Araliaceae

Aralia L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser 29 July 2026
  1. Aralia bipinnata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 222; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 235; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 21. = Aralia glauca Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 291; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 236. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: (10-)700-2450(-2828)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. bipinnata. = Aralia glauca Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 291. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Disturbed montane forests and thickets, usually in rather open sites, (700-)1000-2450m. Native.
    • var. apoensis (Elmer) J.Wen, Novon 4 (1994) 403; ≡ Aralia apoensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2325. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur. Native.
  2. Aralia merrillii C.B.Shang, J. Nanjing Inst. Forest. 2 (1985) 28; ≡ Aralia scandens (Merr.) Ha, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11 (1974) 229, nom. illeg.; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 19; ≡ Acanthophora scandens Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 316; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 236. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato. Notes: 100-2500m. Native.

Eleutherococcus Maxim.

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 24 October 2016
  1. Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) S.Y.Hu, J. Arnold Arbor. 61 (1980) 110; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 554; ≡ Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Voss, Vilm. Blumengärtn., 3rd Ed. 1 (1894) 406; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 217; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 234; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 103; ≡ Zanthoxylum trifoliatum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 270. Distribution: Himalayas through China to Japan, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDORO. Notes: (25-)1100-1400(-2750)m. Native.
    • var. trifoliatus. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Montane forests and thickets. 1100-1400m. Native.

Heptapleurum Gaertn.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 8 June 2026
  1. Heptapleurum acuminatissimum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera acuminatissima Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 109. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Notes: 700m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Heptapleurum agamae (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera agamae Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 196; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 225; Type: FB 21603 Agama, Palawan: Quezon, Alfonso XIII, rocky hills, 30m, 11-May-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 30m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  3. Heptapleurum albidobracteatum (Elmer) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera albidobracteata Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2339; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 225. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, ?Davao Oriental (photos), Zamboanga del Norte (photos), ?Zamboanga del Sur (photos). Notes: Forests. 450-1222m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  4. Heptapleurum alvarezii (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera alvarezii Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 436; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 225; Type: For. Bur. 25240 Alvarez, Mindanao: Lanao Distr, Lanao-Cotabato trail, 24-Mar-1916, 1100m. = Schefflera todayensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3704, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Lanao. Notes: Forested slopes. 800-1524m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Heptapleurum angilogense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 147; ≡ Schefflera angilogensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 483; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 250; Type: BS 40748 Ramos. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal. Notes: Forested ridges. 1350-1400m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Heptapleurum angustifolium (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 147; ≡ Schefflera angustifolia Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 53; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 225. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Laguna (photos), Rizal, PANAY (photos). Notes: Thickets on limestone cliffs and steep slopes at low and medium elevation. 300-700m. Native.
  7. Heptapleurum banahaense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 147; ≡ Schefflera banahaensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 197; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 225. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon. Notes: Along streams in forests at medium elevation. 0m (photos). Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Heptapleurum benguetense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera benguetensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 198; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 225. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra (photos), Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: Thickets about limestone boulders and on slopes. 1200-2000m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Heptapleurum binuangense (C.B.Rob.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera binuangensis C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 354; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 226. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Notes: 930m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Heptapleurum blancoi (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera blancoi Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 109; ≡ Cephaloschefflera blancoi (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon (photos), Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur (photos), NEGROS (photos), PANAY (photos). Notes: Common on exposed ridges in the mossy forest and submossy forest and in damp forested ravines. (245-)700-1500m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Heptapleurum bordenii (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera bordenii Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 110; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 226, as 'bordeni'. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: ?Aurora (photos), Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), ?NEGROS (photos). Notes: Primary forests. 400-1830m. Native.
  12. Heptapleurum brevipes (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera brevipes Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 210; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 226; Type: (PNH, lost). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: ?Cagayan (photos), Isabela. Notes: Low or medium elevation forests. 400m. Native.
  13. Heptapleurum bukidnonense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 148; ≡ Schefflera bukidnonensis Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 414; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 226. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: On trees. 1455-1600(-2130)m. Native.
  14. Heptapleurum catanduanense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 149; ≡ Schefflera catanduanensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 319; ≡ Cephaloschefflera catanduanensis (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Primary forests, on ridges. 400m to 657(-?)m (photos). Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  15. Heptapleurum catense (Elmer) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 149; ≡ Schefflera catensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2336; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 226. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao, Davao del Sur (photos). Notes: In very wet forests. 1639m (photos) to 1800m. Native.
  16. Heptapleurum caudatifolium (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 149; ≡ Schefflera caudatifolia Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 331; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 226; Type: BS 22062 Ramos (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog. = Schefflera bulusanensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 226, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 10 (1934) 3637, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 17130 (NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, 1066m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, ?MINDANAO: ?Bukidnon (photos), ?NEGROS (photos). Notes: 500-1600m. Native.
  17. Heptapleurum caudatum S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 175; ≡ Schefflera caudata (S.Vidal) Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 118; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 226; Type: Cuming 800 (syn), Luzon: Tayabas; Vidal 793 (MA, syn), Luzon: Albay, Tiwi. = Schefflera pentaphylla Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3642, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Voucher: Elmer 14596 (NY, NA), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL (photos), ?DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), ?Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: Primary forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  18. Heptapleurum chartaceum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera chartacea Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 456; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 226; Type: Vanoverbergh 1789 (PNH, holo, lost). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: Forests. 720-1750m. Native.
  19. Heptapleurum cinnamomeum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera cinnamomea Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 415; ≡ Cephaloschefflera cinnamomea (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos). Notes: Mossy forests. 1700m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  20. Heptapleurum clementis (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera clementis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 156; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 226. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao. Notes: Forests along streams. 650m to 1463m (photos). Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  21. Heptapleurum crassifolium (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera crassifolia Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 332; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 227. = Schefflera longispicata Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, ?DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Sorsogon, ?MINDANAO: ?Davao del Sur (photos), NEGROS (photos). Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. 850-1200m. Native.
  22. Heptapleurum crassissimum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 150; ≡ Schefflera crassissima Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 195; ≡ Cephaloschefflera crassissima (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232; Type: BS 19379 Ramos (US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Pular, 900m, on trees, 15-Jan-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: On trees, probably in the mossy forest. 700-900(-?)m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  23. Heptapleurum cumingii Seem., J. Bot. 3 (1865) 81; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; ≡ Schefflera cumingii (Seem.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(8) (1894) 39; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Lowland primary forests. 30-950m. Native.
  24. Heptapleurum curranii (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 151; ≡ Schefflera curranii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 199; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-815m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  25. Heptapleurum demesae (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 151; ≡ Schefflera demesae Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 330; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato (photos), ?Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga. Notes: Along streams in lowland forests. 700-1900m. Native.
  26. Heptapleurum ellipticum (Blume) Seem., J. Bot. 3 (1865) 78; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(8) (1894) 39; ≡ Sciodaphyllum ellipticum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 878. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BORACAY (photos), LAGEN, LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Pampanga (photos), Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Norte, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIARGAO, SIDANAO, TAMLANGON. Notes: Sea level, low to medium elevation. 0-1333m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. ellipticum; ≡ Schefflera agusanensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2340; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 225. = Schefflera nitida Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 204; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 230. = Schefflera odorata (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 117; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 358; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 230; ≡ Polyscias odorata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 226. Distribution: China, India, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam to Australia. BASILAN, BATAN, LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: Batanes and N Luzon to Palawan, Mindanao and Basilan. Common in primary and secondary forests from sea level to medium elevation, occurring in most or all islands and provinces. 0(-?)m. Native.
  27. Heptapleurum elliptifoliolum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 152; ≡ Schefflera elliptifoliola Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 320; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 227. = Schefflera aurantiicarpa Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 227, as 'auranticarpa'. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LAGEN, LUZON: Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. 0-500m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  28. Heptapleurum eucaudatum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 152; ≡ Schefflera eucaudata Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 200; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 227. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
  29. Heptapleurum feriarum (Frodin) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera feriarum Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 138 (1986) 422; Type: Sandkuhl 159 (US, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio and vicinity. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 2250-2350m. Native.
  30. Heptapleurum filipes (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera filipes Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 231; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Joaquin Almoro (13-Sep-25); Known for the Philippines from BS 44175 Ramos (US). 260m. Native.
  31. Heptapleurum foetidum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera foetida Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 290; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 228. = Schefflera williamsii C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 211; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 231. = Schefflera paniculata Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 585. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, ?Cotabato (photos), Davao, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Mossy forests. (30-)1000-2066m. Native.
  32. Heptapleurum foxworthyi (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera foxworthyi Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 254; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 60-160m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  33. Heptapleurum gigantifolium (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera gigantifolia Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 157; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, Misamis, Zamboanga. Notes: Primary forests. 400-1000(-1520)m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  34. Heptapleurum glabrum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera glabra Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 201; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Mossy forests. 1500-2400(-?)m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  35. Heptapleurum globosum (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 153; ≡ Schefflera globosa Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 437; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 228; Type: BS 31087 Ramos & Edaño (K, US, iso), Panay: Capiz Prov, Jamindan, 21-May-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: P.B. Pelser (30-Apr-26): The type is listed as BS 30897 in the protologue, but this is likely a typing error. On trees in medium elevation forests. 60-100m. Native.
  36. Heptapleurum gracilipes (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 154; ≡ Schefflera gracilipes Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 158; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao. Notes: Forests along streams. 650m. Native.
  37. Heptapleurum halconense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 154; ≡ Schefflera halconensis Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 415; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Notes: Damp primary forests. 900m. Native.
  38. Heptapleurum heptaphyllum (L.) Y.F.Deng, Med. Fl. China 7 (2018) 484; ≡ Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodin, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104 (1991) 314; ≡ Vitis heptaphylla L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 212. = Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(8) (1894) 38; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 43; ≡ Aralia octophylla Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 187. Distribution: China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Vietnam. BATAN. Notes: From Mt Iraya. Locally very rare. 20-300(-2305)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  39. Heptapleurum heterocladum (Frodin) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 154; ≡ Schefflera heteroclada Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 138 (1986) 416; Type: J.V. Santos 5691 (US, holo; L, PUH, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Sur, Tirad Pass. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Sur. Notes: 1300-1400m. Native.
  40. Heptapleurum insularum Seem., J. Bot. 3 (1865) 80; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; ≡ Schefflera insularum (Seem.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(8) (1894) 39; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 228. = Schefflera digitata (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 294, nom. illeg., non J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 227; ≡ Polyscias digitata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 224. = Aralia octophylla Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 158, nom. illeg. = Schefflera decidua Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3641. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN (photos), CATANDUANES, CEBU, DINAGAT (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Camarines Sur (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Rizal (photos), Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur (photos), Lanao, Misamis Oriental (photos), ?Sarangani (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Common in lowland primary forests along streams. (0-)150-1260m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  41. Heptapleurum leytense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 157; ≡ Schefflera leytensis Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 211; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 228. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. Notes: Forests. 1150m. Native.
  42. Heptapleurum longifrutescens (Elmer) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 158, as 'longifructescens'; ≡ Schefflera longifrutescens Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 331; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Davao de Oro (photos), Lanao, Misamis, SIARGAO. Notes: Primary forests at medium elevation. 50-600m. Native.
  43. Heptapleurum luzoniense (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 158; ≡ Schefflera luzoniensis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 218; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: Forests. 1000-2080m. Native.
  44. Heptapleurum macgregorii (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 158; ≡ Schefflera macgregorii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 202; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao. Notes: Forests. 1500(-?)m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  45. Heptapleurum macranthum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 158; ≡ Schefflera macrantha Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 156. = Schefflera mindanaensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 157. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Notes: 750m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  46. Heptapleurum merrillii (Elmer) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 159; ≡ Schefflera merrillii Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2335; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 229; Type: Elmer 11277, Mindanao: Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo, 3000ft, Aug-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur. Notes: Primary forests. (8-)800m (photos) to 914m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  47. Heptapleurum merrittii (Frodin) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 159; ≡ Schefflera merrittii Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 138 (1986) 418; Type: FB 18100 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke (US, holo), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulog. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only from the type. 2250(-?)m. Native.
  48. Heptapleurum microphyllum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 159; ≡ Schefflera microphylla Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 218; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Apayao (photos), Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: Mossy forests on the higher mountains. 1470-2500(-3000)m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  49. Heptapleurum minutipetiolatum (Frodin) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 159; ≡ Schefflera minutipetiolata Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 138 (1986) 410; Type: J.V. Santos 5667 (US, holo; L, PUH, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Besao, along creek near Lake Bana-an. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: 900-914m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  50. Heptapleurum multiflorum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera multiflora Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 203; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Norte (photos). Notes: Forests along streams. 100-500m (photos) to 900m to 1000m (photos). Native.
  51. Heptapleurum multiramosum (Elmer) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera multiramosa Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2332; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato (photos), Davao, Davao de Oro (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Forested ridges. (500-)1050-1650(-1900)m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  52. Heptapleurum myrianthellum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera myrianthella Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 320; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 229. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Notes: Damp lowland and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
  53. Heptapleurum obliquum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera obliqua Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 159; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 230. = Schefflera populnea Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3644; Type: Elmer 15760 (NA, NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Lanao, Surigao, Zamboanga. Notes: Primary forests and secondary forests. 0-650(-1358)m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  54. Heptapleurum oblongifolium (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 160; ≡ Schefflera oblongifolia Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 369; ≡ Cephaloschefflera oblongifolia (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. = Schefflera albida Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 94; ≡ Cephaloschefflera albida (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 231. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Quezon (photos), NEGROS. Notes: Mossy forest. (200-)1000-2450m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  55. Heptapleurum obtusifolium (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 161; ≡ Schefflera obtusifolia Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 435; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 230; Type: BS 32912 Ramos, Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Burgos, Jul-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte. Notes: On trees and on rocks on forested slopes at low and medium elevation. (?-)800m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  56. Heptapleurum ovoideum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 161; ≡ Schefflera ovoidea Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 160; ≡ Cephaloschefflera ovoidea (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232. = Cephaloschefflera apoensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 232; ≡ Schefflera apoensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2334. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato (photos), Davao Oriental (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur (photos), Lanao, Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Forests. 500-2000m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  57. Heptapleurum palawanense (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 162; ≡ Schefflera palawanensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 204; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 230; Type: Merrill 9221, Palawan: Taytay, thickets bordering grasslands at sea level. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LAGEN, PALAWAN. Notes: Thickets bordering open grasslands at low elevation. 0-140m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  58. Heptapleurum panayense (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 162; ≡ Cephaloschefflera panayensis (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 233; ≡ Schefflera panayensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 439; Type: BS 30736 Ramos & Edaño, Panay: Capiz Prov, Mt Madiaas, 12-May-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS (photos), PANAY. Notes: Mossy forests. 900-1000(-?)m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  59. Heptapleurum pawoiense (Frodin) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 162; ≡ Schefflera pawoiensis Frodin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 138 (1986) 417; Type: BS 321768 J.K. Santos (US, holo; GH, K, NSW, PNH, UC, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Pawoy (Pauai). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only from the type. 2000m. Native.
  60. Heptapleurum philippinense G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 163; ≡ Schefflera obovata Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 329; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 230; Type: Ramos Phil. Pl. 1108 (FR, JE, M, US), Luzon: Laguna, Dahican, 27-Sep-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur (photos), Laguna. Notes: 250-1200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  61. Heptapleurum piperoideum (Elmer) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 163; ≡ Schefflera piperoidea Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 330; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 230. = Schefflera trifoliata Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 118; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 231. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Rizal (photos), Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), POLILLO. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. (100-)1215-1496(-2400)m. Native.
  62. Heptapleurum platyphyllum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 163; ≡ Schefflera platyphylla Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 438; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 230; Type: BS 30897 Ramos & Edaño, Panay: Capiz Prov, Jamindan, 17-Apr-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: Along small streams in lowland forest. 60-600m. Native.
  63. Heptapleurum santosii (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 165; ≡ Schefflera santosii Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 438; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 231; Type: BS 31722 Santos, Luzon: Benguet, Pauai, 1-Jul-1918, 2000m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: Damp forested ravines. 1600-2100m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  64. Heptapleurum simplicifolium (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 166; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; ≡ Schefflera simplicifolia Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 159; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 231. = Schefflera sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3646, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), HOMONHON, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur (photos), Lanao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, POLILLO. Notes: In damp and primary forests at low and medium elevation. 500-1800m. Native.
  65. Heptapleurum stellulatum (Merr.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 166; ≡ Schefflera stellulata Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 318; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 231; Type: BS 11251 McGregor (A, BM, US, iso), Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, Dupax, 15-Apr-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: Medium elevation forest. 500(-?)m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  66. Heptapleurum subdivaricatum (Merr. ex Frodin) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 167; ≡ Schefflera subdivaricata Merr. ex Frodin, World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Araliaceae (2004) 379; ≡ Schefflera divaricata Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 199, nom. illeg., non (Blume) Koord.; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 227, nom. illeg. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN. Notes: Lowland forests. Native.
  67. Heptapleurum urdanetense (Elmer) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry, Novon 28 (2020) 166; ≡ Schefflera urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2337; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 231. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: Dense primary forests. (1189-)1700-1900m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Heptapleurum actinophyllum (Endl.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Novon 28 (2020) 146; ≡ Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(8) (1894) 36; ≡ Brassaia actinophylla Endl., Nov. Stirp. Dec. 1 (1839) 89. Distribution: Australia, New Guinea. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Hydrocotyle L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 February 2025
  1. Hydrocotyle benguetensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 628; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 237; Type: Elmer 8903, Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. Distribution: Japan, Korea, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 800-2500m. Native.
  2. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb., Hydrocotyle (1798) 17; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 237; Buwalda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1949) 115. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: 1-2900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Hydrocotyle pseudoconferta Masam., J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 4 (1932) 301; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: China, ?Japan, Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon. Notes: 150-2300m. Native.
  4. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1789) 153; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 237; Buwalda, Fl.Males. ser. 1, 4 (1949) 115; Type: from Mauritius. = Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 4 (1830) 64. = Hydrocotyle delicata Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 629; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 237. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Albay, Benguet, Cavite (photos), Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon (photos), Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), NEGROS. Notes: (5-)1000(-4050)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

  1. Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 1 (1826) 364. Distribution: America. ?MINDANAO: ?Davao del Sur. Notes: P.B. Pelser (4-May-24): photos by Janny Acosta Sumilla were identified by Heiko Muth to belong to the non-native Hydrocotyle leucocephala. 20-258m.

Mackinlaya F.Muell.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 February 2025
  1. Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 1 (1951) 8; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 27; ≡ Anomopanax celebicus Harms, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 19 (1904) 14. = Anomopanax digitatus Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 301; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 236, as ‘Anompanax’. = Anomopanax philippinensis Harms, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 19 (1904) 15; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 236, as ‘Anompanax’. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato (photos), Davao, Davao del Sur (photos), Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests. 0-1450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Osmoxylon Miq.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 September 2026
  1. Osmoxylon camiguinense (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 113; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 48; ≡ Boerlagiodendron camiguinense Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 252; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: Fettix BS 4135, Camiguin. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, ?CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Cagayan. Notes: Forested slope. 427-747m. Native.
  2. Osmoxylon catanduanense (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 105; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 37; ≡ Boerlagiodendron catanduanense Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 318; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: Bur. Sci. 30438 Ramos, 18-Nov-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES. Notes: Note by L.L.Co: Known only from the type. Forested slopes. 350m. Native.
  3. Osmoxylon caudatum (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 105; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 37; ≡ Boerlagiodendron caudatum Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 440; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: Bur. Sci. 33308 Ramos, Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Mt Palimlim, forested slopes near the summit, c. 1000m, 21-Aug-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: 1000m. Native.
  4. Osmoxylon dinagatense (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 103; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 34; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 72; ≡ Boerlagiodendron dinagatense Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 301; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: Bur. Sci. 35220 Ramos & Pascasio, 12-May-1919, Dinagat: in forests at low elevation. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT. Notes: 79-700m to 858m (photos). Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Osmoxylon eminens (W.Bull) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 114; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 48; ≡ Boerlagiodendron eminens (W.Bull) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 223; ≡ Trevesia eminens W.Bull, Cat. New Beautiful Rare Pl. 199 (1884) 17; Type: from Caroline Islands. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BASILAN, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Primary forests at moderately low elevation to ridge forest and mossy forest. Often in shady ravines. 30-1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Osmoxylon fenicis (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 114; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 48; ≡ Boerlagiodendron fenicis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 44; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 223. = Boerlagiodendron tayabense Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 45; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 224. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna (photos), Quezon, Rizal. Notes: In primary dipterocarp forest, rocky slopes near streams. 40-400m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Osmoxylon heterophyllum (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 106; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 38; ≡ Boerlagiodendron heterophyllum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 329; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 223; Type: Weber 1126, Mindanao, Butuan, Mt Hilong-Hilong, 29-Mar-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, DINAGAT (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Primary forest, under shade near creek. 67-550m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Osmoxylon humile (Elmer) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 111; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 44; ≡ Boerlagiodendron humile Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2327; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 223; Type: Elmer 10860 (BM, US, iso), Mindanao, Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), Jun-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur. Notes: Damp fertile ground in dense forest. 991-1219m. Native.
  9. Osmoxylon lineare (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 106; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 39; ≡ Boerlagiodendron lineare Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 253; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 223; Type: BS 4953 Ramos (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Pangasinan, Dec-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: La Union (photos), Pangasinan, NEGROS. Notes: Rheophytic in Negros. 0-698m. Native.
  10. Osmoxylon luzoniense (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 116; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 52; ≡ Boerlagiodendron luzoniense Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 252; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 223. = Boerlagiodendron agusanense Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2330; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 222. = Boerlagiodendron clementis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 155; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 222. = Boerlagiodendron diversifolium Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 333; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 223. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, ?Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Norte, NEGROS, SIARGAO, SIASI. Notes: In forests, often along streams; ridges in mossy forests. 280-1650m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Osmoxylon oblongifolium Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 105; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 37; Type: Sulit & Conese 2776 (L, ?PNH), Samar: Bagacay, Concord, 26-Apr-2018. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE (photos), MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Known from Samar from PNH 15321 Edaño. Dipterocarp forest, along creek bank. 130-220m. Native.
  12. Osmoxylon pectinatum (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 111; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 45; ≡ Boerlagiodendron pectinatum Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 253; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 224; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, BATANES. Notes: Forested slope. (50-)650(-2000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  13. Osmoxylon pulcherrimum S.Vidal ex Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 102; Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 107; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 40. = Boerlagiodendron sibuyanense Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2328. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Camarines Sur, Nueva Ecija (photos), Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MARINDUQUE, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Damp primary forests. 225-800m to 1100m (photos). Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  14. Osmoxylon ramosii (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 110; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 43; ≡ Boerlagiodendron ramosii Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 27; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 224. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Camarines Sur, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (photos), Lanao del Sur (photos). Notes: Low-lying, wet ground, in forest, or on forested slopes. 700-800m to 1000m (photos). Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  15. Osmoxylon serratifolium (Elmer) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 114; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 49; ≡ Boerlagiodendron serratifolium Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 505; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 224; Type: Elmer 7194, Leyte, Leyte, Palo, Jan-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PANAY. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  16. Osmoxylon simplicifolium (Elmer) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 103; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 34; ≡ Boerlagiodendron simplicifolium Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2329; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 224; Type: Elmer 13689 (A, BM, G, K, L, U, iso), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Sep-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, SAMAR (photos). Notes: Wind-swept ridge, on moss-covered soil with stone. (?-)1750m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  17. Osmoxylon trilobatum (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 116; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 51; ≡ Boerlagiodendron trilobatum Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 289; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 224. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Abra, Aurora (photos), Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests, frequently beside streams in damp ravines. 75-750m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  18. Osmoxylon yatesii (Merr.) Philipson, Blumea 23 (1976) 106; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 38; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; ≡ Boerlagiodendron yatesii Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 44; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 225; Type: Bur. Sci. 25418 Yates, Luzon, Tayabas, Mt Cadig, 12-Dec-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Quezon, MANICANI. Notes: Mossy forest. (?-)800-1250m. Native.

Polyscias J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 8 January 2025
  1. Polyscias aherniana (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Pl. Diversity Evol. 128 (2010) 68; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 85; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; ≡ Arthrophyllum ahernianum Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 109; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 235; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 56. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines. BALABAC, BILIRAN, BUSUANGA, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur (photos), Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in primary and second-growth forest, from the lowlands. (?-)100-275m (photos) to 1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Polyscias borneensis Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 170; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 80. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, PALAWAN. Notes: Known from Mt Mantalingahan. Montane forest. 1500m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Polyscias cenabrei (Merr.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Pl. Diversity Evol. 128 (2010) 68; ≡ Arthrophyllum cenabrei Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 417; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 235; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 65; Type: FB 28343 Cenabre, Cebu: on slopes at 600m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests. (?-)600m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Polyscias florosa Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 170; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 79. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Sorsogon. Notes: Forests. (?-)560m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem., J. Bot. 3 (1865) 181; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 233; Bean, Austrobaileya 9 (2015) 451; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; Villanueva et al., Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 6496; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 986; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Aralia nodosa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 873. Distribution: Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BASILAN, BOHOL, DINAGAT (photos), HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Disturbed lowland forests and associated thickets generally. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Polyscias philippinensis (Merr.) Frodin, Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2019) 183; ≡ Tetraplasandra philippinensis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 219; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 222; Type: FB 3809 Curran (K, lecto), Palawan: Casuarina Point, back of the beach and in forest along the seashore, Mar-1906. ≠ Gastonia papuana auct. non Miq.; Philipson, Blumea 18 (1970) 492. ≠ Gastonia serratifolia auct. non (Miq.) Philipson; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 68. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
  7. Polyscias pulgarensis (Elmer) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett, Pl. Diversity Evol. 128 (2010) 70; ≡ Arthrophyllum pulgarense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2551; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 235; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 65. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, PALAWAN. Notes: Montane thickets. 1200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Polyscias cumingiana (C.Presl) Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 102; Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 169; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 76; ≡ Anomopanax cumingianus (C.Presl) Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 300; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 236, as ‘Anompanax’; ≡ Paratropia cumingiana C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 610. = Nothopanax crispatus (W.Bull) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 241; Fl. Manila (1912) 357; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 233; ≡ Panax crispatus W.Bull, Cat. New Beautiful Rare Pl. 242 (1888) 9. = ?Nothopanax ornatus (W.Bull) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 241; Fl. Manila (1912) 357; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 234; ≡ Panax ornatus W.Bull, Cat. New Beautiful Rare Pl. 242 (1888) 9. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean. Notes: Lowlands usually, up to 1700m. Cultivated as an ornamental; native range unknown (Lowry & Plunkett 2010). Note by P.B. Pelser (6-Nov-20): According to Merrill (1923) planted in the Philippines for ornamental purposes, but nowhere spontaneous, so I here assume that it is probably not native to the Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms, Nat. Pflanzenfam. (Engler & Prantl) 3(8) (1894) 45; Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 169; Philipson, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 73; ≡ Nothopanax fruticosus (L.) Miq., Bonplandia 4 (1856) 139; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 358; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 233; ≡ Panax fruticosus L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1763) 1513. = Nothopanax fruticosus var. plumata (W.Bull ex W.Richards) Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 358; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 234; ≡ Panax plumatus W.Bull ex W.Richards, Gard. Chron., n.s. 9 (1878) 439. = Nothopanax fruticosus var. victoriae (W.Bull) Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 358; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 234; ≡ Panax victoriae W.Bull, Cat. New Beautiful Rare Pl. 193 (1883) 15. Notes: Native country not properly known. Cultivated throughout Malesia and other parts of the Indo-Pacific tropics, commonly as an ornamental or hedge shrub. Low to moderate elevation (c. 1000m). Cultivated only? Cultivated, not naturalized.
  3. Polyscias guilfoylei (W.Bull) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18 (1916) 153; Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 169; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 76; ≡ Nothopanax guilfoylei (W.Bull) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 242; Fl. Manila (1912) 357; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 234; ≡ Aralia guilfoylei W.Bull, Gard. Chron., 1st Ser. 1873 (1873) 606. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean. Notes: Cultivated throughout Malesia and tropical Pacific. Usually planted as a hedge plant. Cultivated only? Cultivated, not naturalized.
  4. Polyscias pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1776) 64. Distribution: Pacific Ocean. Notes: Naturalized in the Philippines? Also considered as a synonym of Polyscias scutellaria (Lowry & Plunkett 2010). Only known from cultivation (Plunkett & Lowry 2010). Cultivated, not naturalized.
  5. Polyscias scutellaria (Burm.f.) Fosberg, Occas. Pap. Univ. Hawaii 46 (1948) 9; Philipson, Blumea 24 (1978) 169; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 75; ≡ Nothopanax scutellarius (Burm.f.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 409, as 'scutellarium'; ≡ Crassula scutellaria Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 78. = Nothopanax cochleatus (Lam.) Miq., Pl. Jungh. (1855) 425; Fl. Ind. Bat. 11 (1856) 766; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 357; ≡ Aralia cochleata Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 1 (1783) 224. = Nothopanax tricochleatus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 340; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 234. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Isls. Notes: Cultivated throughout Malesia and tropical Pacific, commonly as an ornamental or hedge shrub. Low to moderate elevation. Only known from cultivation (Plunkett & Lowry 2010). Cultivated, not naturalized.

Trachymene Rudge

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & Steven Charles Gerios, 22 December 2025
  1. Trachymene novoguineensis (Domin) Buwalda, Blumea 2 (1936) 144; Buwalda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1949) 118; Hart & Henwood, Australian Syst. Bot. 19 (2006) 51; ≡ Didiscus saniculifolius var. novoguinensis Domin, Věstn. Král. České Společn. Nauk. Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1908 (1908) 67. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Known from the Philippines from Penneys 2284 et al. (CAS, CMUH). 2700-3720m. Native.
  2. Trachymene saniculifolia Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4 (1894) 167; Buwalda, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1949) 118; Hart & Henwood, Australian Syst. Bot. 19 (2006) 23; ≡ Didiscus saniculifolius (Stapf) Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 292; Merrill, EPFP 3 (1923) 238. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines. MINDORO. Notes: P.B. Pelser (22-Dec-25): Plants of the World Online considers Trachymene saniculifolia Stapf as a synonym of Trachymene scapigera (Domin) B.L.Burtt, but I was unable to find the source of this information. 1800-4020m. Native.

References