluding infl. which belongs to H. elata; FI, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Albay. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur (photos), Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Chiefly in primary forests. 300-1600(-?)m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Heterospathe scitula Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 228; Type: Fernando 506 (K, holo; BH, LBC, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Bicol National Park. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur. Notes: Dipterocarp forests on gentle slopes. 100-200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  12. Heterospathe sibuyanensis Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3014; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 162; Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 230; Type: Elmer 12350 (FI, holo; BISH, BM, CAS, K, NY, US, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes, Mt Giting-giting, 230m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SIBUYAN. Notes: Forest. 225m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  13. Heterospathe trispatha Fernando, Kew Bull. 45 (1990) 231; Type: Fernando 481 (LBC, holo; BH, K, iso), Luzon: Aurora, Baler, Dikaluyangan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: Dipterocarp forest. 50m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.

Korthalsia Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 March 2026
  1. Korthalsia laciniosa (Griff.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1838) 211; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 343; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 146; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 57; ≡ Calamosagus laciniosus Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1844) 23. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Cambodia, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Norte (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. 200-500m. Native.
  2. Korthalsia merrillii Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(2) (1918) 128; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 342; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 146; Type: Merrill 9140 (FI, holo), Palawan: Malampaya Bay. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forests. 50-200m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  3. Korthalsia rigida Blume, Rumphia 2 (1843) 167. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: 200-500m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  4. Korthalsia robusta Blume, Rumphia 2 (1843) 170; Shahimi et al., Kew Bull. 74 (2019) 69:25; Type: from Sumatra. = Korthalsia squarrosa Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 620; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 343; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 146; Type: Curran FB 4155 (FI, holo; K, US, iso), Palawan, Iwahig. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. BALABAC, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation primary forests. 114-600m (photos). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  5. Korthalsia scaphigeroides Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 619; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 342; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 146; Shahimi et al., Kew Bull. 74 (2019) 69:31; Type: Hutchinson FB 4816 (FI, holo; NY, US, iso), Mindanao, Zamboanga. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Davao, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte (photos). Notes: Primary forests. 10-200m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Licuala Thunb.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 June 2023
  1. Licuala spinosa Wurmb, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 2 (1780) 469; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 143; Type: Thunberg s.n. (UPS, microfiche at K), Java; neotype selected by Saw (1997). Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BUSUANGA, CULION, PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Also widely cultivated as an ornamental. Lowland thickets, sometimes immediately back of mangroves in brackish mud. Common. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Licuala grandis H.Wendl., Ill. Hort. 27 (1880) t.412. Distribution: Pacific Ocean. Notes: Cultivated, not naturalized (J. Adorador, pers. comm., 6-Nov-20). Cultivated, not naturalized.

Livistona R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 8 August 2026
  1. Livistona saribus (Lour.) Merr. ex A.Chev., Bull. Écon. Indochine 22 (1919) 501; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 145; ≡ Corypha saribus Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 212. = Livistona inaequisecta Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 616; Type: Curran F.B. 10079 (FI, holo), Luzon, Laguna, Sta. Maria, Mavitac. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan (photos), Cagayan, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Tarlac, Zambales, SAMAR. Notes: Open, somewhat swampy regions at low elevation, in Cagayan. Gregarious. 0-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Metroxylon Rottb. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 November 2020
  1. Metroxylon sagu Rottb., Nye Saml. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 2 (1783) 527; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 145. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea. BASILAN, BOHOL, CEBU, MINDANAO: Agusan, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Misamis, Surigao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, SAMAR, SIQUIJOR. Notes: Naturalized in riparian habitat (J. Adorador, pers. comm., 9-Nov-20). Naturalized.

Nypa Steck

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 November 2025
  1. Nypa fruticans Wurmb, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. 1 (1779) 349; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Sitoy & Buenavista, Reinwardtia 23 (2024) 5; ≡ Nipa fruticans (Wurmb) Thunb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 3 (1782) 231. = Nipa litoralis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 662. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN (photos), CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bulacan, Cagayan, Isabela (photos), NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Surigao del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SIARGAO. Notes: Widely distributed in the Philippines. Along tidal streams in brackish swamps, usually forming dense impenetrable stands. 0-5m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Oncosperma Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 18 August 2017
  1. Oncosperma gracilipes Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 228; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; Type: Merrill 4010 (FI, holo), Luzon, Quezon, Atimonan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Aurora, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, PALAWAN (photos). Notes: Sea level and low elevation forests. Locally common. 0-300m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 32 (1871) 191; ≡ Areca horrida Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5 (1845) 465. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LEYTE, LUZON, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, POLILLO. Notes: 366m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Oncosperma platyphyllum Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 609; Type: Whitford 1670 (FI, holo), Negros: Gimagaan River. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Notes: Lowland forest. Rare. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  4. Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 33 (1900) 173; Buhay et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 3085; ≡ Areca tigillaria Jack, Malayan Misc. 2 (1822) 88. = Oncosperma filamentosum (Kunth) Blume, Rumphia 2 (1843) 97; ≡ Euterpe filamentosa Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 3 (1841) 185. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN, SAMAR. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Orania Zipp.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 May 2024
  1. Orania decipiens Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 614; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 71; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Type: Merritt F.B. 4120 (FI, holo; K, iso), Mindoro, Bongabong River, Apr/May-1906. = Orania decipiens var. mindanaoensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 333; Type: Whitford & Hutchinson 9179 (FI, holo). = Orania rubiginosa Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 333; Type: Curran 17192 (syn), Curran 17259 (syn), Loher 7090 (syn), McGregor 10575 (syn), Ramos 13390 (syn). Widespread, but absent from Palawan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 100-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  2. Orania palindan (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27 (1905) 88; ≡ Caryota palindan Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 714; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 144 (K, neo), Luzon: Montalban, Mar-1912. = Orania philippinensis Scheff. ex Becc., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2 (1885) 156; Type: from Java. = Orania decipiens var. montana Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3018; Type: Elmer 13970 (syn), Elmer 1181 (syn). Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, La Union, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, PALAWAN, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Widespread but absent from Palawan. Forests. 10-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Orania paraguanensis Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 335; Type: Merrill 869 (FI, holo), Palawan: Separation Point, Feb-1903. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Keim & Dransfield 2012). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  4. Orania sibuyanensis (Becc.) Adorador & Fernando, Phytotaxa 391 (2019) 76; ≡ Orania palindan var. sibuyanensis (Becc.) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27 (1905) 88; ≡ Orania philippinensis var. sibuyanensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 332; Type: Elmer 12066 (FI, holo; GH, L, U, US, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes (Magdiwang), Mt Giting-giting, Mar-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-600m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Adorador & Fernando 2019). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  5. Orania zheae Adorador & Fernando, Phytotaxa 391 (2019) 70; Type: Adorador 060 & Meneses (LBC, holo; K, iso), Samar: Paranas, Brgy Tenani, 388m, 5-Feb-2016. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: 250-400m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Adorador & Fernando 2019). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.

Phoenix L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 24 October 2016
  1. Phoenix loureiroi Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 3 (1841) 257. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BATAN, BATANES, MINDORO, SABTANG (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
    • var. loureiroi. = Phoenix hanceana var. philippinensis Becc., PJS 3c (1908) 339; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 142; Type: BS 3744 Fénix (FI, holo), Batanes Island Group, Sabtan Is. Distribution: Cambodia, China, Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BATAN, BATANES. Notes: Low to medium elevation mountain streams. Sometimes cultivated. Native.

Pinanga Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 July 2026
  1. Pinanga basilanensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 322; Type: Reillo B.S. 16119 (FI, holo), Basilan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Maguindanao, Zamboanga. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. 920m (photos). Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Pinanga batanensis Becc., PJS 3c (1909) 340; Type: BS 3841 Fénix (FI, holo; NY, US, iso), Batan: Santo Domingo de Basco, along mountain stream, Jun-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, BATANES, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES. Notes: Lowland forest. 387-594m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  3. Pinanga bicolana Fernando, Principes 32 (1988) 172; Type: Fernando 498 (K, holo; LBC, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Bicol National Park. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur. Notes: Known from Bicol National Park on the border between Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur. Dipterocarp forest. 100-200m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  4. Pinanga copelandii Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 320; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 165; Fernando, Principes 32 (1988) 170; Type: Copeland 1283 (FI, holo), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: In humid forests. 0-50m to 100-1900m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  5. Pinanga curioi Adorador & Fernando, Phytotaxa 636 (2024) 95; Type: Adorador 326 with J.R.C. Callado (PNH, holo; CAHUP, LBC, iso), Panay: Buruanga, Brgy Tagusip near Sibaliw Field Station, 500m, 14-Nov-21. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: 300-700m. Conservation status: Endangered (Adorador et al. 2024). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  6. Pinanga curranii Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 226; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 165; Fernando, Principes 32 (1988) 165; Type: FB 3515 Curran (FI, holo), Palawan: Puerto Princesa. ≠ Pinanga maculata auct. non Porte ex Lem.; Becc. in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. 1 (1904) 48; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 166. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, DUMARAN, PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forests. 10-500m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  7. Pinanga egregia Fernando, Kew Bull. 49 (1994) 775; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Type: Fernando 549 (LBC, holo; BH, K, PNH, iso), Luzon: Sierra Madre Mtns, Quezon, Real, Sitio Balete. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur (photos), Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, POLILLO. Notes: Dipterocarp forest. 500-1000m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Pinanga geonomiformis Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 602; Adorador et al., Phytotaxa 429 (2020) 133; Type: Curran F.B. 10155 (FI, holo), Luzon: Quezon. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, POLILLO. Notes: 150-700m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Pinanga glaucifolia Fernando, Kew Bull. 49 (1994) 776; Adorador et al., Phytotaxa 429 (2020) 133; Type: Fernando 558 (LBC, holo; BH, K, PNH, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Bicol National Park. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines Norte. Notes: Lowland dipterocarp forest. 100-300m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  10. Pinanga gruezoi Adorador & Fernando, Phytotaxa 429 (2020) 121; Type: Adorador 004 (LBC, holo; CAHUP, PNH, K, iso), Samar: Samar, San Jose de Buan, Mt Huraw, 850m, 16-Jul-2015. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: 20-856m. Conservation status: Endangered (Adorador et al. 2020). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  11. Pinanga heterophylla Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 319; Adorador et al., Phytotaxa 429 (2020) 133; Type: Curran F.B. 17346 (FI, holo), Negros, Mt Maripari. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, NEGROS, RAPU-RAPU. Notes: Forests. 100-700m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  12. Pinanga insignis Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 223; ≡ Pseudopinanga insignis (Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13 (1936) 194; Type: Whitford 1388 (FI, holo; US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Bongabong River. = Pinanga insignis ssp. loheriana Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 322. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. ALABAT, BASILAN, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, ?SIBUYAN. Notes: 150-666m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. gasterocarpa Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 332. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MASBATE, NEGROS. Native.
    • var. insignis. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. Common. Native.
    • var. leptocarpa Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 332. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Native.
  13. Pinanga isabelensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 318; Type: McGregor B.S. 10660 (FI, holo), Luzon, Isabela, Bicobian Bay. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela, Zambales (photos). Notes: Forests near the sea, most likely on ultramafics which is prevalent in the area. 0m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  14. Pinanga leonardcoi Adorador & Fernando, Phytotaxa 536 (2022) 185; Type: Adorador 201 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, LBC, iso), Luzon: Cagayan, Gonzaga, Brgy Santa Clara, Mt Cagua, 800m, 22-Aug-2021. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan. Notes: 800m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Adorador & Fernando 2022). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  15. Pinanga lepidota Rendle, J. Bot. 39 (1901) 177; Fernando et al., Philippine J. Syst. Biol. 14 (2020) 2; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 600-1500m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  16. Pinanga maculata Porte ex Lem., Ill. Hort. 10 (1863) t.361; Fernando, Principes 32 (1988) 166; ≡ Pseudopinanga maculata (Porte ex Lem.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13 (1936) 194; Salvosa, Lexicon Philipp. Trees (1963) 120; Type: Plate 361 in Lem., loc. cit. = Pseudopinanga barnesii (Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13 (1936) 193; Salvosa, Lexicon Philipp. Trees (1963) 120; ≡ Pinanga barnesii Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 320; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 164; Type: FB 122 Barnes (FI, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River. = Pinanga barnesii var. macrocarpa Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 227; Type: McGregor 275 (FI, holo; K, US, iso), Mindoro, Balete, Baco River. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Abra (photos), Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SIARGAO. Notes: In humid primary forests. Common. 300-1600m. Conservation status: Near Threatened. Native.
  17. Pinanga modesta Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 225; Adorador et al., Phytotaxa 429 (2020) 133; Type: Copeland s.n. (FI, holo), Mindanao, Zamboanga, San Ramon. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, BUCAS GRANDE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: Primary forests. 600-1524m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  18. Pinanga negrosensis Becc., LPB 2 (1909) 642; Type: Elmer 10030 (FI, holo; K, NY, US, iso), Negros, Dumaguete, Cuernos Mountains. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ?DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, NEGROS. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  19. Pinanga philippinensis Becc., Malesia 3 (1889) 180; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 83; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438. = Pinanga elmeri Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 322; Type: Elmer 6067 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet , Baguio, Mar-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra (photos), Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur (photos), Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), Sultan Kudarat (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests, common. (?-)50-1800m. Native.
  20. Pinanga rigida Becc., LPB 2 (1909) 644; Type: Elmer 10187 (FI, holo; BM, K, NY, US, iso), Negros, Dumaguete, Cuernos Mountains, 2000m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Notes: 2000m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  21. Pinanga samarana Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 321; Adorador et al., Phytotaxa 429 (2020) 128; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Type: Ramos BS 17535 (FI, holo; BM, K, P, US, iso), Samar: Mt Cauayan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LUZON: Camarines Sur, MANICANI, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), SAMAR. Notes: 55-600m to 900m (photos). Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  22. Pinanga sclerophylla Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 603; Type: Merritt FB 4468 (FI, holo), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon, 1500m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Notes: Rare. Primary forests. 1500m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  23. Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 324; Type: Elmer 12425 (FI, holo; BISH, BM, K, NY, US, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes (Magdiwang), Mt Giting-giting. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests along streams. 200-600m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  24. Pinanga sierramadreana Fernando, Kew Bull. 49 (1994) 780; Type: Fernando 521 (LBC, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Quezon, General Nakar, Sitio Sablang. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon. Notes: A sheet at PNH (Gutierrez 61-289) from Isabela Prov (Palanan) probably also belongs here. 800m. Native.
  25. Pinanga sobolifera Fernando, Kew Bull. 49 (1994) 782; Adorador et al., Phytotaxa 429 (2020) 134; Type: Fernando 518 (LBC, holo; K, PNH, iso), Luzon: Quezon, General Nakar, Sitio Sablang. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Dipterocarp forest. 800m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  26. Pinanga speciosa Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 316; Type: Copeland 1265 (FI, holo), Mindanao, Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON: Kalinga, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga. Notes: Primary forests. 100-1250m. Native.
  27. Pinanga urdanetensis Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3008; Adorador et al., Phytotaxa 429 (2020) 134; Type: Elmer 14137 (FI, holo; BISH, BM, K, US, iso), Mindanao, Agusan Province, Mt Undaneta, Camilanan Peak. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Sur. Notes: Rare. Forested slopes. 1000m (photos) to 1400m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  28. Pinanga urosperma Becc., PJS 3c (1909) 341; Adorador et al., Phytotaxa 429 (2020) 134; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; ≡ Pseudopinanga urosperma (Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13 (1936) 194; Type: Fénix 4044 (FI, holo; US, iso), Babuyan, Camiguin. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, ?HOMONHON, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Notes: 300m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  29. Pinanga woodiana Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 604; Type: Merrill 5680 (FI, holo), Mindoro, Mt Halcon, 1100m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: Rare. Primary forests. 1050-1350m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Plectocomia Mart. ex Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 May 2018
  1. Plectocomia elmeri Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(2) (1918) 34; Becc. in Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3029; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 342; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 146; Type: Elmer 11887, Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, 1000m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: Vernacular name: ungang. In dense woods. 610-1500m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  2. Plectocomia elongata Mart. ex Blume, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1830) 1333. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BILIRAN, DINAGAT, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, ?Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-900m. Native.
    • var. philippinensis Madulid, Kalikasan 10 (1981) 52; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 84; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; Type: Dransfield 5491 (K, holo; LBC, PNH, iso), Palawan, Bagumbayan, near Puerto Princesa. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, DINAGAT, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, ?Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Sur, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-900m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Salacca Reinw.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 18 August 2017
  1. Salacca clemensiana Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 618; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 342; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 146; Type: Clemens 1109 (FI, holo), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Vernacular names: dalubi, kaubi, lakaubi, lubo. Mostly in thickets near streams and ravines. 600-900m. DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  2. Salacca ramosiana Mogea, Principes 30 (1986) 161; Type: Elmer 20110 (NY, SING, iso). Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. DAO category: Endangered. Native.

Saribus Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 June 2026
  1. Saribus merrillii (Becc.) C.D.Bacon & W.J.Baker, Palms 55 (2011) 113; ≡ Livistona merrillii Becc., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 45; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 144; Type: Merrill 2071 (FI, holo), Luzon, Quezon, Guinayangan. = Corypha minor Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 229, nom. illeg., non Jacq. = Livistona whitfordii Becc., Webbia 1 (1905) 341; Type: Whitford 731 (FI, holo), Luzon, Quezon, Atimonan. = Livistona blancoi Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 84. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, POLILLO. Notes: Low elevation forests and thickets. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  2. Saribus rotundifolius (Lam.) Blume, Rumphia 2 (1838) 49; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 (1838) 241; ≡ Corypha rotundifolia Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1786) 131; ≡ Licuala rotundifolia (Lam.) Blume, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 7 (1830) 1305; Type: Illustration in Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 1 (1741) t. 8 (lecto). = Livistona altissima Zoll., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 14 (1857) 150. = Livistona rotundifolia var. mindorensis (Becc.) Becc., PJS 14 (1919) 341; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 144; ≡ Livistona mindorensis Becc., PJS 4c (1909) 615; Type: FB 4108 Merritt, Mindoro: Bongabong River, May-1906. = Livistona rotundifolia var. microcarpa (Becc.) Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3024; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 144; ≡ Livistona microcarpa Becc., PJS 2c (1907) 231; Type: FB 3784 Curran (FI, holo), Palawan: Carañugan River. = Livistona rotundifolia var. luzonensis Becc., LPB 8 (1919) 3025; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 339; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 144; Type: Elmer 9293 (FI, holo; US, iso), Luzon, Quezon, Lucban, Mt Banahaw. = Livistona robinsoniana Becc., PJS 6c (1911) 230; Beccari, PJS 14 (1919) 341; Type: BS 9265 Robinson (FI, holo; US, iso), Polillo, edge of forest, 5m, Aug-1909. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. CALAYAN, DANJUGAN (photos), LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Sur (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Sea level and low and medium elevation forests. Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. 0-150m to 200m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

References