Araliaceae

Aralia L.

1. Aralia bipinnata Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 222; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 235. = Aralia glauca Merr., PJS 2 c (1907) Bot. 291; EPFP 3 (1923) 236. Distribution: LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Native.
   • var. bipinnata. = Aralia glauca Merr., PJS 2 c (1907) 291. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Disturbed montane forests and thickets, usually in rather open sites, (700-)1000-2450m. Native.
   • var. apoensis (Elmer) J.Wen, Novon 4 (1994): 403; ≡ Aralia apoensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2325. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur. Native.
2. Aralia merrillii C.B.Shang, J. Nanjing Inst. Forest. 2 (1985) 28; ≡ Aralia scandens (Merr.) Ha, Nov. Vyssh. Rast. 11 (1974) 229, nom. illeg.; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 19; ≡ Acanthophora scandens Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 316; EPFP 3 (1923) 236. Distribution: CATANDUANES, LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato. Native.

Eleutherococcus Maxim.

1. Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) S.Y.Hu, J. Arn. Arb. 61 (1980) 110; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 554; ≡ Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Voss, Vilmor. Blumengärtn. 1 (1894) 406; Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 217; EPFP 3 (1923) 234; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 103; ≡ Zanthoxylum trifoliatum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 270. Distribution: Himalayas through China to Japan, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDORO. Native.
   • var. trifoliatus. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Montane forests and thickets, 1100-1400m. Native.

Heptapleurum Gaertn.

1. Heptapleurum acuminatissimum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera acuminatissima Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 109. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Native.
2. Heptapleurum agamae (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera agamae Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 196; EPFP 3 (1923) 225; Type: FB 21603 Agama, Palawan: Quezon, Alfonso XIII, rocky hills, 30m, 11-May-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11, as Schefflera agamae). Native.
3. Heptapleurum albidobracteatum (Elmer) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera albidobracteata Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2339; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 225. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon. Notes: Forests, 700-1000m. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11, as Schefflera albidobracteata). Native.
4. Heptapleurum alvarezii (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera alvarezii Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 436; EPFP 3 (1923) 225. = Schefflera todayensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3704, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao. Notes: Forested slopes, c. 1000m. Native.
5. Heptapleurum angilogense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 147; ≡ Schefflera angilogensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 483; EPFP 4 (1925) 250; Type: BS 40748 Ramos. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal. Notes: Forested ridges, 1400m. Native.
6. Heptapleurum angustifolium (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 147; ≡ Schefflera angustifolia Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 35 (1906) 53; EPFP 3 (1923) 225. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal. Notes: Thickets on limestone cliffs and steep slopes at low and medium elevation. Native.
7. Heptapleurum banahaense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 147; ≡ Schefflera banahaensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 197; EPFP 3 (1923) 225. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon. Notes: Along streams in forests at medium elevation. Native.
8. Heptapleurum benguetense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera benguetensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 198; EPFP 3 (1923) 225. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Thickets about limestone boulders and on slopes, 1200-2000m. Native.
9. Heptapleurum binuangense (C.B.Rob.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera binuangensis C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 354; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 226. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Native.
10. Heptapleurum blancoi (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera blancoi Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 109; ≡ Cephaloschefflera blancoi (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Common on exposed ridges in the mossy forest and submossy forest and in damp forested ravines, 700-1500m. Native.
11. Heptapleurum bordenii (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera bordenii Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 110; EPFP 3 (1923) 226, as 'bordeni'. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Quezon. Notes: Primary forests, c. 750-900m. Native.
12. Heptapleurum brevipes (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera brevipes Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 210; EPFP 3 (1923) 226; Type: (PNH, lost). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela. Notes: Low or medium elevation forests. Native.
13. Heptapleurum bukidnonense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera bukidnonensis Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 414; EPFP 3 (1923) 226. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: On trees, c. 1600m. Native.
14. Heptapleurum catanduanense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 149; ≡ Schefflera catanduanensis Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 319; ≡ Cephaloschefflera catanduanensis (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Sorsogon. Notes: Primary forests, on ridges at or above 400m. Native.
15. Heptapleurum catense (Elmer) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 149; ≡ Schefflera catensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2336; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 226. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: In very wet forests, c. 1800m. Native.
16. Heptapleurum caudatifolium (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 149; ≡ Schefflera caudatifolia Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 331; EPFP 3 (1923) 226; Type: BS 22062 Ramos (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog. = Schefflera bulusanensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 226, in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 10 (1934) 3637, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 17130 (NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, 1066m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Native.
17. Heptapleurum caudatum S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 175; ≡ Schefflera caudata (S.Vidal) Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3 c (1908) 118; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 226; Type: Cuming 800 (syn), Luzon: Tayabas; Vidal 793 (MA, syn), Luzon: Albay, Tiwi. = Schefflera pentaphylla Elmer, LPB 10 (1934) 3642, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Voucher: Elmer 14596 (NY, NA), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Sorsogon. Notes: Primary forests, c. 650m. Native.
18. Heptapleurum chartaceum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera chartacea Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 456; EPFP 3 (1923) 226; Type: Vanoverbergh 1789 (PNH, holo, lost). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: Forests, c.1750m. Native.
19. Heptapleurum cinnamomeum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera cinnamomea Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 415; ≡ Cephaloschefflera cinnamomea (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Mossy forests, c. 1700m. Native.
20. Heptapleurum clementis (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera clementis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 156; EPFP 3 (1923) 226. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao. Notes: Forests along streams, c. 650m. Native.
21. Heptapleurum crassifolium (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera crassifolia Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 332; EPFP 3 (1923) 227. = Schefflera longispicata Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Sorsogon. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
22. Heptapleurum crassissimum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera crassissima Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 195; ≡ Cephaloschefflera crassissima (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232; Type: BS 19379 Ramos (US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Pular, 900m, on trees, 15-Jan-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: On trees, probably in the mossy forest at or above 700m. Native.
23. Heptapleurum cumingii Seem., J. Bot. 3 (1865) 81; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; ≡ Schefflera cumingii (Seem.) Harms in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 38 (1894) 39; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: ?Aurora (photos), Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Lowland primary forests. Native.
24. Heptapleurum curranii (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 151; ≡ Schefflera curranii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 199; EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11, as Schefflera curanii). Native.
25. Heptapleurum demesae (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 151; ≡ Schefflera demesae Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 330; EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: Along streams in lowland forests. Native.
26. Heptapleurum ellipticum (Blume) Seem., J. Bot. 3 (1865) 78; ≡ Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 38 (1894) 39; ≡ Sciodaphyllum ellipticum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 878. Distribution: BASILAN, BATANES, LUZON, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Native.
    • var. ellipticum; ≡ Schefflera agusanensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2340; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 225. = Schefflera nitida Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 204; EPFP 3 (1923) 230. = Schefflera odorata (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 117; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 358; EPFP 3 (1923) 230; ≡ Polyscias odorata Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 226. Distribution: China, India, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam to Australia. BASILAN, BATANES, LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: Batanes and N Luzon to Palawan, Mindanao and Basilan. Common in primary and secondary forests from sea level to medium elevation, occurring in most or all islands and provinces. Native.
27. Heptapleurum elliptifoliolum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 152; ≡ Schefflera elliptifoliola Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 320; EPFP 3 (1923) 227. = Schefflera aurantiicarpa Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 227, as 'auranticarpa'. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
28. Heptapleurum eucaudatum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 152; ≡ Schefflera eucaudata Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 200; EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
29. Heptapleurum feriarum (Frodin) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera feriarum Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 138 (1986) 422; Type: Sandkuhl 159 (US, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio and vicinity. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only from the type. Native.
30. Heptapleurum foetidum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera foetida Merr., PJS 2 c (1907) Bot. 290; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 228. = Schefflera williamsii C.B.Rob., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 211; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 231. = Schefflera paniculata Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 585. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Mossy forests, 1000-1900m. Native.
31. Heptapleurum foxworthyi (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera foxworthyi Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 254; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Native.
32. Heptapleurum gigantifolium (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera gigantifolia Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 157; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, Misamis, Zamboanga. Notes: Primary forests, 650-1000m. Native.
33. Heptapleurum glabrum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera glabra Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 201; EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Mossy forests, c. 1500m. Native.
34. Heptapleurum globosum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera globosa Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 437; EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: On trees in medium elevation forests. Native.
35. Heptapleurum gracilipes (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 154; ≡ Schefflera gracilipes Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 158; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao. Notes: Forests along streams, c. 650m. Native.
36. Heptapleurum halconense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 154; ≡ Schefflera halconensis Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 415; EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Notes: Damp primary forests, 900m. Native.
37. Heptapleurum heptaphyllum (L.) Y.F.Deng, Med. Fl. China 7 (2018) 484; ≡ Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodin, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104 (1991) 314; ≡ Vitis heptaphylla L., Mant. Pl. 2 (1771) 212. = Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 38 (1894) 38; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 43; ≡ Aralia octophylla Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 187. Distribution: China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Vietnam. BATAN. Notes: From Mt Iraya, 300m. Locally very rare. Native.
38. Heptapleurum heterocladum (Frodin) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 154; ≡ Schefflera heteroclada Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 138 (1986) 416; Type: J.V. Santos 5691 (US, holo; L, PUH, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Sur, Tirad Pass. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Sur. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only from the type. Native.
39. Heptapleurum insularum Seem., J. Bot. 3 (1865) 80; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; ≡ Schefflera insularum (Seem.) Harms in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 38 (1894) 39; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 228. = Schefflera digitata (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 294, nom. illeg., non J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.; EPFP 3 (1923) 227; ≡ Polyscias digitata Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 224. = Aralia octophylla Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 158, nom. illeg. = Schefflera decidua Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3641. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Lanao, MINDORO, NEGROS, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Common in lowland primary forests along streams. Native.
40. Heptapleurum leytense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 157; ≡ Schefflera leytensis Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 211; EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. Notes: Forests, c. 1150m. Native.
41. Heptapleurum longifrutescens (Elmer) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 158, as 'longifructescens'; ≡ Schefflera longifrutescens Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 331; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Lanao, Misamis, SIARGAO. Notes: Primary forests at medium elevation. Native.
42. Heptapleurum luzoniense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 158; ≡ Schefflera luzoniensis Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 218; EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: Forests, 1000-2000m. Native.
43. Heptapleurum macgregorii (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 158; ≡ Schefflera macgregorii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 202; EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao. Notes: Forests, probably above 1500m. Native.
44. Heptapleurum macranthum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 158; ≡ Schefflera macrantha Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Suppl. 156. = Schefflera mindanaensis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Suppl. 157. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Native.
45. Heptapleurum merrillii (Elmer) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 159; ≡ Schefflera merrillii Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2335; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: Primary forests, c. 900m. Native.
46. Heptapleurum merrittii (Frodin) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 159; ≡ Schefflera merrittii Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 138 (1986) 418; Type: FB 18100 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke (US, holo), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulog. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only from the type. Native.
47. Heptapleurum microphyllum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 159; ≡ Schefflera microphylla Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 218; EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: Mossy forests on the higher mountains, 1800-2400m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11, as Schefflera microphylla). Native.
48. Heptapleurum minutipetiolatum (Frodin) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 159; ≡ Schefflera minutipetiolata Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 138 (1986) 410; Type: J.V. Santos 5667 (US, holo; L, PUH, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Besao, along creek near Lake Bana-an. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only from the type. Native.
49. Heptapleurum multiflorum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera multiflora Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 203; EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon. Notes: Forests along streams, c. 900m. Native.
50. Heptapleurum multiramosum (Elmer) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera multiramosa Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2332; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Davao. Notes: Forested ridges, 1050-1650m. Native.
51. Heptapleurum myrianthellum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera myrianthella Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 320; EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Notes: Damp lowland and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
52. Heptapleurum obliquum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera obliqua Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 159; EPFP 3 (1923) 230. = Schefflera populnea Elmer, LPB 10 (1934) 3644; Type: Elmer 15760 (NA, NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao, Surigao, Zamboanga. Notes: Primary forests and secondary forests, 0-650m. Native.
53. Heptapleurum oblongifolium (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera oblongifolia Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 369; ≡ Cephaloschefflera oblongifolia (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. = Schefflera albida Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 94; ≡ Cephaloschefflera albida (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 231. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, NEGROS. Notes: Mossy forest, 1000-2200m. Native.
54. Heptapleurum obtusifolium (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 161; ≡ Schefflera obtusifolia Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 435; EPFP 3 (1923) 230. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: On trees and on rocks on forested slopes at low and medium elevation. Native.
55. Heptapleurum ovoideum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 161; ≡ Schefflera ovoidea Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 160; ≡ Cephaloschefflera ovoidea (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. = Cephaloschefflera apoensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232; ≡ Schefflera apoensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2334. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao. Notes: Forests, 600-2000m. Native.
56. Heptapleurum palawanense (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 162; ≡ Schefflera palawanensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 204; EPFP 3 (1923) 230; Type: Merrill 9221, Palawan: Taytay, thickets bordering grasslands at sea level. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Thickets bordering open grasslands at low elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11, as Schefflera palawanensis). Native.
57. Heptapleurum panayense (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 162; ≡ Schefflera panayensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 439; ≡ Cephaloschefflera panayensis (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 233. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS (photos), PANAY. Notes: Mossy forests, probably above 1000m. Native.
58. Heptapleurum pawoiense (Frodin) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 162; ≡ Schefflera pawoiensis Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 138 (1986) 417; Type: BS 321768 J.K. Santos (US, holo; GH, K, NSW, PNH, UC, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Pawoy (Pauai). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only from the type. Native.
59. Heptapleurum philippinense G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 163; ≡ Schefflera obovata Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 329; EPFP 3 (1923) 230. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon (photos). Native.
60. Heptapleurum piperoideum (Elmer) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 163; ≡ Schefflera piperoidea Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 330; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 230. = Schefflera trifoliata Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3 c (1908) 118; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 231. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, POLILLO. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
61. Heptapleurum platyphyllum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 163; ≡ Schefflera platyphylla Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 438; EPFP 3 (1923) 230. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: Along small streams in lowland forest. Native.
62. Heptapleurum santosii (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 165; ≡ Schefflera santosii Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 438; EPFP 3 (1923) 231. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Damp forested ravines, 1600-2000m. Native.
63. Heptapleurum simplicifolium (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 166; ≡ Schefflera simplicifolia Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 159; EPFP 3 (1923) 231. = Schefflera sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3646, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Lanao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, POLILLO. Notes: In damp and primary forests at low and medium elevation. Native.
64. Heptapleurum stellulatum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 166; ≡ Schefflera stellulata Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 318; EPFP 3 (1923) 231. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Medium elevation forest. Native.
65. Heptapleurum subdivaricatum (Merr. ex Frodin) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 167; ≡ Schefflera subdivaricata Merr. ex Frodin in Frodin & Govaerts, World Checklist Bibliogr. Araliaceae (2004) 379; ≡ Schefflera divaricata Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 199, nom. illeg., non (Blume) Koord.; EPFP 3 (1923) 227, nom. illeg. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN. Notes: Lowland forests. Native.
66. Heptapleurum urdanetense (Elmer) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 166; ≡ Schefflera urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2337; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 231. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: Dense primary forests, 1700m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Heptapleurum actinophyllum (Endl.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(8) (1894) 36; ≡ Brassaia actinophylla Endl., Nov. Stirp. Dec. 1 (1839) 89. Notes: Cultivated. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Hydrocotyle L.

1. Hydrocotyle benguetensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 628; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 237; Type: Elmer 8903, Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. Distribution: Japan, Korea, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Native.
2. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb., Diss. Hydrocot. (1798) No. 17; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 237; Buwalda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1949) 115. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Native.
3. Hydrocotyle pseudoconferta Masam., J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 4 (1932) 301; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: China, ?Japan, Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon. Native.
4. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Encycl. 3 (1789) 153; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 237; Buwalda, Fl.Males. ser. 1, 4 (1949) 115; Type: from Mauritius. = Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 4 (1820) 64. = Hydrocotyle delicata Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 629; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 237. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Albay, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, NEGROS. Native.

Mackinlaya F.Muell.

1. Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. 1 (1951) 8; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 27; ≡ Anomopanax celebicus Harms, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 19 (1904) 14. = Anomopanax digitatus Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 301; EPFP 3 (1923) 236, as ‘Anompanax’. = Anomopanax philippinensis Harms, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 19 (1904) 15; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 236, as ‘Anompanax’. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests, ascending to 1000m. Native.

Osmoxylon Miq.

1. Osmoxylon camiguinense (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 113; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 48; ≡ Boerlagiodendron camiguinense Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 252, 424; EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: Fettix BS 4135, Camiguin. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Cagayan. Notes: Forested slope, 500m. Native.
2. Osmoxylon catanduanense (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 105; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 37; ≡ Boerlagiodendron catanduanense Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 318; EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: Bur. Sci. 30438 Ramos, 18-Nov-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only from the type. Forested slopes, c. 350m. Native.
3. Osmoxylon caudatum (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 105; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 37; ≡ Boerlagiodendron caudatum Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 440; EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: Bur. Sci. 33308 Ramos, Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Mt Palimlim, forested slopes near the summit, c. 1000m, 21-Aug-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Native.
4. Osmoxylon dinagatense (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 103; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 34; ≡ Boerlagiodendron dinagatense Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 301; EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: Bur. Sci. 35220 Ramos & Pascasio, 12-May-1919, Dinagat: in forests at low elevation. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT. Native.
5. Osmoxylon eminens (W.Bull) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 114; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 48; ≡ Boerlagiodendron eminens (W.Bull) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 223; ≡ Trevesia eminens W.Bull, Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 199 (1884) 17; Type: from Caroline Islands. Distribution: BASILAN, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Primary forests at moderately low elevation (100m) to ridge forest and mossy forest at 950m. Often in shady ravines. Native.
6. Osmoxylon fenicis (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 114; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 48; ≡ Boerlagiodendron fenicis Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 44; EPFP 3 (1923) 223. = Boerlagiodendron tayabense Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 45; EPFP 3 (1923) 224. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: In primary dipterocarp forest, rocky slopes near streams, 40-400m. Native.
7. Osmoxylon heterophyllum (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 106; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 38; ≡ Boerlagiodendron heterophyllum Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 329; EPFP 3 (1923) 223; Type: Weber 1126, Mindanao, Butuan, Mt Hilong-Hilong, 29-Mar-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forest, under shade near creek, 100-550m. Native.
8. Osmoxylon humile (Elmer) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 111; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 44; ≡ Boerlagiodendron humile Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2327; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 223; Type: Elmer 10860, Mindanao, Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), Jun-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Damp fertile ground in dense forest, 1000m. Native.
9. Osmoxylon lineare (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 106; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 39; ≡ Boerlagiodendron lineare Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 253; EPFP 3 (1923) 223; Type: BS 4953 Ramos (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Pangasinan, Dec-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan, NEGROS. Notes: Rheophytic in Negros. Native.
10. Osmoxylon luzoniense (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 116; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 52; ≡ Boerlagiodendron luzoniense Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 252, 424; EPFP 3 (1923) 223. = Boerlagiodendron agusanense Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2330; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 222. = Boerlagiodendron clementis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 155, 424; EPFP 3 (1923) 222. = Boerlagiodendron diversifolium Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 333, 424; EPFP 3 (1923) 223. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, NEGROS, SIARGAO, SIASI. Notes: In forests, often along streams; ridges in mossy forests, 280-1650m. Native.
11. Osmoxylon oblongifolium Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 105; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 37; Type: Sulit & Conese 2776 (L, ?PNH), Samar: Bagacay, Concord, 26-Apr-2018. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Known from Samar from PNH 15321 Edaño. Dipterocarp forest, along creek bank, 200m. Native.
12. Osmoxylon pectinatum (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 111; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 45; ≡ Boerlagiodendron pectinatum Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 253, 424; EPFP 3 (1923) 224; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, BATANES. Notes: Forested slope, 650m. Native.
13. Osmoxylon pulcherrimum S.Vidal ex Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 102; Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 107; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 40. = Boerlagiodendron sibuyanense Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2328. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Camarines Sur, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MARINDUQUE, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Damp primary forests, 225-800m. Native.
14. Osmoxylon ramosii (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 110; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 43; ≡ Boerlagiodendron ramosii Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 27; EPFP 3 (1923) 224. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Camarines Sur, Quezon, Sorsogon. Notes: Low-lying, wet ground, in forest, or on forested slopes, 700-800m. Native.
15. Osmoxylon serratifolium (Elmer) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 114; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 49; ≡ Boerlagiodendron serratifolium Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 505; EPFP 3 (1923) 224; Type: Elmer 7194, Leyte, Leyte, Palo, Jan-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PANAY. Native.
16. Osmoxylon simplicifolium (Elmer) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 103; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 34; ≡ Boerlagiodendron simplicifolium Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2329; EPFP 3 (1923) 224; Type: Elmer 13689, Mindanao, Agusan, Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Sep-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, SAMAR (photos). Notes: Wind-swept ridge at 1750m, on moss-covered soil with stone. Native.
17. Osmoxylon trilobatum (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 116; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 51; ≡ Boerlagiodendron trilobatum Merr., PJS 2 c (1907) Bot. 289; EPFP 3 (1923) 224. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Abra, Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests, frequently beside streams in damp ravines, 75-750m. Native.
18. Osmoxylon yatesii (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 106; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 38; ≡ Boerlagiodendron yatesii Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 44; EPFP 3 (1923) 225; Type: Bur. Sci. 25418 Yates, Luzon, Tayabas, Mt Cadig, 12-Dec-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Quezon. Notes: Mossy forest, 1250m. Native.

Polyscias J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

1. Polyscias aherniana (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Pl. Divers. Evol. 128 (2010) 68; ≡ Arthrophyllum ahernianum Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 109; EPFP 3 (1923) 235; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 56. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines. BILIRAN, BUSUANGA, DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in primary and second-growth forest, from the lowlands to 1000m. Native.
2. Polyscias borneensis Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 170; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 80. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, PALAWAN. Notes: Known from Mt Mantalingahan. Montane forest, 1500m. Native.
3. Polyscias cenabrei (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Pl. Divers. Evol. 128 (2010) 68; ≡ Arthrophyllum cenabrei Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 417; EPFP 3 (1923) 235; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 65; Type: FB 28343 Cenabre, Cebu: on slopes at 600m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests, ascending to 600m. Native.
4. Polyscias florosa Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 170; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 79. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Sorsogon. Notes: Forests up to 560m. Native.
5. Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem., J. Bot. 3 (1865) 181; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 233; Bean, Austrobaileya 9 (2015) 451; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; Villanueva et al., Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 6496; ≡ Aralia nodosa Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 873. Distribution: Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BASILAN, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Disturbed lowland forests and associated thickets generally, ascending to 1000m. Native.
6. Polyscias philippinensis (Merr.) Frodin, Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2019) 183; ≡ Tetraplasandra philippinensis Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 219; EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: FB 3809 Curran (K, lecto), Palawan: Casuarina Point, back of the beach and in forest along the seashore, Mar-1906. = Gastonia papuana auct. non Miq.; Philipson, Blumea 18 (1970) 492. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, PALAWAN. Native.
7. Polyscias pulgarensis (Elmer) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Pl. Divers. Evol. 128 (2010) 70; ≡ Arthrophyllum pulgarense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2551; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 235; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 65. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, PALAWAN. Notes: Montane thickets, 1200m. Common. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Polyscias cumingiana (C.Presl) Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. (1880) 102; Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 169; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 76; ≡ Anomopanax cumingianus (C.Presl) Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 300; EPFP 3 (1923) 236, as ‘Anompanax’; ≡ Paratropia cumingiana C.Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1851) 250. = Nothopanax crispatus (W.Bull) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 241; Fl. Manila (1912) 357; EPFP 3 (1923) 233; ≡ Panax crispatus W.Bull, Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 242 (1888) 9. = ?Nothopanax ornatus (W.Bull) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 241; Fl. Manila (1912) 357; EPFP 3 (1923) 234; ≡ Panax ornatus W.Bull, Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 242 (1888) 9. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines. Notes: Lowlands usually, up to 1700m. Cultivated as an ornamental; native range unknown (Lowry & Plunkett 2010). Note by P.B. Pelser (6-Nov-20): According to Merrill (1923) planted in the Philippines for ornamental purposes, but nowhere spontaneous, so I here assume that it is probably not native to the Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.
2. Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 38 (1894) 45; Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 169; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 73; ≡ Nothopanax fruticosus (L.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 11 (1856) 765; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 358; EPFP 3 (1923) 233; ≡ Panax fruticosus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1763) 1513. = Nothopanax fruticosus var. plumata (W.Bull ex W.Richards) Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 358; EPFP 3 (1923) 234; ≡ Panax plumatus W.Bull ex W.Richards, Gard. Chron., n.s., 9 (1878) 439. = Nothopanax fruticosus var. victoriae (W.Bull) Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 358; EPFP 3 (1923) 234; ≡ Panax victoriae W.Bull, Nursery Cat. 193 (1883) 15. Notes: Native country not properly known. Cultivated throughout Malesia and other parts of the Indo-Pacific tropics, commonly as an ornamental or hedge shrub. Low to moderate elevation (c. 1000m). Cultivated only? Cultivated, not naturalized.
3. Polyscias guilfoylei (W.Bull) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18 (1916) 153; Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 169; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 76; ≡ Nothopanax guilfoylei (W.Bull) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 242; Fl. Manila (1912) 357; EPFP 3 (1923) 234; ≡ Aralia guilfoylei W.Bull, Gard. Chron. 1873 (1873) 606. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean. Notes: Cultivated throughout Malesia and tropical Pacific. Usually planted as a hedge plant. Cultivated only? Cultivated, not naturalized.
4. Polyscias pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl. (1776) 64. Distribution: Pacific Ocean. Notes: Naturalized in the Philippines? Also considered as a synonym of Polyscias scutellaria (Lowry & Plunkett 2010). Only known from cultivation (Plunkett & Lowry 2010). Cultivated, not naturalized.
5. Polyscias scutellaria (Burm.f.) Fosberg, Univ. Hawaii Occ. Pap. 46 (1948) 9; Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 169; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 75; ≡ Nothopanax scutellarius (Burm.f.) Merr., Interp. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 409, as 'scutellarium'; ≡ Crassula scutellaria Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (1768) 78. = Nothopanax cochleatus (Lam.) Miq., Pl. Jungh. 3 (1855) 425; Fl. Ind. Bat. 11 (1856) 766; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 357; ≡ Aralia cochleata Lam., Encycl. 1 (1783) 224. = Nothopanax tricochleatus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 340; Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 234. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Isls. Notes: Cultivated throughout Malesia and tropical Pacific, commonly as an ornamental or hedge shrub. Low to moderate elevation. Only known from cultivation (Plunkett & Lowry 2010). Cultivated, not naturalized.

Trachymene Rudge

1. Trachymene saniculifolia Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. (1894) 167; Buwalda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1949) 118; Hart & Henwood, Australian Syst. Bot. 19 (2006) 23; ≡ Didiscus saniculifolius (Stapf) Merr., PJS 2 c (1907) Bot. 292; EPFP 3 (1923) 238. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines. MINDORO. Native.