Araceae

Aglaonema Schott

1. Aglaonema commutatum Schott, Syn. Aroid. (1856) 123; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 182; Nicholson, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 1 (1969) 49; Delos Angeles et al. in Ramamoorthy et al., Plant Diversity in Biocultural Landscapes (2023) 224. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Isabela (photos), Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), SAMAR. Native.
   • var. commutatum; Type: drawing, Schott Aroideae No. 38 (W). = Aglaonema maculatum Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 154; Type: Kamel plate 195 in Sloane mss. No 4082 (BM). Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Bataan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO. Native.
   • var. elegans (Engl.) Nicolson, Baileya 15 (1968) 125; Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 51; ≡ Aglaonema elegans Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Dc) (1915) 28; Type: Pflanzenreich 64 (IV. Dc) (1915) fig. 11. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Notes: Escapes from cultivation. Native.
   • var. maculatum (Hook.f.) Nicolson, Baileya 15 (1968) 125; ≡ Aglaonema marantifolium var. maculatum Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 91 (1865) t.5500; Nicolson, Baileya 15 (1967) 125; Type: Chelsea, Royal Exotic Nursery (K). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna (photos). Native.
2. Aglaonema cordifolium Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Dc) (1915) 29; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 183; Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 46; Type: Warburg 14604 (B, holo), Mindanao: Mt Dagatpat. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos). Notes: 100-200m (photos). Native.
3. Aglaonema densinervium Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1906) 134; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 183; Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 56; Type: Copeland 418 (B, US), Mindanao: Davao. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN, CAMIGUIN (photos), CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Laguna, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIQUIJOR. Notes: 0-810m. Native.
4. Aglaonema nitidum (Jack) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 3 (1841) 56; Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 33; ≡ Calla nitida Jack, Malayan Misc. 1 (1820) 24. Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra. BALABAC, LUZON: Pampanga, Quezon (photos), Tarlac, Zambales. Native.
5. Aglaonema philippinense Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 21; Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 57; Type: Govt. Lab. 86 Gregory (B, neo; also the holotype for A. latifolium), Luzon: Quezon, Atimonan. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, JOLO, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, La Union, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, Davao de Oro (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIQUIJOR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: (?-)100-1000m to 1250m (photos). Native.
   • var. philippinense. = Aglaonema latifolium Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 134. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. CEBU (photos), JOLO, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, La Union, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal (photos), Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SIQUIJOR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: On slopes near streams in primary forests. (?-)1000m. Native.
   • var. stenophyllum (Merr.) R.N.Jervis, Aglaonema Grower's Notebook (1980) 31; ≡ Aglaonema stenophyllum Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 452; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 55; Type: BS 30471 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto), Catanduanes. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, Surigao del Sur (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Damp places in primary forest. (?-)900m. Native.
6. Aglaonema robeleynii (Van Geert) J.R.Pitcher & Manda, Pl. Cat. U.S. Nurs. (1894) 31; ≡ Schismatoglottis robeleynii Van Geert, Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 83 (1882) 22. = Aglaonema crispum (J.R.Pitcher & Manda) Nicolson, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 1 (1969) 54; ≡ Schismatoglottis crispa J.R.Pitcher & Manda, Gen. Illustr. Cat., U.S. Nurseries (1892) 95; Type: Photograph labeled Schismatoglottis roeblinii on p. 141 of Pitcher & Manda, General Illustrated Catalogue of Plants (1895), this same photograph also appears as Schismatoglottis crispata (non Hook.) in Vick’s Magazine (1899, vol. 23, p. 71) and as Schismatoglottis picta in American Gardener (1898, vol. 19, fig. 122). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos), Quezon (photos), Sorsogon, MINDORO (photos), NEGROS (photos). Notes: Deep shade of primary dipterocarp forest. 300-950m. Native.
7. Aglaonema simplex Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 152; Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 39; ≡ Caladium simplex Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 103, nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN (photos), BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao, Misamis Occidental (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: (?-)100-840m (photos) to 1500(-2000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Aglaonema tricolor R.N.Jervis, Aglaonema Grower's Notebook (1980) 38; Type: from Singapore (cult.). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO, ?PALAWAN. Native.

Incertae sedis

1. Aglaonema haenkei (C.Presl) Schott, Bonplandia 7 (1859) 30; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 183; ≡ Scindapsus haenkei C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 600; Type: Haenke s.n. (PRC). Notes: Nicolson in Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 59 lists this as a dubious binomial, probably pertaining to a species of Monteroideae (where it was first described). The type has not been located (Hay et al. 1995). Native.

Alocasia (Schott) G.Don

1. Alocasia atropurpurea Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23E) (1920) 132; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 184; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 7; Type: BS 19663 MacGregor (B, holo; K, US, iso), Luzon: Ifugao, Mt Polis, Feb-1913. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Alocasia boyceana A.Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 9; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 9; Paguntalan et al., Project Tawsi: Sulu Hornbill Project (2020) 40; Type: Cult. Botanischer Garten München ex Philippines (orig. coll. Seidenschwarz, s.n., voucher M), J. Bogner s.n. (NSW, holo), cult from Cebu. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, JOLO, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Laguna (photos), Quezon (photos), MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao del Sur (photos), ?Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO (photos), NEGROS, PANAY (photos), TAWI-TAWI. Notes: W. Suarez (30-Jun-24): Alocasia boyceana and A. ramosii can overlap with A. heterophylla in the length of the posterior lobes relative to the anterior lobe, but the primary vein count of A. boyceana is always higher (5-7) than that of A. heterophylla, with obscure secondary veining vs. prominent and widely arching veins. The submarginals of both A. boyceana and A. ramosii are much closer to the leaf margins than those of A. heterophylla. Alocasia ramosii has typically pale green or black petioles, without markings, A. heterophylla has petioles with a dark grey base with rather inconspicuous dashes. Only A. boyceana has petioles with a pale base with dark dashes. Some A. boyceana plants can have blackish petioles similar to some A. heterophylla, but the leaf veining is different. 150-400m (photos). Native.
3. Alocasia clypeolata A.Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 12; Type: Mendoza & Convocar PNH 10433 (GH, holo), Mindanao: Surigao, Mt Kabatuan, 18-Mar-1949. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Norte (photos). Notes: 80m. Native.
4. Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G.Don, Hort. Brit. (Sweet), 3rd Ed. (1839) 631; ≡ Arum cucullatum Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 536. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: On vacant lots and ditches (W. Suarez, pers. comm., 7-Nov-20). Naturalized.
5. Alocasia culionensis Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 135; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 184; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 14; Type: Merrill 555 (B; K, US, iso), Culion, Ilocano, Dec-1902. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, BASILAN, BUSUANGA, CULION, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: NCR, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Native.
6. Alocasia heterophylla (C.Presl) Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 220; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 184; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 15; ≡ Caladium heterophyllum C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2 (1835) 148; Type: Haenke (PR, holo), Luzon. = Alocasia warburgii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 25; Type: Warburg 13652 (B?, lost; PNH?, lost); Warburg 15723 (B, ?lost); BS 28495 Ramos & Edaño (US, neo; BO, P, US, isoneo), Luzon: Tayabas, Mt Binuang. = Alocasia manilensis Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 23; Type: Warburg 12494 (B, holo), Luzon: Manila, Mt Alban, Mar-1888. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BALABAC, BASILAN, CEBU, JOLO, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), La Union, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur (photos), South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: See under Alocasia boyceana for diagnostic notes. In primary forests at low and medium elevation. 0-300m to 550m (photos). Native.
7. Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don, Hort. Brit. (Sweet), 3rd Ed. (1839) 631; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 185, as ‘macrorrhiza’; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 19; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 437; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Arum macrorrhizon L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 965; Type: “Arum maximum macrorrhizon zeylanicum” Hermann, Parad. Bat. (1698) t. 73. Distribution: BATAN, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Batangas (photos), Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO. Notes: The natural distribution of this species is unknown, but it has been considered wild in India, Sri Lanka and Peninsular Malaysia. It is very widely distributed as a crop and as an ornamental plant. A number of varieties have been described (sometimes initially as species) from cultivation, with or without type material being cited. These are not listed here. 0-1150m (photos). Cryptogenic.
8. Alocasia maquilingensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 3; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 185; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 22; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Type: Baker 868 (?LBC, PNH, ?lost); Merrill 7153 (US, neo; BM, isoneo), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Laguna, Quezon (photos), Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental (photos), Lanao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, PANAY, PONEAS. Notes: 500-700m (photos). Native.
9. Alocasia micholitziana Sander, Gard. Chron., 3rd Ser. 51(Suppl.) (1912) 16; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 185; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 24; Type: N.E. Brown ex Hort. Sander (K). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, ?Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Quezon (photos). Notes: Thickets about limestone boulders. 1200-1500m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
10. Alocasia nycteris Medecilo, G.C.Yao & Madulid, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1 (2007) 817; Type: M.P. Medicilo 397 (PNH, holo; DLSU, DLSU-D, iso), Panay: Aklan, Nabas, 11°54’18”N, 121° 59’ 43”E, 3-Nov-2005. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Native.
11. Alocasia portei Schott, Bonplandia 10 (1862) 148; Becc. & Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 645; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 185; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 25; Type: Schott Icones no. 3085 (W, neo). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur (photos), Laguna, Quezon (photos). Notes: 0-400m. Native.
12. Alocasia ramosii A.Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 27; Type: Nicolson 752 (US, holo), Luzon: Laguna, Molawin Ck, path between Colleges of Agriculture and Forestry, 20-Oct-1960. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: See under Alocasia boyceana for diagnostic notes. 0-400m. Native.
13. Alocasia sanderiana W.Bull, Cat. (Bull) 199 (1884) 11; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 186; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 29; Type: W. Bull, Cat. (1884) illus. p. 3; N.E. Brown ex Bull (K; epi) (specimen dated 1886). = ?Alocasia urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3699, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 38; Type: Elmer 13857. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Lanao del Norte, Misamis Oriental, Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte (photos). Notes: Common in greenhouse cultivation in Europe and America. Damp low elevation primary forests. 100-840m (photos). Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
14. Alocasia scalprum A.Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 30; Type: Bogner 1659 (M, holo), Cult. Botanischer Garten München, 1983. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte (photos), SAMAR. Notes: 550-600m (photos). Native.
15. Alocasia sinuata N.E.Br., Gard. Chron., n.s. 24 (1885) 252; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 186; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 33; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 10; Type: N.E. Brown ex W. Bull (K, holo), Cult. Kew. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: NCR, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte (photos), Surigao, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
16. Alocasia zebrina Schott ex Van Houtte, Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 15 (1863) 81; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 186; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 34; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Type: Fl. de Serres et Jard. 15 (1863) t. 1541-1542. = Alocasia wenzelii Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 2; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 186; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 36; Type: Wenzel 97 (?PNH ?lost; BM, G, GH, US, iso), Leyte: 28-Mar-1913. ?Alocasia liervalii Herincq, L’Hortic. Franç. (1869) 243. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (photos), Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. 350-800m (photos). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Amorphophallus Blume

1. Amorphophallus adamsensis Magtoto, Mones, Ballada, Austria, R.M.Dizon, Alangui, Reginaldo, W.M.Galvan, K.T.Dizon & Hett., Blumea 58 (2013) 267; Type: LKD 130 (University of the Philippines Baguio Northern Luzon Herbarium, holo), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Adams, 27-May-13. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: 300-400m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (Calaramo et al. 2022). Native.
2. Amorphophallus calcicola M.N.Tamayo, Magtoto & Sumalinog, Phytotaxa 489 (2021) 230, as 'calcicolus'; Type: Tamayo 0224 with Sumalinog (PNH, holo; NLUH, PUH, iso), Bohol: Bilar, Loboc Watershed Forest Reserve, 250-260m, 19-Jul-2020. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga del Norte (photos). Notes: 250-400m (Callado pers. comm., 11-Nov-25). Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Tamayo et al. 2021). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
3. Amorphophallus calladoi R.Bustam., M.N.Tamayo & Pelser, Phytotaxa 740 (2026) 218; Type: Callado 404 with Barcelona & Pelser (PNH, holo), Luzon: Aurora, Maria Aurora, Brgy Villa Aurora, 828m, 13-Apr-2012. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Nueva Ecija. Notes: 680-828m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Bustamante et al. 2026). Native.
4. Amorphophallus caudatus R.Bustam., Mansibang, Hett. & M.N.Tamayo, Nordic J. Bot. 38 (2020) e02982: 2; Type: PTI 0001 with J. Violeta, H. Villanueva & M. Sevilla (PNH, holo; NLUH, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, San Vicente, Abasig-Matogdon-Mananap Natural Biotic Area, 31-Mar-2020. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Quezon (photos). Notes: Above 380m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Bustamante et al. 2020). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
5. Amorphophallus cidarioides J.R.Callado, Medecilo & Hett., Blumea 65 (2020) 3; Type: J.R.C. Callado JRCC 2516 (PNH, holo), Panay: Iloilo, Luho, Brgy Caratagan, Calinog, 22-Feb-2017. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: 700-800m (Callado pers. comm., 11-Nov-25). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
6. Amorphophallus declinatus Hett., Blumea 39 (1994) 252; Type: Merrill 9419 (L, holo; BO, K, SING, US, iso). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. APULIT, PALAWAN. Native.
7. Amorphophallus flammeus Calaramo, Batuyong, Bulawin & Alejandro, Nordic J. Bot. 2022 (2022) e03491: 6; Type: Calaramo 21300 (PNH, holo); Calaramo 21301 (HNUL, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Pasuquin, 8-Jun-2013. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra (photos), Ilocos Norte. Notes: 300-500m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Calaramo et al. 2022). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
8. Amorphophallus fontarumii Bulawin, Medecilo & Alejandro, Nordic J. Bot. 2022 (2022) e03643: 3; Type: Bulawin NFB 30 (PNH, holo; USTH, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Tanay, Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve, 17-Jun-2021. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: ?Quezon, Rizal. Notes: Loher s.n. (UC 229435) from Umiray, Tayabas, Jun-1914 possibly represents this species in Quezon (Bustamante pers. comm. 8-Jun-23). 500-600m (Callado, pers. comm., 11-Nov-25). Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Bulawin et al. 2022). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
9. Amorphophallus fornicatus Hett., J.R.Callado & Wistuba, Blumea 65 (2020) 3; Type: J.R.C. Callado JRCC 982 (PNH, holo), Luzon: Quezon, Quezon National Park, Atimonan, 26-Jul-2013. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Quezon. Notes: 200-300m (Callado pers. comm., 11-Nov-25). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
10. Amorphophallus longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23C) (1911) 91; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 179; Bustamante et al., Webbia 75 (2020) 288; Calaramo et al., Nordic J. Bot. e03491 (2022) 2; Type: Williams 2684 (2654 in error) (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; K, isolecto), Mindanao: Todaya, Mt Apo, 5-Apr-1905. = Amorphophallus dactylifer Hett., Blumea 39 (1994) 252; Type: PNH 78180 Gutierrez (L, holo), Luzon: Isabela, Sierra Madre Mtns, San Mariano, Disulap, 500ft, 18-May-1961. ≠ Amorphophallus variabilis auct. non Blume; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 180. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon (photos), Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: 100m (photos) to 150m. Native.
11. Amorphophallus luzoniensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 289; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 179; Calaramo et al., Nordic J. Bot. e03491 (2022) 5; Type: FB 19560 Curran (PNH, ?lost), Luzon, Cagayan, Abulug River, Jan-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON: Cagayan, ?Ilocos Norte, Laguna. Native.
12. Amorphophallus merrillii K.Krause, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5 (1912) 266; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 180; Type: BS 7177 Merrill (PNH, ?lost). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. APULIT, BUSUANGA (photos), CALUSA, CAWILI, PANDAN ISLS (photos). Notes: Sea level. 0m to 71m (photos). Native.
13. Amorphophallus minimus R.Bustam., Claudel & M.N.Tamayo, Nordic J. Bot. 39 (2021) e03251: 2; Type: PTI 6 with L. Udasco (PNH, holo; CAHUP, iso), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Carranglan, Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed Forest Reserve (PCWFR), 950-1400m, 14-Jun-2019. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija. Notes: 950-1400m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Bustamante et al. 2021). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
14. Amorphophallus natolii Hett., Wistuba, Amoroso, Medecilo & Claudel, Bot. Stud. (Taipei) 53 (2012) 415; Type: V.B. Amoroso s.n. (CMUH 00007678, holo), Palawan, above El Nido town, on limestone cliffs overlooking the town, in small pockets or deep cracks with organic detritus (humus), 175-450m, 14-Dec-2010. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 450m. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
15. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson, Taxon 26 (1977) 338; Calaramo et al., Nordic J. Bot. e03491 (2022); ≡ Dracontium paeoniifolium Dennst., Schlüssel Hortus Malab. (1818) 38; Type: Mulenschena Rheede, Hort. Malab. 11 (1692) pl. 19. = Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3 (1834) 366; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 179. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CAMIGUIN (photos), JOLO (photos), LUZON: Abra (photos), Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), Ifugao (photos), Ilocos Norte, La Union (photos), Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN (photos). Notes: 21-300m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
16. Amorphophallus palawanensis Bogner & Hett., Blumea 36 (1992) 467; Type: Bogner 2109 (M, holo), Palawan: Underground River, Piedras Point, Cliffs Head, 0-40m, growing in humus deposits on limestone; living tubers originally collected by O. Riegler, cultivated plants flowered in Munich Botanic Garden, 1991. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-200m (Callado pers. comm., 11-Nov-25). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
17. Amorphophallus rayongii Hett. & Medecilo, Blumea 65 (2020) 4; Type: G. Yao s.n. (PNH, holo), Panay: Aklan, Boracay Isl, Malay, 20-May-2012. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BORACAY. Notes: Near shoreline. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
18. Amorphophallus rostratus Hett., Blumea 39 (1994) 273; Type: Loher 2433 (K, holo). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Pampanga (photos), Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Forests and thickets. Native.
19. Amorphophallus salmoneus Hett., Blumea 39 (1994) 275; Type: Hetterscheid H. AM. 036-T (L), Cult. Hort. Bot. Leiden, ex Palawan (Podzorski, Palawan Botanical Expedition 156). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAUAYAN (photos), LAGEN, PALAWAN. Notes: 260m. Native.
20. Amorphophallus samarensis Fontarum-Bulawin, Medecilo & Alejandro, Webbia 79 (2024) 296; Type: Fontarum-Bulawin 31 (PNH, holo; PNH, USTH, iso), Samar: Samar Island Natural Park, Paranas, 23-Jun-2022, 137–329m, karst forest. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: 137–329m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Fontarum-Bulawin et al. 2024). Native.
21. Amorphophallus urceolatus Hett., A.Galloway & Medecilo, Blumea 65 (2020) 7; Calaramo et al., Nordic J. Bot. e03491 (2022) 2; Type: M.P. Medecilo 623 (PNH, holo; DLSU-DH, iso), Luzon: Cavite, Mt Palpag, Maragondon, 13-Jun-2015. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cavite, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO: South Cotabato. Notes: 90m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
22. Amorphophallus yaoi A.Galloway, Hett. & Medecilo, Blumea 65 (2020) 7; Type: J.R. Callado JRCC1475 (PNH, holo; DLSU-DH, iso), Panay: Iloilo, Dingle, Bulabog Putian National Park, 27-May-2014. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS (photos), PANAY, ROMBLON. Notes: 200-300m (Callado pers. comm., 11-Nov-25). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

1. Amorphophallus konjac K.Koch, Wochenschr. Gärtnerei Pflanzenk. 1 (1858) 262; ≡ Amorphophallus rivierei var. konjac (K.Koch) Engl., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 313; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 180. = Amorphophallus rivierei Durieu ex Carrière, Rev. Hort. (Paris) 42 (1871) 573; ≡ Hydrosme rivierei (Durieu ex Carrière) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1 (1880) 188. Distribution: China. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Amydrium Schott

1. Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Moritzi) Nicolson, Blumea 15 (1968) 124; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 986; ≡ Scindapsus medius Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 2 (1854) 82. = Epipremnopsis huegelii (Schott) Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23B) (1908) 138; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 177, as ‘huegeliana’; ≡ Rhaphidophora huegelii Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. (1860) 384. = Epipremnum truncatum Engl. & K.Krause, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23B) (1908) 63; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 177; Type: Elmer 7291 (B, PNH ?lost). Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BATAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Batangas (photos), Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
2. Amydrium zippelianum (Schott) Nicolson, Blumea 16 (1968) 126; ≡ Rhaphidophora zippeliana Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1 (1863) 129. = Amydrium magnificum (Engl.) Nicolson, Blumea 15 (1968) 125; Type: from Sulawesi. = Epipremnum elmerianum Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23B) (1908) 66; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 177; Type: Elmer 7295 (B lost, BO, G, K, PNH ?lost). = Epipremnum luzonense K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 659; Type: Ramos 10052 (PNH, ?lost). = Epipremnum miniatum Elmer ex Merr., LPB 10 (1938) 3622, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 14522 (K, PNH ?lost, US), 15113 (K, PNH ?lost, US), 16422 (PNH ?lost). = Epipremnum philippinense Engl. & K.Krause, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23B) (1908) 137; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 177; Type: Elmer 7623 (B, PNH ?lost), 9253 (B, PNH ?lost). = Epipremnum sorsogonense Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 177; Type: Elmer 16422 (K, US, PNH ?lost). = Rhaphidophora warburgii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 116; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 176; Type: Warburg (B). Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PANAY (photos). Notes: Primary forests, sometimes reported in secondary forests but perhaps a survivor instead of an invader. 0-1800m. Native.

Anadendrum Schott

1. Anadendrum latifolium Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 540; Rasingham & Karthigeyan, Phytotaxa 500 (2021) 149; Type: from Malay Peninsula. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. MINDANAO. Native.
2. Anadendrum microstachyum (de Vriese & Miq.) Backer & Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 1 (1920) 371; ≡ Scindapsus microstachyus de Vriese & Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1856) 188. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. JOLO, MINDANAO: Davao de Oro, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Native.
3. Anadendrum montanum Schott, Bonplandia 5 (1857) 45; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 174. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS. Native.
   • var. montanum. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Native.

Arisaema Mart.

1. Arisaema filiforme (Reinw.) Blume, Rumphia 1 (1836) 102; ≡ Arum filiforme Reinw., Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 103. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Native.
2. Arisaema laminatum Blume, Rumphia 1 (1836) 99; Hay et al., Blumea Suppl. 8 (1995) 37; Type: Rumphia 1 (1835) t. 27 (or material in L?). ≠ Arisaema cuspidatum auct. non Engl.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 188; Voucher: Merrill 9339 (L). Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation primary forests. Native.
3. Arisaema polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27 (1905) 90; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 188; ≡ Calla polyphylla Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 659. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija (photos), Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: (?300-)500-2400m. Native.
   • var. polyphyllum. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Forests and open places. In the mossy forests often growing as an epiphyte on mossy trunk. 1000-2400m. Native.
   • var. angustifolium Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 336; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 188. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Pine and mossy forests. 800-2000m. Native.

Borneoa S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce

1. Borneoa mindanaoana (Engl.) Naive, Phytotaxa 758 (2026) 185; ≡ Schismatoglottis mindanaoana Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Da) (1912) 103; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 182; Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 130; Type: Elmer 13489 (US, neo; BISH, BO, G, GH, K, KAG, L, MO, NY, P, U, UC, isoneo), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Aug-1912. = Schismatoglottis minuta Tandang & M.D.Angeles, Webbia 78 (2023) 23; Type: M.D. delos Angeles 274 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, LBC, CMUH, iso), Samar: Paranas, Brgy Tenani, Samar Island Natural Park, 2-Jun-2021. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Lithophytic along small forest streams, not rheophytic. Records from Davao and Lanao del Sure have been misidentified (Naive, pers. comm. 22-May-26) 132-950m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Naive et al. 2026). DAO category: Critically Endangered (as Schismatoglottis minuta). Native.

Caladium Vent. (Not native)

1. Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent., Descr. Pl. Nouv. (1801) t.30; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 187; ≡ Arum bicolor Aiton, Hort. Kew., 1st Ed. 3 (1789) 316. Distribution: S America. Notes: Cultivated for its variegated leaves. Occasionally escaping from cultivation but never far away from settlements. Naturalized.

Colocasia Schott

1. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Melet. Bot. (1832) 18; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 186, as 'esculentum'; Type: Sloane, Voy. Jamaica Nat. Hist. 2 (1725) t. 106, f. 1. = Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (Schott) F.T.Hubb. & Rehder, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 1 (1932) 5; ≡ Colocasia antiquorum Schott, Melet. Bot. (1832) 18; Type: 1079.4 (LINN). Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Albay, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO. Notes: P.B. Pelser (27-Oct-20): Matthews et al. (2017) consider some populations of Colocasia esculenta to be native to the Philippines. Taro. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Cryptogenic.
2. Colocasia formosana Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8 (1919) 133. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Ifugao, Mountain Province. Notes: P.B. Pelser (16-Feb-20): Possibly a wild form of Colocasia esculenta (Matthews et al. 2015) and kept distinct here until further study. Native.

Cryptocoryne Fisch. ex Wydler

1. Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 370; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 189; Naive et al., Taiwania 67 (2022) 539; Type: BS 31119 Ramos & Edaño (B, BM, K, L, P, SING, US). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Sorsogon, NEGROS, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Conservation status: Endangered (Lansdown et al. 2023). Native.
2. Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Fisch. ex Schott, Linnaea 5 (1830) 428; ≡ Ambrosina ciliata Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3 (1820) 90. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Lansdown et al. 2023). Native.
   • var. latifolia Rataj, Stud. Ceskoslov. Akad. Ved. 3 (1975) 38; Naive et al., Taiwania 67 (2022) 539. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Thailand. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Lansdown et al. 2023). Native.
3. Cryptocoryne coronata Bastm. & Wijng., Aqua Pl. 24 (1999) 23; Type: van Wijngaarden s.n. (L, holo; C, M, K, iso), Cult. ex Mindanao, 18-Nov-1998. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Lansdown et al. 2023). Native.
4. Cryptocoryne esquerionii Naive & Wongso, Nordic J. Bot. 2023 (2023) e03892: 2; Type: Naive 133 (PNH, holo; HNUL, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, Tampilisan, 26-May-2022. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: 145-165m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Naive et al. 2023). Native.
5. Cryptocoryne joshanii Naive & R.J.T.Villanueva, Taiwania 63 (2018) 248; Type: R.J. Villanueva 001/2017 (HNUL, holo; USTH, iso), Basilan, 8-May-2013. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN. Notes: 800-1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
6. Cryptocoryne paglaterasiana Naive & N.Jacobsen, Taiwania 67 (2022) 540; Type: Naive 131 (PNH, holo; HNUL, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, Tampilisan, 31-Jul-2022. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: 140-150m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Lansdown et al. 2023). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
7. Cryptocoryne palawanensis Bastm., N.Jacobsen & Naive, Phytotaxa 572 (2022) 298; Type: Bastmeijer 794 (L, holo; PNH, HNUL, iso), Palawan: Taytay, Nagbenter River, 13-May-1999. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, PALAWAN. Notes: Not high above sea level. 0m. Conservation status: Endangered (Lansdown et al. 2023). Native.
8. Cryptocoryne pygmaea Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 371; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 189; Naive et al., Phytotaxa 572 (2022) 296; Type: Merrill 8174 (lost), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, 6-Dec-1911; Ebalo 717 (GH, neo; MICH, PNH, isoneo), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Kabasalan, Mt Muralong, 27-Nov-1940. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: 150-300m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
9. Cryptocoryne usteriana Engl., Beitr. Kenntn. Philipp. Veg. (1905) 130; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 189; Type: Usteri s.n. (B, K), Guimaras. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. GUIMARAS, LUZON: ?Sorsogon, ?NEGROS. Notes: This species has for some years been assumed to be identical with Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia, but live material from Guimaras (leg. Bogner) has proven that it is clearly distinct. Also described as 'new' by Engler in Engler & Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54, Beibl. 118 (1916) 125. 5-75m. Conservation status: Endangered (Lansdown et al. 2023). Native.
10. Cryptocoryne vinzelii Naive, Taiwania 68 (2023) 294; Type: Duhaylungsod & Naive 137 (PNH, holo; HNUL, iso), Basilan: Lamitan City, 12-Feb-2023. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN. Notes: 100-150m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Naive et al. 2023). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
11. Cryptocoryne zamboangaensis Naive, Nordic J. Bot. 2023 (2023) e04181: 2; Type: Naive 141 (HNUL, holo; BUKH, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, 30-Mar-2023. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: 130m. Conservation status: Endangered (Naive et al. 2023). Native.

Excluded

1. Cryptocoryne auriculata Engl., Bull. Reale Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 4 (1879) 302; Naive et al., Taiwania 67 (2022) 540. Distribution: Borneo. Notes: Erroneously reported for the Philippines according to Naive et al. (2022).

Cyrtosperma Griff.

1. Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7 (1857) 61; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 179; Hay, Blumea 33 (1988) 430; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 437; ≡ Lasia merkusii Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Hasskarl) (1844) 59. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sumatra. BASILAN (photos), CABILAO, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, SAMAR. Native.

Dieffenbachia Schott (Not native)

1. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott, Melet. Bot. 1 (1829) 20; ≡ Arum seguine Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 31. Distribution: America, Caribbean. PANAY. Notes: John Edward Matulina Villasis (1-Jun-25): Cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens and as a potted house plant throughout the country, but in Panay naturalized in waterways and other areas near irrigation systems. Naturalized.

Epipremnum Schott

1. Epipremnum amplissimum (Schott) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1 (1880) 182; ≡ Rhaphidophora amplissima Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1 (1863) 129. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Isls. LUZON: Quezon, PANAY (photos). Notes: Naturalized in secondary forest, cultivated areas, and around towns (W. Suarez, pers. comm., 18-Jan-21). Naturalized.
2. Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) G.S.Bunting, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 50 (1964) 28, as 'Linden & André'; ≡ Pothos aureus Linden ex André, Ill. Hort. 27 (1880) 69. Distribution: Pacific Ocean. LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Naturalized around towns and cultivated areas (W. Suarez, pers. comm., 18-Jan-21). Naturalized.
3. Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23B) (1908) 60; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 177; Boyce, Blumea 43 (1998) 201; Aroideana 27 (2004) 206; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.) Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. (1860) 385; ≡ Pothos pinnatus L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1763) 1374; Type: Appendix laciniata Rumph., Herb. Amb. 5 (1747) 489. = Epipremnum robinsonii K.Krause, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5 (1912) 266; Type: BS 9181 Robinson (PNH ?lost). = Epipremnum angustilobum K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 659; Type: BS 12587 Fenix (B, holo; PNH, iso, ?lost). = Epipremnum merrillii Engl. & K.Krause, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23B) (1908) 137; Type: Curran BS 5883 (B holo; PNH iso, ?lost), Luzon: Zambales, Jan-1907. = Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 115; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 175; Type: Copeland PNH 335 (B, syn; K, PNH, isosyn), Mindanao: Davao, Mar-1904; Elmer PNH 5539 (B, syn; K, PNH, isosyn), Luzon: La Union, Bauang, Feb-1904. = Epipremnum glaucicephalum Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3620, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Voucher: Elmer 15135 (K, MO, PNH ?lost), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Nov-1915. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan (photos), Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PABELLON ISLS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, TURTLE IS. Notes: Thickets and forests from sea level to medium elevation. 1-1600m. Native.

Gonatopus Engl. (Not native)

1. Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 209; ≡ Zamioculcas boivinii Decne., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 17 (1870) 321. Distribution: Africa. LUZON: Batangas, NCR. Notes: John Edward Matulina Villasis (2-Feb-25): Naturalized in Batangas and NCR, introduced as an ornamental plant, but persists after cultivation and starts to colonize some areas. Potentially invasive. Naturalized.

Homalomena Schott

1. Homalomena brachygyna J.Collantes, K.Z.Hein, & R.Bustam., Phytotaxa 726 (2025) 221; Collantes et al., Phytotaxa 664 (2024) 60, nom. inval.; Type: Mangussad NA#34 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, PPC, iso), Palawan: San Vicente, Brgy New Agutaya, riparian forest, 250m, 20-Aug-2019. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 250m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Collantes et al. 2024). Native.
2. Homalomena humilis (Jack) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 533; ≡ Calla humilis Jack, Malayan Misc. 1 (1820) 22. = Homalomena pygmaea (Hassk.) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 18; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 181; ≡ Aglaonema pygmaeum Hassk., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 9 (1842) 161. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra. Notes: P.B. Pelser (29-Aug-20): Philippine plants of this taxon are also sometimes referred to as Homalomena pygmaea. Homalomena pygmaea and Homalomena humilis are two widely applied names for plants belonging to the Homalomena humils/pygmaea complex, for which currently no satisfactory species delimitation exists (Boyce & Wong 2009). Pending further study, we here follow Kurniawan et al. (2011) and list this complex as a single morphologically variable species of which the earliest name in Homalomena is Homalomena humilis. Native.
3. Homalomena palawanensis Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Da) (1912) 39; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 180; Type: BS 912 Foxworthy (B). = Homalomena elmeri Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Da) (1912) 42; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 180; Type: Elmer 13229 (B, K). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
4. Homalomena philippinensis Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Da) (1912) 55; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 180; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 986; Dang et al., Taiwania 68 (2023) 273; Type: Loher 2451 (US, lecto; CAL, isolecto), Luzon: Novaliches, Manila, 10-Mar-1891. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BASILAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, JOLO (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur (photos), Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Along small streams in primary forests. Common. 0-1150m (photos). Native.
5. Homalomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 3 (1841) 57; ≡ Calla rubescens Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 515. Distribution: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar. LUZON, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (photos). Notes: Wally Suarez (2-Sep-24): a common species in cultivation that has escaped in southern Luzon. Naturalized.

Possibly present

1. Homalomena gaudichaudii Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1 (1864) 280. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, ?Philippines, ?Solomon Isls, ?Thailand. Notes: P.B. Pelser & J.P. Collantes (3-Jul-23): Some online databases list this species as present in the Philippines, but we have not been able to verify this. Native.

Landoltia Les & D.J.Crawford

1. Landoltia punctata (G.Mey.) Les & D.J.Crawford, Novon 9 (2000) 532; Bog et al., Nordic J. Bot. 2020 (2020) e02658: 6; ≡ Spirodela punctata (G.Mey.) C.H.Thomps., Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 1898 (1898) 28; Van der Plas, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 225; ≡ Lemna punctata G.Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. (1818) 262. = Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm., Lemnac. (1868) 147; ≡ Lemna oligorrhiza Kurz, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9 (1866) 267. ≠ Lemna gibba auct. non L.; Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 672. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, S America, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: NCR, MINDANAO. Notes: Luzon to Mindanao. 0-2100m. Native.

Lemna L.

1. Lemna aequinoctialis Welw., Apont. (1859) 578; Bog et al., Nordic J. Bot. 2020 (2020) e02658: 6. ≠ Lemna minor auct. non L.; Van der Plas, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 231; Bog et al., Nordic J. Bot. 2020 (2020) e02658: 7. ≠ Lemna paucicostata auct. non Hegelm. ex Engelm.; Merrill, Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 93; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 190. ≠ Lemna perpusilla auct. non Torr.; Van der Plas, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 230; Bog et al., Nordic J. Bot. 2020 (2020) e02658: 6. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, America, Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Cavite, Laguna, NCR, Rizal. Notes: P.B. Pelser (4-Sep-25): Van der Plas (1971) considered records of Lemna minor in Malesia to refer to Lemna perpusila (see also Bog et al. 2020). However, it appears to me from Bog et al. (2020) and Ranasinghe et al. (2025) that Lemna perpusilla is not present in the Philippines and that this name has been misapplied to plants belonging to Lemna aequinoctialis. 0-2100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Lemna trisulca L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 970; Van der Plas, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 231; Bog et al., Nordic J. Bot. 2020 (2020) e02658: 6. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Continental Asia, Japan, Myanmar, N & C America, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao. Notes: 0-1800(-3000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Leucocasia Schott

1. Leucocasia gigantea (Blume) Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7 (1857) 34; ≡ Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 524; ≡ Caladium giganteum Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 103. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya (photos). Notes: Reported by Wally Suarez from Nueva Vizcaya (photos) and possibly also on the trail to Mt Pulag. The remoteness of the location and its intact natural enviroment suggest that this species is native to the Philippines (Wally Suarez, pers. comm., 17-Sep-22). Native.

Philodendron Schott (Not native)

1. Philodendron erubescens K.Koch & Augustin, Index Seminum (Berlin) 1854(App.) (1855) 6. Distribution: S America. BOHOL (photos). Naturalized.
2. Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott, Wiener Z. Kunst 3 (1829) 780; ≡ Arum hederaceum Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 31. Distribution: America, Caribbean. LUZON: Laguna (photos). Naturalized.
   • var. hederaceum. Distribution: America, Caribbean. LUZON: Laguna (photos). Naturalized.

Pistia L. (Not native)

1. Pistia stratiotes L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 963; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 130; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 189. Distribution: Africa. NEGROS (photos). Notes: Origin supposedly Lake Victoria in Africa, now introduced in the Neo- and Paleotropics. Invasive species (CABI 2017). Naturalized.

Pothoidium Schott

1. Pothoidium lobbianum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7 (1857) 70; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 174; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 559; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; Type: Lobb s.n. (K, holo), Luzon: ‘Manila’. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. BANCALAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur (photos), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Primary to disturbed lowland to hill forest on a variety of substrates including clays and volcanic-derived soils. 0–500m. Native.

Pothos L.

1. Pothos cylindricus C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 603; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 172; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 488; Type: Cuming 914 (PRG, holo; BM, E, FI, G, K, L, MO, P, iso). Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Sur, Laguna (photos), Pampanga, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Primary and secondary lowland to upper hill forest, often in well-drained sites. 40-900m. Native.
2. Pothos deleonii Medecilo & Cabactulan, PhytoKeys 247 (2024) 184; Type: MPMG1005 (PNH, holo; CMUH, iso), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Manolo Fortich, 18-Feb-2024. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: 1150-1270m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Medecilo-Guiang & Cabactulan 2024). Native.
3. Pothos dolichophyllus Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 4; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 495; ≡ Pothos rumphii var. dolichophyllus (Merr.) Nicolson, Amer. J. Bot. 54 (1967) 496; Type: BS 23708 Ramos (PNH, holo, ?lost; P, US, iso), Luzon, Sorsogon, Jul/Aug-1915. = Pothos acuminatissimus Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 175; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 172; Type: BS 24125 Ramos (PNH, holo, ?lost; US, iso), Samar: Catubig River at Tagabiran, 10-Feb-1916. ≠ Pothos rumphii auct. non (C.Presl) Schott; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 173, pro parte; Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3628. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, DINAGAT (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao de Oro, Lanao del Norte, Surigao, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIARGAO (photos). Notes: Primary to secondary dipterocarp forest in valleys, on slopes and ridges. 110–900m. Native.
4. Pothos inaequilaterus (C.Presl) Engl., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 88; Pflanzenreich 21 (IV.23B) (1905) 37; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 172; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 528; ≡ Scindapsus inaequilaterus C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 600. = Pothos cumingianus Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5 (1855) 19, as 'cummingianus', nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Aroideae, 24 (1856–1857) t. 50; Prodr. Syst. Aroid. (1860) 570; Type: Cuming 908 (PRG, holo; BM, E, G, K, L, LE, M, P, iso), Luzon: Albay, 1841. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Norte, Isabela, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao de Oro, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Secondary forest. 400–900m. Native.
5. Pothos insignis Engl., Bull. Reale Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 4 (1879) 267; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1 (1881) 180; Pflanzenreich 21(IV.23B) (1905) 39; P.C.Boyce & Poulsen, Kew Bull. 49 (1994) 523; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 508; Type: from Sarawak. = Pothos basilanensis Furtado, nom. inval., in sched. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, PALAWAN. Notes: Lianescent, hemi-epiphytic or lithophytic trunk or treelet climber at base of ridges or near rivers in primary to disturbed primary mixed dipterocarp forest on shales or limestone. 10–1200m. Native.
6. Pothos luzonensis (C.Presl) Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5 (1855) 19; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 173; Engl. in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 93; Pflanzenreich 21(IV.23B) (1905) 42; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 550; ≡ Goniurus luzonensis C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 604; Type: Cuming 1045 (PRG, holo; BM, E, G, K, L, LE, M, MO, P, iso), Luzon, Albay, 1841. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), SAMAR, SEMIRARA (photos). Notes: Dense hill to upper hill forest. 50m (photos) to 700–1100m. Native.
7. Pothos ovatifolius Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 23B (1905) 40; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 173; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 497; Type: Vidal 3969 (K, holo), Luzon: Albay, Mar-1886. = Pothos merrillii K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 657; Type: Merrill BS 7211 (B, holo), Siquijor: Sep-1910. ≠ Pothos rumphii auct. non (C.Presl) Schott; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 173, pro parte. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BALABAC, BASILAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Norte, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIQUIJOR. Notes: Primary to degraded secondary lowland to lower montane forest. 70-1400m. Native.
8. Pothos philippinensis Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 23B (1905) 315; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 173; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 508; Type: FB 369 Barnes (B, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Mar-1904. = Pothos peninsularis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3628, nom. inval., no Latin descr., nom. illeg., non Alderw.; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 173; Type: Elmer 17050 (A, MO, NY), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Aug-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL (photos), CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (photos), PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland to hill, primary to secondary rainforest. 20–650m. Native.
9. Pothos scandens L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 698; P.C.Boyce & A.Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 461. = Pothos hermaphroditus (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 90; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 172; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java, 3 (1968) 104; ≡ Batis hermaphrodita Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 791; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 57 (K, neo), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling, Nov-1912. = Pothos longifolius C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 602, nom. illeg., non Hoffm.; Schott, Aroideae (1856–1857) 22; Prodr. Syst. Aroid. (1860) 563; Engl. in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 82; in Engl., Pflanzenreich 21 (IV.23B) (1905) 25; Type: Cuming 682 (PRG, holo; BM, E, G, K, P, iso), Luzon: Quezon. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur (photos), Davao, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: On trees and rocks in primary and secondary wet to dry lowland to hill evergreen tropical to subtropical forest, occasionally on sea cliffs, in hedges or scrub or in coconut plantations, on a variety of substrates including clay, limestone and granite. 0-1000m. Native.

Remusatia Schott

1. Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott, Melet. Bot. (1832) 18; ≡ Arum viviparum Roxb., Hort. Bengal. (1814) 65. Distribution: Africa, Australia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. ?LUZON: ?Rizal, PANAY (photos). Notes: Wally Suarez (7-Aug-24): possibly also present in Luzon (Rizal prov). Likely native to the Philippines, but previously overlooked. In forests at low to medium elevations, occasionally on limestone, where it occurs epiphytic or lithophytic, on large trees, rocks and cliff ledges, but rarely terrestrial. It is seasonally dormant and rarely flowers in the wild. Native.

Rhaphidophora Hassk.

1. Rhaphidophora acuminata Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 265; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 175; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52 (2000) 220; Type: Wenzel 1139 (PNH, holo, lost; BM, MO, US, iso), Leyte: 10-Sep-1914. = Rhaphidophora lagunensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3072; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 175; Type: Elmer 17812 (PNH, holo, lost; BM, FI, K, L, MO, P, US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños (Mt Makiling), Jun/Jul-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Batangas, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: 110-700m. Native.
2. Rhaphidophora banosensis P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52 (2000) 222; ≡ Rhaphidophora stenophylla Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3073, nom. illeg., non K.Krause; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 176; Type: Elmer 18449 (PNH, holo, lost; MO, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños (Mt Makiling), Jun/Jul-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Bulacan, Laguna, Zambales. Native.
3. Rhaphidophora conocephala Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 1 (1920) 384; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 226; Type: from Sumatra. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Notes: 450-1000m. Native.
4. Rhaphidophora cretosa P.C.Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 52 (2000) 228; Type: Wenzel 2982 (K, holo; MO, iso), Mindanao: Agusan, Surigao, 28-Jul-1927. = Scindapsus fragilis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3702, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13658, Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Aug-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao. Notes: 250m. Native.
5. Rhaphidophora elmeri Engl. & K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44(Beibl. 101) (1910) 11; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 175; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 230; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; Type: Elmer 9268 (PNH, holo, lost; E, L, US, iso), Luzon: Tayabas, Lucban, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas (photos), Camarines Norte, Laguna (photos), Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: ?Davao del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: 100-1200m. Native.
6. Rhaphidophora korthalsii Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1 (1863) 129; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 232; Gard. Bull. Singapore 53 (2001) 128. = Rhaphidophora copelandii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 115; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 175; Type: Copeland 1193 (B, holo; PNH iso, lost), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Apr-1904. = Rhaphidophora grandifolia K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44(Beibl. 101) (1910) 11; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 175; Type: Elmer 9464 (B, holo; E, K, L, LE, MO, PNH ?lost, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Dumaguete (Cuernos Mts), Mar-1908. = Rhaphidophora trinervia Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3073; Type: Elmer 18057 (PNH, holo; FI, K, L, MO, P, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños (Mt Makiling), Jun/Jul-1917. = Rhaphidophora palawanensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 451; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 247; Type: BS 11570 Merrill (PNH, holo, lost; B, K, P, iso), Palawan: Malampaya Bay, Oct-1922. = Epipremnum multicephalum Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3624, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Japan, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur (photos), Bukidnon (photos), Davao, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Forests and thickets. 10-1700m. Native.
7. Rhaphidophora minor Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 544; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 239; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 10; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. ≠ Rhaphidophora sylvestris auct. non (Blume) Engl.; Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 452; EPFP 4 (1925) 248. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Isabela, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 10-100m. Native.
8. Rhaphidophora monticola K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44(Beibl. 101) (1910) 12; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 176; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 242; Type: Elmer 10098 (B, holo, lost; BM, E, FI, K, L, LE, MO, PNH lost, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, (Cuernos Mts), Jun-1908. = Rhaphidophora bulusanensis Merr. ex Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3630, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 16790 (BO, FI, K, L, MO, NY, P, PNH lost, US), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Jul-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Camarines Norte, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: 140-1200m. Native.
9. Rhaphidophora perkinsiae Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 115; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 176; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 244; Type: Elmer 6305 (PNH, lecto; K, NY, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, May-1904. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Camarines Sur (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: 100-1030m. Native.
10. Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K.Krause, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23B) (1908) 137; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 176; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 247; Type: Clemens 1299 (B, holo; PNH, iso, lost), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mar-1907. = Rhaphidophora rigida K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 657; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 176; Type: Elmer 10220 (B, holo; K, L, MO, NY, PNH lost, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Dumaguete (Cuernos Mts), May-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra (photos), Laguna (photos), Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Sur, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: 100-1295m. Native.
11. Rhaphidophora todayensis K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 658; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 176; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 250; Type: Elmer 10849 (B, holo; BM, FI, K, L, MO, NY, P, PNH, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), along the Baruring River, Jun-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO. Notes: 170m (photos) to 810-850m. Native.

Possibly present

1. Rhaphidophora lobbii Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. (1860) 379; Boyce, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 223. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. Notes: Reported for Palawan by Boyce (1999), but not mentioned for the Philippines by Boyce (2000).

Incertae sedis

1. Rhaphidophora liukiuensis Hatus., Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 20 (1962) 57; Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture Kagoshima University 5 (1966) 61; Huang & Wang, Fl. Taiwan ed. 2, 5 (2000) 686. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. BATAN. Notes: P.B. Pelser (25-Jul-20): Boyce (2000) points out that Rhaphidophora liukiuensis Hatusima might be a synonym of either Rhaphidophora perkinsiae Engl. or Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. Li & Boyce (2010) did not list Rhaphidophora liukiuensis Hatusima for the Philippines. Reported from Mt Iraya, in thickets, locally frequent. 300m. Native.

Schismatoglottis Zoll. & Moritzi

1. Schismatoglottis bogneri A.Hay, Telopea 9 (2000) 105; Type: J. Bogner 1629 (M, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Ifugao, near Banawe, 22-Jun-1983. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Forest edges, along trail, low elevation. (?-)1500m. Native.
2. Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz. (Moritzi et al.) (1846) 83; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 181; Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 106; ≡ Calla calyptrata Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 514. = Arisarum esculentum Rumph., Herb. Amboin. (Rumphius) 5 (1747) t.111, nom. inval. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, China, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. ALABAT, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Lowland and lower montane forests, usually along forest edges and stream banks, damp cliffs and other wet and well-drained sites. 0-1700m. Native.
3. Schismatoglottis edanoi A.Hay, Telopea 9 (2000) 121; Type: PNH 15317 Edaño (GH, holo; L, iso), Samar: Mt Sarawag, forest on ridge top c. 150m, 3-Dec-1951. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Known only from the type locality. 150m. Native.
4. Schismatoglottis ifugaoensis S.Y.Wong, Bogner & P.C.Boyce, Willdenowia 41 (2011) 101; Type: J. Bogner 1630 (M, iso), Luzon: Ifugao, near Banaue, c. 1500m, 22-June-1983. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Quezon (photos). Notes: 1500m. Native.
5. Schismatoglottis luzonensis Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Da) (1912) 88; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 182, pro parte, excl. BS 30875 (Schismatoglottis plurivenia Alderw.); Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 128; Type: Merrill 5047 (PNH, holo, lost); BS 75547 Ramos & Edano (NY, SING, UC, neo), Catanduanes. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PANAY. Notes: Schismatoglottis luzonensis on p. 121 of Engl, Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) refers to Schismatoglottis plurivenia. On boulders and steep embankments along forest streams. (?-)150-350m (photos). Native.
6. Schismatoglottis merrillii Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Da) (1912) 89; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 182; Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 129. = Schismatoglottis ramosii Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Da) (1912) 98; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 182; Type: BS 12679 Fenix (PNH, holo, lost; B, lecto; B, BM, K, US, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Sablang (Sablan), Nov-1910. = Schismatoglottis rizalensis Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Da) (1912) 100; Type: FB 3351 Ahern’s collector (B, holo; K, US, iso), Luzon: Rizal. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Aurora (photos), Benguet, Ilocos Sur (photos), Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: Cliffs and ledges along forest streams. 192m (photos) to 1200-1800m. Native.
7. Schismatoglottis plurivenia Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 4 (1922) 209; Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 139; Type: FB 1243 Borden (B, holo; NY, US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, Jun-1904. = Schismatoglottis luzonensis Engl., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23Da) (1912) 121; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 182, excl. Merrill 5047. = Alocasia merrillii Engl. & K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54(Beibl. 118) (1916) 124; K.Krause & Engl., Pflanzenreich 71 (iv.23E) (1920) 79; Type: Merrill 8072 (B, holo), Mindanao: Zamboanga. = Schismatoglottis cardiophylla Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 136; Type: BS 45387 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, ?lost; K, NY, UC, US, iso), Luzon: Aurora, Casiguran, 11-Jun-1905. ≠ Schismatoglottis latifolia auct. non Miq.; Engl., Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) 117, pro parte, quoad specim. cit. Philipp; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 182 (both as ‘var. viridis Engl.’, i.e. nom. illeg., nom. superfl. pro var. typ.); Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3634. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur (photos), Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR. Notes: P.B. Pelser (6-May-2022): The name Schismatoglottis merrillii is occupied by Schismatoglottis merrillii Engl., which is a different species. Lowland forests, especially along wet ravines and stream embankments. (?-)100-600m. Native.
8. Schismatoglottis prietoi P.C.Boyce, Medecilo & S.Y.Wong, Willdenowia 45 (2015) 407; Type: Esquerion P. Prieto AR-4342 (PNH, holo; SAR, iso), Cebu: 25-Oct-2013. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY (photos). Notes: John Rey Callado (pers. comm. 29-Feb-24): in contrast to what is reported in the protologue of this species, and according to Prieto, this species was not collected from Cebu or Albay. DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
9. Schismatoglottis pusilla Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1 (1880) 184; Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 142; Type: Jagor 1018a (B, holo). Leyte. = Schismatoglottis irosinensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3632, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Voucher: Elmer 14594 (BM, G, K, L, U, UC, US). = Schismatoglottis hastata Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3701, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Voucher: Elmer 17828 (K, GH, NY). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, PANAY. Notes: Wet places in forest floor. 350-1000m. Native.
10. Schismatoglottis samarensis A.Hay, Telopea 9 (2000) 143; Type: PNH 6043 Sulit (GH, holo), Samar: Western Samar, Loquilocon, Apr/May-1948. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Primary rainforest, possibly on limestone. 100m. Native.
11. Schismatoglottis warburgiana Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 20; Engl. Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) 90; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 182; Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 159; Type: Warburg 14605 (B 2 sheets, holo), Mindanao: Davao, Sagapan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland hill forest with ebony. 600m. Native.

Scindapsus Schott

1. Scindapsus curranii Engl. & K.Krause, Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (23B) (1908) 138; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 178; Type: FB 8014 Curran & Merritt (B, PNH ?lost); FB 8027 Curran & Merritt (PNH ?lost). = Scindapsus philippinensis K.Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 660; Type: Merrill PNH 7303 (B, PNH ?lost). Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. ALABAT, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Apayao (photos), Camarines Norte (photos), Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: 400m (photos). Native.
2. Scindapsus cuscuaria (Aubl.) C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 602; Hay et al., Blumea Suppl. 8 (1995) 150; ≡ Pothos cuscuaria Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane (1775) 840. Distribution: Java, Philippines. Notes: P.B. Pelser (5-Nov-20): Hay et al. (1995) indicate that it is uncertain if Scindapsus cuscuaria is native to the Philippines. Cryptogenic.
3. Scindapsus falcifolius Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 119; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 178; Type: from Sulawesi. Distribution: Sulawesi. JOLO. Notes: Not accredited to the Philippines in Hay et al. (1995) checklist. Merrill cites a Warburg specimen from Jolo (B). Native.
4. Scindapsus hederaceus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1856) 185; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 178. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam. LUZON: Sorsogon. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Scindapsus longistipitatus Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 353; Saibeh & Salleh, J. Trop. Biol. & Cons. 16 (2019) 121; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Native.
6. Scindapsus pictus Hassk., Flora 25(Beibl.) (1842) 11. = Scindapsus argyraeus (J.J.Veitch) Engl., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 255; ≡ Scindapsus pictus var. argyraeus (J.J.Veitch) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 13; ≡ Pothos argyraeus J.J.Veitch, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. London 1 (1859) 38. = Scindapsus pictus var. oblongifolius Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 13. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas (photos), Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal (photos), Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao, NEGROS, SIASI, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In primary forests at low elevation. Native.
7. Scindapsus treubii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 13. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by P.C. Boyce, 13-Jan-13. Native.

Spathiphyllum Schott

1. Spathiphyllum cannifolium (Dryand. ex Sims) Schott, Aroideae 1 (1853) 1; ≡ Pothos cannifolius Dryand. ex Sims, Bot. Mag. 17 (1802) t.603. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Naturalized in Quezon (W. Suarez, pers. comm., 4-Jan-21). Naturalized.
2. Spathiphyllum commutatum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7 (1857) 158; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 178; Nicolson, Blumea 16 (1968) 120. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: In damp primary forests at low and medium elevation. 0-1000m to 1250m (photos). Native.

Spirodela Schleid.

1. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., Linnaea 13 (1839) 392; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 190; Van der Plas, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 224; ≡ Lemna polyrhiza L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 970. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Borneo, Caribbean, China, Eurasia, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Nepal, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Ifugao, MINDANAO. Notes: Nearly cosmopolitan. From Luzon to Mindanao. (?-)2100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Syngonium Schott (Not native)

1. Syngonium podophyllum Schott, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 9 (1851) 85. Distribution: S America. LUZON: Laguna (photos), MINDORO (photos). Notes: Naturalized in secondary forests near bodies of water (W. Suarez, pers. comm., 15-Jan-21). Naturalized.
2. Syngonium wendlandii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8 (1858) 178. Distribution: C America. LUZON: Laguna (photos). Naturalized.

Typhonium Schott

1. Typhonium blumei Nicolson & Sivad., Blumea 27 (1981) 494; Sriboonma et al., J. Fac. Sci. Univ., Tokyo III, 15 (1994) 305; Wang & Yang, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. (1996) 160. Distribution: E & SE Asia. LUZON. Notes: Introduced in Australia, Sulawesi, Philippines and elsewhere. Naturalized.
2. Typhonium flagelliforme (Roxb. ex G.Lodd.) Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 134; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 187; Sriboonma et al., J. Fac. Sci. Univ., Tokyo III, 15 (1994) 303; ≡ Arum flagelliforme Roxb. ex G.Lodd., Bot. Cab. 4 (1820) t.396. Distribution: Australia, Cambodia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Bulacan (photos), Cavite, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Nueva Ecija (photos), Rizal. Notes: 200-300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Typhonium roxburghii Schott, Aroideae 2 (1855) t.17; Nicolson & Sivadasan, Blumea 27 (1981) 492; Sriboonma et al., J. Fac. Sci. Univ., Tokyo III, 15 (1994) 305; Wang & Yang, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. (1996) 160. = Typhonium divaricatum var. mottleyanum (Schott) Engl., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 612; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 187; ≡ Typhonium mottleyanum Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. (1860) 106. = Typhonium divaricatum (L.) Blume, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3 (1834) 367; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 297; ≡ Arum divaricatum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 966. Distribution: Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Pangasinan (photos). Notes: Naturalized in rice fields (Moody 1989). Naturalized.
4. Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott, Wiener Z. Kunst 3 (1829) 732; Nicolson & Sivadasan, Blumea 27 (1981) 488; Sriboonma et al., J. Fac. Sci. Univ., Tokyo III, 15 (1994) 306; ≡ Arum trilobatum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 965. Distribution: China, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka. LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental (photos). Notes: Naturalized in grasslands and semi-open forests in Lanao del Norte (M.G.Q. Rule, pers. comm., 6-Nov-20) and in rice fields (Moody 1989). Naturalized.

Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid.

1. Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas, Blumea 18 (1970) 367; Van der Plas, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1971) 236; Bog et al., Nordic J. Bot. 2020 (2020) e02658: 11; ≡ Lemna globosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 565. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal. Notes: (?-)1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

1. Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm., Fl. Schles., 3rd Ed. (1857) 140; ≡ Lemna arrhiza L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 294. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Europe, India, Korea, Madagascar, Taiwan, W Asia. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice, but no specimens cited.

Xanthosoma Schott (Not native)

1. Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott, Melet. Bot. (1832) 19; ≡ Arum sagittifolium L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 966. = Alocasia talipan Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 185, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3614, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Hay, Gard. Bull. Singapore 51 (1999) 38; Type: Elmer 17381 (NY, iso). Distribution: C & S America. LUZON: Batangas (photos), Mountain Province, NCR (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos). Notes: Cultivated, naturalized (Matthews et al. 2017). 50-125m (photos). Naturalized.

Zantedeschia Spreng. (Not native)

1. Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 3 (1826) 765; ≡ Calla aethiopica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 968. Distribution: Africa. Notes: Introduced elsewhere. Naturalized in the Philippines in road sides, farmland, and waste places. Naturalized.