Annonaceae

Alphonsea Hook.f. & Thomson

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 September 2020
  1. Alphonsea javanica Scheff., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 31 (1870) 340; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 415; Type: from Java (lecto). Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Isabela, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Alphonsea monogyna Merr. & Chun, Sunyatsenia 2 (1934) 26. Distribution: China, ?Philippines. ?LUZON: ?Aurora. Notes: Possibly represented in the Philippines by photos by Jay Edneil Olivar & Rudolph Docot.

Anaxagorea St.Hil.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 1 September 2025
  1. Anaxagorea javanica Blume, Fl. Javae Annon. (1830) 66; Maas & Westra, Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht (1985) 181; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 421; Paguntalan et al., Project Tawsi: Sulu Hornbill Project (2020) 42; Type: from Java (lecto). Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Maguindanao del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 10-450(-1100)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. tripetala Corner, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 10 (1939) 12; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 422; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. = Polyalthia williamsii C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 181; Type: Williams 2306 (NY, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River. = Anaxagorea radiata C.B.Rob., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35 (1908) 66; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 158; Maas & Westra, Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht (1985) 190; Type: Williams 3018 (NY, holo; NY, UC, iso), Jolo. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Thailand. BASILAN, JOLO, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Zamboanga, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Native.
  2. Anaxagorea luzonensis A.Gray, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. (1854) 27; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 158; Maas & Westra, Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht (1985) 185; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 423; Type: United States Exploring Expedition s.n. (US, lecto; GH, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños, 1838-1842. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite (photos), Laguna, Pampanga (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Surigao, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 0-914m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Annona L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 August 2025
  1. Annona glabra L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 537; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 24 (2023) 5432. Distribution: Africa, America. LUZON: Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), SAMAR (photos). Notes: Cultivated and naturalized. Invasive in mangroves in Australia and Sri Lanka. 10m (photos). Naturalized.
  2. Annona reticulata L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 537; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 207; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 177. Distribution: C & S America, Caribbean. LUZON: Cagayan (photos). Naturalized.
  3. Annona squamosa L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 537; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 208; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 177. Distribution: Neotropics. PALAWAN. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Annona × atemoya Mabb., Paradisus (1998) 143. Notes: Hybrid between Annona cherimola and Annona squamosa. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Annona cherimola Mill., Gard. Dict., 8th Ed. (1768) n.5. Distribution: Neotropics. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  3. Annona montana Macfad., Fl. Jamaica (Macfadyen) 1 (1837) 7. = Annona marcgravii Mart., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 13(1) (1841) 5. Distribution: C & S America, Caribbean. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  4. Annona mucosa Jacq., Observ. Bot. (Jacquin) 1 (1764) 16; ≡ Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill., Adansonia, 1st Sér. 8 (1868) 268. Distribution: C & S America, Caribbean. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  5. Annona muricata L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 536; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 207; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 177. Distribution: C America, Caribbean. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Artabotrys R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 May 2026
  1. Artabotrys cagayanensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 384; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 172; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 426; Type: Castillo BS 22719 (P, lecto; K, isolecto), Luzon: Cagayan, Apr/May-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: ?Bataan (photos), Cagayan, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental. Notes: Forested slopes at low elevations. 390m (photos). Native.
  2. Artabotrys cumingianus S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 92; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 172; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 427; Type: Cuming 970 (K, lecto; B, BM, E, K, MEL, isolecto), Luzon: Albay, 1841. = Artabotrys cumingianus var. subglabrus Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1705, as 'subglabra'; Type: Elmer 12338 (E, lecto), Sibuyan: Mt Guiting-guiting, Apr-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: ?Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Native.
  3. Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari, Baileya 12 (1965) 149; ≡ Annona hexapetala L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 270; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 429; Type: from India. = Uvaria sinensis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 465; Type: Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 964 (P, neo; K, L, NY, US, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Jan-1915. = Artabotrys uncinatus (Lam.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 234; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 206; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 173; ≡ Annona uncinata Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1786) 127. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Batangas, Rizal. Notes: 100m (photos). Native.
  4. Artabotrys luteus Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 290; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 172; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 432; Type: Elmer 9136 (NY, lecto; A, E, K, L, MO, US, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas, Lucban, May-1907. = Artabotrys cumingianus var. reticulatus Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1706, as 'reticulata'; Type: Elmer 13608, Mindanao: Mt Urdaneta. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Aurora, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: Forests. (?-)1100m. Native.
  5. Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume, Fl. Javae Annon. (1828) 62; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 173; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 256; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 438; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2217; ≡ Unona suaveolens Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 17; Type: from Java. = Artabotrys corniculatus (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 150, as 'corniculata'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 173; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 258; ≡ Unona corniculata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 469; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 326; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 2 (1878) 240; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 298 (Ramos s.n.) (US, neo; BM, K, L, NY, isoneo), Luzon: Laguna, 15-Mar-1913. = Artabotrys rolfei S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 39; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 173; Type: Cuming 1099 (K, lecto; BM, E, MA, MEL, isolecto), Luzon: Albay, 1841. = Artabotrys monogynus Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 383; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 173; Type: BS 26826 Edaño (K lecto; A, US, isolecto), Luzon: Zambales, Mt Canaynayan, Castillejos, Dec-1916. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, CEBU (photos), GUIMARAS, LUZON: Albay, ?Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato (photos), Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In dry thickets and in second growth forests at low elevations. 0-1524m. Native.
  6. Artabotrys vidalianus Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1707, as 'vidaliana'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 173; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 441; Type: Elmer 13007 (E, L, syn), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forest. 150-170m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Needs name

  1. Artabotrys stolonifer Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3684, as 'stolonifera', nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Voucher: Elmer 14610 (A, GH, K, L, MO, NY, PNH, U), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Oct-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Native.

Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 June 2024
  1. Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 130; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 324; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 443; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 986; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 24 (2023) 5432; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 8; ≡ Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 61(2) (1892) 41; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 208; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 158; ≡ Uvaria odorata Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 1 (1785) 595. = Unona odoratissima Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 467; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 466 (Ramos s.n.) (US, neo; A, B, BM, BO, CAL, F, GH, K, L, MO, NSW, NY, P, U, UC, W, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, 6-Jan-1914. = Unona ossea Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 467; ≡ Uvaria ossea (Blanco) Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 322; Type: Barbon, Romero & Funtes PPI 8370 (K, neo; BP, PNH, isoneo), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog, 9-Jun-1992. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LAGEN, LUZON: Albay, Aurora (photos), Isabela (photos), Sorsogon, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Planted in most of the tropics, native distribution uncertain. Throughout the Philippines in cultivation, occurring in some forested areas. Unclear if it is native to the Philippines. (?-)800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Cryptogenic.
    • var. odorata. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra. Cryptogenic.

Cyathocalyx Champ. ex Hook.f. & Thomson

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 28 August 2022
  1. Cyathocalyx globosus Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 17; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 174; Wang & Saunders, Syst. Bot. 31 (2006) 291; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 445; Type: FB 560 Barnes (NY, lecto; BM, BO, K, SING, US, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Mar-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna (photos), Quezon, Rizal. Notes: In primary forests at low and medium elevations. (?-)550m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Dasymaschalon (Hook.f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 August 2026
  1. Dasymaschalon clusiflorum (Merr.) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 237; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 175; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 448; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 986; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; ≡ Unona clusiflora Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 1; Type: Merrill 2521 (K, lecto; BM, HBG, K, NSW, NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, 11 to 14-Jun-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES (photos), DALUPIRI, DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines; common in forests and thickets at low and medium elevations, sometimes on limestone. 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Dasymaschalon megalanthum (Merr.) Jing Wang & R.M.K.Saunders, Nordic J. Bot. 29 (2012) 675; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 451; ≡ Dasymaschalon clusiflorum var. megalanthum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 237; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 175; Type: FB 10686 Curran (L, lecto; NY, isolecto), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Caramoan Peninsula, Jun-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte (photos), PALAWAN. Native.
  3. Dasymaschalon oblongatum Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 237; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 175; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 452; ≡ Dasymaschalon clusiflorum var. oblongatum (Merr.) Bân, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 60 (1975) 231.; Type: Merrill 9703 (L, lecto; A, BM, BO, BRI, K, NSW, NY, SING, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, May-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 1300m. Native.

Incertae sedis

  1. Dasymaschalon leilamericanum R.Rosales & E.Lillo, J. Threat. Taxa 17 (2025) 26574; Type: Lillo 00090 (CTU-DOST NICER Biodiversity Museum, holo; USCBM, iso), Cebu: Argao, Mt Lantoy KBA, 99m, 2-Mar-2020. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU. Notes: P.B. Pelser (12-Apr-15): This species was described from fruiting material only. Flowers were not observed. The results of the molecular genetic analyses presented in the protologue suggest that it is genetically most similar to Uvaria species and quite different from the Dasymaschalon sequences included in the study. It is therefore unclear to which genus Dasymaschalon leilamericanum belongs or, in fact, if it merits taxonomic recognition. 99m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Rosales et al. 2025). Native.

Desmos Lour.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & Joaquin Almoro, 13 March 2025
  1. Desmos chinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 352; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 266; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 455; Type: from China. = Desmos chinensis var. macropetalus (Teijsm. & Binn. ex Boerl.) Bân, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59 (1974) 1774; ≡ Unona discolor var. macropetala Teijsm. & Binn. ex Boerl., Cat. Pl. Phan. (1899) 16. ≠ Desmos cochinchinensis auct. non Lour.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 158. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BUSUANGA, LUZON: Camarines Norte, NCR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets and forests. 100-200m. Native.

Drepananthus Maingay ex Hook.f.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 April 2025
  1. Drepananthus acuminatus (C.B.Rob.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 59 (2010) 1730; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 465; ≡ Cyathocalyx acuminatus C.B.Rob., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35 (1908) 66; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 173; Wang & Saunders, Syst. Bot. 31 (2006) 288; Type: R.S. Williams 2143 (NY, holo; GH, K, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, 8-Feb-1905. = Drepananthus philippinensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 137; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 175; ≡ Cyathocalyx philippinensis (Merr.) J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1955) 239; Type: M.S. Clemens s.n. (BO, lecto; M, isolecto), Mindanao; Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Jul-1907. = Drepananthus longiflorus C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 201; Type: BS 10353 McGregor (US, lecto; B, isolecto), Polillo: Oct/Nov-1909. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Camarines Norte, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Low-medium elevation forests. 70-180(-750)m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Wang & Saunders 2006). Native.
  2. Drepananthus apoensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1708; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 466; ≡ Cyathocalyx apoensis (Elmer) J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1955) 239; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 174; Wang & Saunders, Syst. Bot. 31 (2006) 289; Type: Elmer 11290 (L, lecto; BISH, BO, E, GH, HBG, K, MO, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), Aug-1909. = Drepananthus convocarii Quisumb., PJS 76 (1944) 196; Type: BS 84112 Ramos & Convocar (A, lecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Asiga River, in damp forest, elevation c. 1000m, 23-Apr-1931. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 0-2750m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Drepananthus crassipetalus (R.J.Wang & R.M.K.Saunders) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 59 (2010) 1730; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 467; ≡ Cyathocalyx crassipetalus R.J.Wang & R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. 31 (2006) 291; Type: Dutierin et al. 105 (L, holo), Samar: Mt Coneoul, May-1969. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: 200-280m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  4. Drepananthus samarensis (R.J.Wang & R.M.K.Saunders) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 59 (2010) 1731; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 472; ≡ Cyathocalyx samarensis R.J.Wang & R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. 31 (2006) 293; Type: Madulid et al. 1457 (L, holo; PNH 118420, ?iso), Samar: Bo. Sta Rosa, East Samar, May-1971. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Fissistigma Griff.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 November 2023
  1. Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merr., PJS 15 (1919) 132; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 359; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 479; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2217; ≡ Unona latifolia Dunal, Monogr. Anonac. (1817) 115; Type: from Indonesia. = Fissistigma rufum (C.Presl) Merr., PJS 15 (1919) 136; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 174; ≡ Annona rufa C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2 (1835) 75; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, lecto; BM, HAL, PRC, isolecto), Luzon. = Melodorum clementis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 136; Type: M.S. Clemens s.n. (US, lecto; B, M, isolecto), Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Jul-1907. = Friesodielsia multinervia (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 360; ≡ Oxymitra multinervia Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 388; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: BS 30456 Ramos (US, lecto; K, isolecto), Catanduanes: Calolbong, 10-Dec-1917. Distribution: Borneo, ?China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevations. 30-1250m. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Fissistigma fulgens (Hook.f. & Thomson) Merr., PJS 15 (1919) 131; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 353; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 472; ≡ Melodorum fulgens Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 120; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. Notes: Not listed for the Philippines by Turner (2018).

Friesodielsia Steenis

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 August 2026
  1. Friesodielsia auriculata (Elmer) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 358; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 490; ≡ Oxymitra auriculata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1725; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 175; Type: Elmer 13586 (NY, lecto; BO, E, L, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Aug-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, ?CEBU (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PANAY. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests. Native.
  2. Friesodielsia bakeri (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 358; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 490; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Oxymitra bakeri Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 259; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 175; Type: C.F. Baker 3691 (K, lecto; SING, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, Paete, 28-Dec-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, SAMAR (photos). Notes: Sea level and lowland damp forest. 0m to 165m (photos). Native.
  3. Friesodielsia lagunensis (Elmer) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 360; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 496; ≡ Oxymitra lagunensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 293; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: Elmer 9417 (K, neo), Luzon: Laguna, Los Banos, Apr-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Pangasinan, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: ?Lanao del Norte (photos), Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, ?NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests. Native.
  4. Friesodielsia lanceolata (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 360; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 497; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2219; ≡ Oxymitra lanceolata Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 260; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: BS 15342 Ramos (K, lecto; A, B, isolecto), Leyte: Dagami, Aug-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Rizal, ?PANAY (photos). Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests. Native.
  5. Friesodielsia longiflora (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 360; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 497; ≡ Oxymitra longiflora Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 134; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: Clemens s.n. (NY, lecto; A, K, M, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Jun-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos). Notes: Forests along streams. 100-200m (photos) to 700m. Native.
  6. Friesodielsia mindorensis (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 360; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 498; ≡ Oxymitra mindorensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 455; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Type: BS 41108 Ramos (US, lecto; A, B, K, P, isolecto), Mindoro: Pinamalayan, Jun-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ?MINDANAO: ?Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  7. Friesodielsia obtusifolia (Elmer) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 361; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 498; ≡ Oxymitra obtusifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 294; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: Elmer 7813 (K, neo; CAL, L, isoneo), Luzon: Tayabas, Lucban, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO. Notes: 100-200m (photos). Native.
  8. Friesodielsia oligophlebia (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 361; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 498; ≡ Oxymitra oligophlebia Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 250; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: BS 35068 Ramos & Pascasio (B, lecto; K, P, US, isolecto), Bucas Grande: 10-Jun-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE. Notes: Dry forest at low elevation. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  9. Friesodielsia paucinervis (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 361, as 'paucinervia'; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 499; ≡ Oxymitra paucinervis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 135; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: M.S. Clemens 624 (M, lecto), Mindanao: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, 1907. = Oxymitra urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1727; Type: Elmer 13946 (NY, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, BRIT, C, E, GH, HBG, K, MICH, MO, P, U, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Sep-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte (photos). Notes: Forest. 100-200m (photos) to 700-1200m. Native.
  10. Friesodielsia philippinensis (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 361; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 499; ≡ Oxymitra philippinensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 261; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: Merrill 9413 (P, lecto; BO, L, P, US, isolecto), Palawan: Malampaya Bay, Binaloan, May-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forests. Native.
  11. Friesodielsia platyphylla (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 361; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 499; ≡ Oxymitra platyphylla Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 388; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: FB 26360 Mabesa (K, lecto; A, US, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Maquiling, Molauin River, Jan/Feb-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Laguna. Notes: Forests. 200-500m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  12. Friesodielsia pubescens (Merr.) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 361; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 499; ≡ Oxymitra pubescens Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 267; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: BS 13870 Ramos (BM, lecto), Luzon: Cagayan, Abulug River, 26-Jan-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan. Notes: Lowland forests. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Friesodielsia glauca (Hook.f. & Thomson) Steenis, Blumea 12 (1964) 359; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 494; ≡ Oxymitra glauca Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 146; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 176; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines, Singapore, ?Sumatra. ?NEGROS. Notes: Lowland dipterocarp forest. P.B. Pelser (1-Mar-20): Not listed for the Philippines by Turner (2018); Merrill (1923) cites Whitford 1484 from Negros.

Goniothalamus Hook.f. & Thomson

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 1 May 2026
  1. Goniothalamus amuyon (Blanco) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 264; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 169; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 502; ≡ Uvaria amuyon Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 463; ≡ Unona cauliflora Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 323, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 803 (Ramos s.n.) (NY, neo; K, L, NSW, US, isoneo), Luzon: Batangas, San José, 4-Feb-1915. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BOHOL, CATANDUANES (photos), CEBU, LUZON: Abra, Batangas, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, ?PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevations. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. amuyon. = Polyalthia sasakii Yamam., Icon. Pl. Formosan. Suppl. 3 (1927) 38; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. Native.
    • var. ramosii Bân, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59 (1974) 663.; Type: BS 2918 Ramos & Edaño (NY, holo), Luzon. Distribution: LUZON: Quezon. Native.
  2. Goniothalamus catanduanensis Quisumb., PJS 76 (1944) 39; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 506; Type: BS 75183 Ramos & Edaño (NY, lecto; ?PNH isolecto), Catanduanes: Simamla, Jul to Sep-1920. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines Sur. Notes: Along streams and forested slopes. (?-)900m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  3. Goniothalamus copelandii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 262; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 169; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 507; Type: Merrill 8297 (P, lecto; K, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, San Ramon, Nov/Dec-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Forests. 900m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  4. Goniothalamus dolichocarpus Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 85 (1922) 183; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: P.B. Pelser & J.P. Collantes (20-Sep-20): Not listed for the Philippines by Turner (2018), but see Frake PNH36074 (L). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  5. Goniothalamus dolichopetalus Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 221; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 170; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 509; Type: BS 37073 Ramos & Edaño (P, neo), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Malangas, Oct/Nov-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, IGAT, MINDANAO: Lanao, Lanao del Norte, Misamis, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Native.
    • var. dolichopetalus. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao, Misamis, Zamboanga. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevations. Native.
    • var. basilensis Bân, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59 (1974) 671.; Type: FB 24681 Tecson (NY, holo; K, P, iso), Basilan: Nov-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Forests at low elevation. Native.
  6. Goniothalamus elmeri Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 13; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 170; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 510; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2219; Malabrigo et al., Flora of Mt Mantalingahan Protected Landscape (2023) 14; Type: Elmer 6105 (NY, lecto; K, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Sablan, Apr-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, DINAGAT (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao, Lanao, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 50-850m to 1170-1209m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. elmeri. = Goniothalamus brunneus Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 9; Type: BS 23680 Ramos (NY, lecto; K, US, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Sep-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO. Notes: N Luzon to Mindanao. A common, rather variable, widely distributed species in forests at low and medium elevation. Native.
    • var. gitingensis (Elmer) Bân, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59 (1974) 664.; ≡ Goniothalamus gitingensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1710; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 170; Type: Elmer 12507 (NY, lecto; A, BISH, BRIT, E, G, GH, HBG, K, L, LE, MICH, MO, P, US, Z, isolecto), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-Giting, May-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, SIBUYAN. Native.
  7. Goniothalamus epiphyticus Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1711; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 170; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 511; Type: Elmer 13830 (NY, lecto; BISH, C, E, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Sep-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO. Notes: According to Merrill (1923), a species of uncertain status of which the flowers are unknown; perhaps not distinct from Goniothalamus elmeri Merr. Terrestrial on forested ridges, and pseudoepiphytic in the mossy forest. 900-1500m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Goniothalamus giganteus Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 109; Bân, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59 (1974) 664; Saunders, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142 (2003) 336; Type: from Malay Peninsula. Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. Notes: P.B. Pelser (14-Mar-25): Bân (1974) considered Cuming 1746 and Ramos and Concovar 8368 to belong to Goniothalamus giganteus, and this species is therefore here listed as present in the Philippines. The distribution of this species in the Philippines is unclear, because Philippine specimens identified as Goniothalamus giganteus with province-level distribution information (i.e. Bataan, Laguna, Rizal) seen by Joaquin Almoro (14-Mar-25) represent different species. Native.
  9. Goniothalamus gigantifolius Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 263; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 170; Mat-Salleh, Revision of the genus Goniothalamus (Annonaceae) of Borneo (1993) 178; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 513; Type: BS 18958 Miranda (K, lecto; US, isolecto), Basilan: Sep-1912. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Forests. 160-850m. Native.
  10. Goniothalamus lancifolius Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 385; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 170; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 516; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 8; Type: BS 29992 Fénix (NY, lecto; A, K, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Pangasinan, Labrador, Mt San Isidro, 400m, Nov-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevations. 300-1200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Goniothalamus longistylus Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 386; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 170; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 517; Type: BS 26639 Ramos & Edaño (NY, lecto; A, K, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas, Mt Dingalan, Aug/Sep-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevations. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  12. Goniothalamus luzonensis Ferreras & Arriola, Species (Nagercoil) 21 (2020) 151; Type: Arriola, Bernaldo, Cañaveral, Ferreras, Pizarro & Venturina A17011 (PNH, holo; PNH, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Bagac, Sitio Gabon, Mt Mariveles, 655m, Apr-2017. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Notes: 655m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Arriola et al. 2020). DAO category: Critically Endangered. Native.
  13. Goniothalamus magnificus Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 473; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 519; Type: Elmer 7419 (K, lecto; A, G, L, LE, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas, Lucban, May-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: 914m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  14. Goniothalamus mindorensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 453; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 520; Type: BS 41017 Ramos (P, lecto; A, B, K, US, isolecto), Mindoro: Pinamalayan, 700m, Jun-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Notes: 700m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  15. Goniothalamus obtusifolius Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 9; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 170; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 522; Type: Merrill 2183 (NY, lecto; K, US, isolecto), Mindoro: Bongabon, May-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Dry forests at low elevations. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  16. Goniothalamus palawanensis C.C.Tang & R.M.K.Saunders, PhytoKeys 32 (2013) 28; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 522; Type: C.C. Tang TCC10 (L, holo; PNH, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Corrigutor, 31-May-2012. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 50-120m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  17. Goniothalamus panayensis Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 251; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 171; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 522; Type: BS 35290 Martelino & Edaño (K, lecto; A, US, isolecto), Panay: Aklan Prov (formerly part of Capiz Prov), Libacao, Jun-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevations. Accoring to Merrill, distinctly allied to Goniothalamus amuyon. 50-400m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  18. Goniothalamus philippinensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 135; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 171; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 523; Type: M.S. Clemens 1049 (NY, lecto; F, G, M, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Jun-1907. = Goniothalamus mindanaensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1712; Type: Elmer 14024 (NY, lecto; A, E, G, HBG, MO, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 183-850m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. philippinensis. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevations. Native.
    • var. ramosii Bân, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59 (1974) 660.; Type: BS 19470 Ramos & Edaño (NY, holo), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Mayo, Apr/May-1927. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental, SAMAR. Native.
  19. Goniothalamus puncticulifolius Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 383; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 171; Mat-Salleh, Revision of the genus Goniothalamus (Annonaceae) of Borneo (1993) 119; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 524; Type: BS 39660 Ramos (P, lecto; US, isolecto), Mindoro: Mindoro Occidental, Paluan, Apr-1921. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Dry forests at low elevations. Native.
  20. Goniothalamus sibuyanensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 171; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 528; ≡ Uvaria sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1747; Type: Elmer 12322 (NY, lecto; A, BISH, E, HBG, K, LE, MO, NSW, US, isolecto), Sibuyan: Magallanes, Mt Giting-Giting, Apr-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SIBUYAN. Notes: Flowers unknown, and thus a species of uncertain status. Apparently allied to Goniothalamus elmeri Merr. Forests. 300m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  21. Goniothalamus suluensis Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 393; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 529; Type: BS 44350 Ramos & Edaño (NY, lecto; A, BM, K, NY, UC, US, isolecto), Tawi-tawi: Malum River near mangrove swamp, Jul/Aug-1924. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Known only from the type collection. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  22. Goniothalamus trunciflorus Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 10; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 171; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 533; Type: Whitford 774, Luzon: Quezon, Infanta, Tinuan (Tignoan) River, in hill forest, 120m, 6-Sept-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Forests at low elevations. 120m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Possibly present

  1. Goniothalamus malayanus Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 107; Saunders, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142 (2003) 335. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Isls, ?Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. ?MINDANAO: ?Agusan del Sur. Notes: Possibly represented in the Philippines by photos by Danilo Tandang. 0-100(-400)m.
  2. Goniothalamus uvarioides King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 61 (1892) 78; Mat-Salleh, Revis. Goniothalamus Borneo (1993) 171; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 513; Type: from Malay Peninsula. Distribution: ?Borneo, Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines, Thailand. Notes: P.B. Pelser (1-Sep-25): Not listed for the Philippines by Turner (2018), but mentioned by Mat-Salleh (1993) without specimens cited. See also Saunders (2003). (?-)1500m. Native.

Huberantha Chaowasku

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 March 2025
  1. Huberantha flava (Merr.) I.M.Turner, Webbia 71 (2016) 229; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 537; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Polyalthia flava Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 12; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 160; Type: Ahern’s Collector 2135 (P, lecto; K, NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, Dec-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: ?Aurora (photos), Bataan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, PALAWAN. Notes: In forests at from sea level to low and medium elevations. 0-250m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Huberantha jenkinsii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Chaowasku, Kew Bull. 70 (2015) 23: 2; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 538; ≡ Polyalthia jenkinsii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Brit. India 1 (1872) 64; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 305; ≡ Guatteria jenkinsii Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 141; Type: from India. = Polyalthia cumingiana Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 71; Type: Cuming 827 (K, lecto; BM, E, K, MEL, NY, WU, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas, 1836-1840. = Polyalthia agusanensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 250; ≡ Unona agusanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1743; Type: Elmer 13654 (NY, lecto; A, K, L, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta, Sep-1912. ≠ Polyalthia rumphii auct. non (Blume ex Hensch.) Merr.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 162, pro parte, excl. syn. Guatteria canangioides Rchb.f & Zoll. ex Miq. (and others based on this). Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, India, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Huberantha palawanensis (Merr.) I.M.Turner, Webbia 71 (2016) 230; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 541; ≡ Polyalthia palawanensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 246; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 162; Type: Merrill 9469 (BM, lecto; L, NY, P, isolecto), Palawan: Lake Manguao, dry forested ridges, c. 80m, 27-Apr-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Dry forests, low elevations. 80m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable (as Polyalthia palawanensis). Native.
  4. Huberantha rumphii (Blume ex Hensch.) Chaowasku, Kew Bull. 70 (2015) 23: 3; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 541; ≡ Polyalthia rumphii (Blume ex Hensch.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 162; ≡ Guatteria rumphii Blume ex Hensch., Vita Rumphii (1833) 153. = Polyalthia glandulosa Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 247; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 160; Type: BS 16460 Reillo (US, lecto; BM, K, L, P, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, Sta Maria, near Mt Pulongbato, 4-Oct-1912. Distribution: Borneo, ?China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte. Notes: 145-300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Maasia Mols, Kessler & Rogstad

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 1 March 2020
  1. Maasia glauca (Hassk.) Mols, Kessler & Rogstad, Syst. Bot. 33 (2008) 493; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 544; ≡ Polyalthia glauca (Hassk.) Boerl., Icon. Bogor. (Boerlage) 1 (1899) 104; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 160; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 321; ≡ Uvaria glauca Hassk., Flora 25(2, Beibl. 1) (1842) 31; Type: from Java. = Unona merrittii Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 190; ≡ Polyalthia merrittii (Merr.) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 250; Type: Whitford 1447 (K, lecto; US, isolecto), Mindoro: Bongabong River, Feb-1906. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. DINAGAT, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, MINDORO, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevations. 600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Marsypopetalum Scheff.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 July 2026
  1. Marsypopetalum lucidum (Merr.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Biodivers. 9 (2011) 24; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 546; ≡ Polyalthia lucida Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 249; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 161; Type: BS 13338 Ramos (BM, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Tagkawayan, 15-Mar-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, SAMAR, SIBUYAN (photos). Notes: Low elevation forests. Native.

Meiogyne Miq.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 November 2023
  1. Meiogyne cylindrocarpa (Burck) Heusden, Blumea 38 (1994) 495; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 550; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2219; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 24 (2023) 5432; ≡ Mitrephora cylindrocarpa Burck, Nova Guinea 8 (1911) 433; Type: from New Guinea. = Papualthia mariannae Saff., J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 2 (1912) 459; ≡ Polyalthia mariannae (Saff.) Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 83; ≡ Guamia mariannae (Saff.) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 243; Type: from Marianas Isls. = Alphonsea sessiliflora Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 233; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 165; Type: Alvarez 22118 (B, lecto; BM, US, isolecto), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Sabini, Dec-1910; additional specimen: Ramos 13617 (BM), Rizal, c. 1911 (with adjacent collecting number from “Mount Masungi”). Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: In rain forest, on limestone or on red or sandy soil. 0-1450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Meiogyne mindorensis (Merr.) Heusden, Blumea 38 (1994) 501; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 553; ≡ Oncodostigma mindorense (Merr.) Bân, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59 (1974) 1779; ≡ Desmos mindorensis (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 159; ≡ Unona mindorensis Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 273; Type: Merrill 5568 (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Binabay River, Mt Halcon, in forest at 180m. = Desmos palawanensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 159; ≡ Unona palawanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1742; Type: Elmer 13125 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; BM, BO, F, L, NSW, P, U, US, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. = Desmos elegans Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3070, nom. illeg., non (Thwaites) Saff.; Type: Elmer 17649 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; L, MO, P, S, U, US, isolecto), distributed as Papualthia elegans Elmer, Luzon: Laguna, Los Banos (Mt Makiling), Jun/Jul-1917. = Papualthia irosinensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3689; Type: Elmer 15884 (NY, lecto), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, on very steep woody slopes of wet stony ground at 1000m, Apr-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, ?CEBU, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Presence in Cebu according to Bicknell. In (primary) rain forest, in Palawan sometimes on ultrabasic soils. 0-1000m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  3. Meiogyne virgata (Blume) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2 (1865) 12; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 277; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 556; ≡ Unona virgata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 14. = Meiogyne lucida Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1714; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 172; Type: Elmer 13984 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; A, BISH, BM, BO, CAS, E, F, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MICH, MO, NSW, NY, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Oct-1912. = Meiogyne philippinensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1714; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 172; Type: Elmer 11318 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; A, BM, BO, E, GH, HBG, K, L, NSW, NY, P, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, Aug-1909. = Meiogyne paucinervia Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 241; Type: BS 15381 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto; B, BM, K, P, isolecto), Leyte: near Dagami, in forest, 23-Aug-1912. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna (photos), Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Primary or secondary rain forest. 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Miliusa Lesch. ex A.DC.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 59 July 2024
  1. Miliusa horsfieldii (Benn.) Baill. ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 3 (1881) t.38; Mols & Kessler, Blumea 48 (2003) 440; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 566; ≡ Saccopetalum horsfieldii Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. (Bennett) (1840) 165; Type: from Java. = Miliusa arborea (Elmer) J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1955) 378; ≡ Saccopetalum arboreum Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1739; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 165; Type: Elmer 12677 (A, lecto; B, BM, BO, E, G, HBG, K, L, NSW, NY, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Palawan: Brooks Point, Addison Peak, Feb-1911. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-250m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  2. Miliusa vidalii J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1955) 378; Mols & Kessler, Blumea 48 (2003) 455; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 574; ≡ Saccopetalum longipes S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 43; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 165; Type: Vidal 15 (K, lecto; MA, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Bagac. = Polyalthia pacifica Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3690, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 17357 (A, holo; BO, L, P, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Sep-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. AMBIL, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Cavite, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN (photos). Notes: The name Miliusa longipes is occupied by Miliusa longipes King. 100-300m. Native.

Mitrella Miq.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Paul Collantes, 20 September 2020

Possibly present

  1. Mitrella kentii (Blume) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2 (1865) 39; ≡ Unona kentii Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 16; Type: from Java (lecto). Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. ?MINDANAO: ?Agusan. Notes: P.B. Pelser & J.P. Collantes (20-Sep-20): Not listed for the Philippines by Turner (2018), but Mendoza PNH41879 (L) possibly represents this species in the Philippines.

Mitrephora Hook.f. & Thomson

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 January 2025
  1. Mitrephora basilanensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 251; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Weerasooriya & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 45; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 578; Type: FB 20060 D.P. Miranda (PNH, holo, lost; BO, lecto; BM, L, P, US, isolectu), Basilan: near the Barrio of Balobato, 4-Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Cotabato, PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Forest near mangrove. Only known from three old collections (Weerasooriya & Saunders 2010). 0m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Mitrephora cagayanensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 387; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Weerasooriya & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 47; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 578; Type: M. Adduru 143 (PNH, holo, lost; A, lecto), Luzon: Cagayan, Penablanca, Jun-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela. Notes: Only known from five collections (Weerasooriya & Saunders 2010). In thickets and forests at low elevations. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  3. Mitrephora fragrans Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 252; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Weerasooriya & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 60; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 580; Type: Merrill 9217 (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; BM, GH, L, NY, P, SING, isolecto), Palawan: Taytay, Apr-1913. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forests. 10-400m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  4. Mitrephora lanotan (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 71; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Weerasooriya & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 76; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 582; ≡ Uvaria lanotan Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 464; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 940 (US, neo; A, BM, K, L, MO, NY, P, US, isoneo), Luzon: Bataan, Jun-1915. = Mitrephora caudata Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 454; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Type: FB 29112 Cenabre (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; US, isolecto), Palawan: near Puerto Princesa, Feb-1922. ≠ Unona latifolia auct. non Dunal; Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 234. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Dry forests at low and medium elevations. 80-1600m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  5. Mitrephora multifolia Elmer ex Weeras. & R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 86; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 584; ≡ Mitrephora multifolia Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3685, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 16152 (MO, holo; A, BM, BO, C, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, NSW, NY, P, S, SING, U, US, WELC, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, May-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga, SAMAR. Notes: According to Weerasooriya & Saunders (2010) only known from the type. Low and medium elevation forests. 550m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Mitrephora pictiflora Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1718; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 169; Weerasooriya & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 96; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 585; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 8; Type: Elmer 13731 [erroneously as 13781 in protologue] (PNH, holo, lost; BM, lecto; A, B, BISH, C, E, HBG, K, L, P, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Sep-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Only known from four collections (Weerasooriya & Saunders 2010). Forests. 750m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Mitrephora reflexa Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 10; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 169; Weerasooriya & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 101; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 586; Type: FB 2882 Ahern's collector (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; BO, K, P, PDA, SING, US, isolecto), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, Mar-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bulacan, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, ?Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevations. 0-300m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Mitrephora samarensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 253; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 169; Weerasooriya & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 106; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 587; Type: BS 1666 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; B, BM, BRI, GH, K, L, MO, P, SING, US, isolecto), Samar: Cauayan Valley, Apr-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Lanao, Zamboanga, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forest. 200-750m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Mitrephora sorsogonensis Elmer ex Weeras. & R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 113; Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3687, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 587; Type: Elmer 17178 (NY, holo; A, B, BM, C, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, P, PNH, S, U, US, WELC, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Sep-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: ?Albay (photos), Ilocos Norte, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon. Notes: Secondary forests. 80-1000m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Mitrephora weberi Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 266; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 169; Weerasooriya & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 130; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 590; Type: C.M. Weber 1550 (PNH, neo; A, B, BM, E, K, L, MEL, MIN, MO, NY, P, SING, US, Z, isoneo), Busuanga: Calamian Islands, Mar-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, LUZON: Bulacan, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forests. 30-450m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Mitrephora williamsii C.B.Rob., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35 (1908) 68; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 169; Weerasooriya & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 90 (2010) 132; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 590; Type: R.S. Williams 2188 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; GH, K, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax river, 3-Mar-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Lowland forests. 250-300m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Monoon Miq.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 May 2025
  1. Monoon barnesii (Merr.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1030; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 594; Ezedin, Telopea 29 (2025) 96; ≡ Polyalthia barnesii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 15; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 159; Type: FB 596 Barnes (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; NY, US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Mar-1904. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls. BURIAS, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: In forests. 0-450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Ezedin 2025). Native.
  2. Monoon elongatum (Merr.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1031; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 598; ≡ Polyalthia elongata Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 222; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 160; Type: FB 9456 H.N. Whitford & W.I. Hutchinson (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Port Banga, 50m, Feb-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: Low elevation forests. 50m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  3. Monoon gigantifolium (Merr.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1031; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 598; ≡ Enicosanthum gigantifolium (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (1939) 277; ≡ Polyalthia gigantifolia Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 246; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 160; Type: FB 13763 F.W. Foxworthy, A. Demesa & A. Villamil, Mindanao: Zamboanga, near Margosatubig, 120m, 11-May-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: ?Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: 120m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  4. Monoon grandifolium (Elmer) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1031; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 599; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2219; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 24 (2023) 5432; Ezedin, Telopea 29 (2025) 107; ≡ Enicosanthum grandifolium (Elmer) Airy Shaw, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (1939) 277; ≡ Polyalthia grandifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 291; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 160; Type: Elmer 7358, Leyte: Palo, Jan-1906. = Polyalthia nickersonii Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1733; Type: Elmer 12854 (GH, lecto; BISH, BM, HBG, K, NY, P, US, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Mar-1911. = Polyalthia pinnatinervia Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1736; Type: Elmer 13611 (NY, lecto; BISH, BM, C, E, GH, HBG, K, L, MICH, MO, NY, P, U, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Aug-1912. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. ALABAT, BALABAC, LEYTE, LUZON: ?Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Lanao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, NEGROS, PALAWAN, ?PANAY (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. In forests at low and medium elevations. 0-1067m. Native.
  5. Monoon klemmei (Elmer) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1032; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 601; Ezedin, Telopea 29 (2025) 107; ≡ Enicosanthum klemmei (Elmer) Airy Shaw, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (1939) 277; ≡ Polyalthia klemmei Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1735; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 161; Type: Elmer 12644 (PNH, holo, ?lost; NY, lecto; A, BISH, BM, E, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, P, U, US, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Feb-1911. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan. 6-1300m. Native.
  6. Monoon mindanaense (Elmer) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1033; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 605; ; Ezedin, Telopea 29 (2025) 107; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 8; ≡ Enicosanthum mindanaense (Elmer) Airy Shaw, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (1939) 278; ≡ Polyalthia mindanaensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1734; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 161; Type: Elmer 11642 (NY, lecto; A, BISH, E, GH, HBG, K, LE, MO, NSW, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Sep-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, ?Davao Oriental (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Monoon oblongifolium (C.B.Rob.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1033; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 605; ; Ezedin, Telopea 29 (2025) 102; ≡ Polyalthia oblongifolia C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 202; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 161; Type: BS 9259 Robinson, Polillo: beach N of Burdeos. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, NEGROS, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevations. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Monoon ramiflorum (Merr.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1033; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 608; Ezedin, Telopea 29 (2025) 103; ≡ Polyalthia ramiflora Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 244; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 162; Type: FB 5160 Bridges (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; B, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Sugod Bay, forests from sea level to c. 75m, 6-Aug-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Sorsogon, SAMAR. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevations. 0-75m. Native.
  9. Monoon zamboangaense (Merr.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1034; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 611; ≡ Polyalthia zamboangaensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 245; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 163; Type: FB 13276 Foxworthy, de Mesa & Villamil (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, near Margosatubig, hill forests, c. 120m, 11-May-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests. 120m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Monoon longifolium (Sonn.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1032; ≡ Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864) 398; ≡ Uvaria longifolia Sonn., Voy. Indes Orient. (Sonnerat), 1st Ed. 3 (1782) 260. Distribution: India, Sri Lanka. Notes: Often planted here as a shade tree. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Neo-uvaria Airy Shaw

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 25 November 2025
  1. Neo-uvaria acuminatissima (Miq.) Airy Shaw, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (1939) 279; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 611; ≡ Uvaria acuminatissima Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2 (1865) 6; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Misamis, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PANAY (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Not listed for the Philippines by Turner (2018). In forests at low and medium elevations. 200m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Neo-uvaria merrillii (C.B.Rob.) Chaowasku, Phytotaxa 32 (2011) 34; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 611; ≡ Griffithianthus merrillii (C.B.Rob.) W.H.Br. ex Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 231; ≡ Mitrephora merrillii C.B.Rob., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35 (1908) 67; Type: Merrill 3728 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; BM, K, NSW, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariviles, 1-Jan-1904. = Mitrephora ferruginea Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 16, nom. illeg. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Native.
  3. Neo-uvaria viridifolia (Elmer) Chaowasku, Phytotaxa 32 (2011) 35; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 612; ≡ Mitrephora viridifolia Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1716; Type: Elmer 14184 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; A, BISH, BM, BRIT, BP, C, CAS, DS, E, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, NA, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan. Notes: 305-1067m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Orophea Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Paul Collantes, 15 November 2022
  1. Orophea corymbosa (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1858) 29; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 167; Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 42; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 614; ≡ Bocagea corymbosa Blume, Fl. Javae Annon. (1830) 85; Type: from Java. = Orophea enterocarpoidea S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 93; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 167; Type: Cuming 1586 (G, lecto; BM, G, K, MA, P, isolecto), Luzon: Batangas. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Batangas, Camarines, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Orophea creaghii (Ridl.) Leonardía & Kessler, Blumea 46 (2001) 149; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 615; ≡ Mezzettiopsis creaghii Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912 (1912) 389; Type: from Borneo. = Orophea palawanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1721; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 167; Type: Elmer 12858 (NY, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, E, F, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MICH, MO, NSW, NY, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, densely forested slopes along Balsahan River, March-1911. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON, PALAWAN. Notes: 16-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  3. Orophea cumingiana S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 170; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 166; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 615; Type: Cuming 854 (L, lecto; E, FI, G, LE, MA, WU, isolecto), Luzon: Albay Prov. = Orophea aversa (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 10; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 166; ≡ Mitrephora aversa Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1719; Type: Elmer 13985 (G, lecto; A, BISH, BM, BO, BRIT, C, CAS, E, G, HBG, K, L, MICH, NSW, NY, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Oct-1912. = Orophea bracteolata Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 223; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 166; Type: FB 7055 Klemme (K, lecto; US, lecto), Luzon: Cagayan, San Vicente, May-1907. = Orophea polyantha Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 257; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 167; Type: Ramos 1673 (L, lecto; BM, BO, G, GH, K, MO, NY, P, SING, US, isolecto), Samar: Cauayan Valley, Apr-1914. = Orophea submaculata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1723; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 167; Type: Elmer 13018 ((lectotype L; B, BISH, BM, BO, E, G, GH, HBG, K, NY, U, US, Z, isolecto), Palawan: Puerta Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Jun-1911. = Orophea tarrosae Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 258; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Type: FB 14927 Tarrosa & Almagro (B, lecto; BM, P, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Cotabato Distr, Apr-1912. = Orophea williamsii Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 259; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Type: Williams 2311 (GH, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, 26-Feb-1905. = Orophea vulcanica Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3688, nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevations. 40-457m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Orophea dolichocarpa Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 479; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 617; Type: BS 43211 Ramos (K, lecto; B, BM, BO, G, HBG, P, ?SING, UC, US, isolecto), Bohol: Kalingohan, Aug to Oct-1923. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL. Notes: 600m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  5. Orophea glabra Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 14; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 167; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 618; Kessler, Blumea 34 (1990) 513; Type: FB 1017 Clark (PNH, lost; NY, lecto; BM, K, US, isolecto), Ticao: May/Jun-1904. = Orophea samarensis Merr., nom. inval., in sched. = Sageraea parvifolia Merr. & Quisumb., nom. inval., in sched. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDORO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, TICAO. Notes: In forests at low elevations. 100m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Orophea leytensis Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 181; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 167; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 618; Type: BS 24468 Ramos (L, lecto; A, BM, BO, K, MO, NY, SING, US, isolecto), Samar: Catubig River, Feb/Mar-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Quezon, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation damp forests. (?-)100m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Orophea megalophylla Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 52; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 622; Type: BS 36585 Ramos & Edaño (L, holo; A, BM, BO, GH, K, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Mt Tubuan, Oct-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Orophea merrillii Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 33; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 622; Type: Merrill 9212 (L, holo; A, BM, GH, K, NY, P, US, iso), Palawan: Taytay, Apr-1913. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao Oriental, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests. (?-)200m. Native.
  9. Orophea sericea Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 49; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 625; Type: Wenzel 3378 (GH, holo; A, BO, G, K, M, MO, NY, Z, iso), Mindanao: Surigao, 22-May-1928. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao. Notes: Low elevation forests. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  10. Orophea wenzelii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 356; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 627; Type: Wenzel 682 (G, lecto; A, B, BM, MO, NY, US, isolecto), Leyte: Buenavista near Jaro, 6-Feb-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 500m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

  1. Orophea enterocarpa Maingay ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1 (1872) 92; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia (lecto). Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, ?Philippines, Thailand. ?PALAWAN. Notes: P.B. Pelser & J.P. Collantes (20-Sep-20): Not listed for the Philippines by Turner (2018), but Argent et al. 25380 (E, L) possibly represents this species in the Philippines.

Papualthia Diels

Incertae sedis

  1. Papualthia tenuipes (Merr.) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 243; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 164; ≡ Polyalthia tenuipes Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 269; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 733; Type: BS 13472 Foxworthy & Ramos (PNH, holo, lost), Luzon: Quezon, Kabibihan. In forest at low elevations. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, MINDORO. Notes: No material identified as this species nor its type could be traced by Heusden. This is a different species than Polyalthia tenuipes Merr. (1922) from Borneo. In forests at low and medium elevations. 100m. Native.

Phaeanthus Hook.f. & Thomson

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 March 2026
  1. Phaeanthus ophthalmicus (Roxb. ex G.Don) J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1955) 374; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 628; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2220; ≡ Uvaria ophthalmica Roxb. ex G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1 (1831) 93; Type: from India. = Phaeanthus ebracteolatus (C.Presl) Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 225; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 165; Mols & Kessler, Blumea 45 (2000) 218; ≡ Uvaria ebracteolata C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2 (1835) 77; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo), Luzon: Sorsogon. = Uvaria tripetala Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 465, nom. illeg., non Lam; ≡ Unona tripetala (Blanco) Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 324, nom. illeg., non DC.; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 305 (US, neo; A, BM, K, L, MO, P, UC, W, isoneo), Luzon: Camarines, Mt Isarog, 7-Dec-1913. = Phaeanthus cumingii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1858) 51; Type: Cuming 525 (L, lecto; BM, E, K, M, MEL, MO, P, SING, W, isolecto), Philippines. = Phaeanthus nigrescens Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1728; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 166; Type: Elmer 13727 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; BM, CAS, DS, E, GH, HBG. K, L, MO, NSW, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta. = Phaeanthus nitidus Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 8; Type: BS 23477 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; A, NY, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon. = Phaeanthus pubescens Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 390; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 166; Type: BS 27333 Ramos (K, lecto; A, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Burgos. Distribution: Borneo, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. ALABAT, BABUYAN ISLS, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BONGAO, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TABLAS, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: From Babuyan Isls and Luzon to Mindanao. Common in forests at low and medium elevation. 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Phaeanthus villosus Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 391; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 166; Mols & Kessler, Blumea 45 (2000) 227; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 630; Type: BS 30775 Ramos & Edaño (K, lecto; A, B, BM, BO, K, L, P, SING, US, isolecto), Panay: Capiz, Mt Macosolon, Apr-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: Damp forests along small streams at low and medium elevation. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Platymitra Boerlage

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 July 2022
  1. Platymitra arborea (Blanco) Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 473; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 631; ≡ Alphonsea arborea (Blanco) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 233; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 165; ≡ Macanea arborea Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 431; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 838 (L, neo; A, BM, GH, K, NY, P, US, isoneo), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling, Mar-1915. = Alphonsea philippinensis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 9; Type: Merrill 3075 (K, lecto; B, BM, NY, US, isolecto), Masbate: Aug-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. (?-)300m. Native.

Polyalthia Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 24 December 2025
  1. Polyalthia gracilipes Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 248; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 160; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 733; Type: BS 20792 Escritor, Luzon: Quezon, Quinatacutan, Mar/Apr-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Low elevation forests. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  2. Polyalthia insignis (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939 (1939) 279; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 641; Paguntalan et al., Project Tawsi: Sulu Hornbill Project (2020) 39; ≡ Sphaerothalamus insignis Hook.f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 23 (1860) 156; Type: from Borneo. = Unona miniata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1740; ≡ Polyalthia elmeri Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 160; Type: Elmer 12718 (NY, lecto; BISH, isolecto), Palawan: Brooks Point, Addison Peak, Mar-1911. = Polyalthia dolichophylla Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 391; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 159. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN, PANAY, TAWI-TAWI. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  3. Polyalthia lanceolata S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 170; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 643; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2220; ≡ Haplostichanthus lanceolata (S.Vidal) Heusden, Blumea 39 (1994) 226; ≡ Papualthia lanceolata (S.Vidal) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 242; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 163; Type: Cuming 450 (K, lecto; E, G, L, LE, MA, MEL, MO, NY, P, isolecto). = Papualthia reticulata (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 242; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 164; ≡ Polyalthia reticulata Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 292; Type: Elmer 7272 (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; E, isolecto), Leyte: Palo, Jan-1906. = Papualthia sympetala (C.B.Rob.) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 242; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 164; ≡ Unona sympetala C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 203; Type: BS 10352 MacGregor (PNH, holo, lost; B, lecto), Polillo: Oct/Nov-1909. = Papualthia loheri (Merr.) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 242; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 163; ≡ Polyalthia loheri Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 268; Type: FB 18437 Alvarez (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto), Luzon: Cagayan, Culasing Mt, Feb/Mar-1909. = Polyalthia loheri var. cagayanensis Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 269; Type: BS 13948 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; B, lecto), Luzon: Cagayan, Abulug River, near Dabba, Feb-1912. = Polyalthia romblonensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1729; Type: Elmer 12170 (L, lecto; A, BISH, BM, E, HBG, K, LE, MO, NY, US, isolecto), Romblon, Mar-1910. = Polyalthia urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1738; ≡ Papualthia urdanetensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 243; Type: Elmer 13931 (L, lecto; A, B, C, CAS, E, G, GH, HBG, K, MICH, MO, NSW, NY, P, U, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Sep-1912. = Papualthia samarensis Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 180; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 164; Type: BS 24180 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; A, US, iso), Samar: Catubig River at Camaniwan, Feb/Mar-1916. = Papualthia bakeri Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3069; Type: Elmer 17775 (PNH, holo, lost; L, lecto; A, BISH, C, F, G, GH, HBG, K, MO, NY, S, U, US, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños, Mt Makiling, Jun/Jul-1917. = Papualthia boholensis Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 479; Type: BS 43095 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; A, BM, G, UC, US, isolecto), Bohol: Valencia, Oct-1923. = Papualthia longipes Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 323; Type: BS 45281 Ramos & Edano (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto), Luzon: Aurora, Casiguran, Cabulig River, 28-May-1925. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Batangas, Benguet (photos), Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, POLILLO, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: 30-900m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  4. Polyalthia luzonensis (Merr.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders, Taxon 61 (2012) 1035; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 646; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2220; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 24 (2023) 5432; ≡ Haplostichanthus heteropetala (Merr.) Heusden, Blumea 39 (1994) 224; ≡ Papualthia heteropetala Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 389; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 163; Type: BS 32853 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; US, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Burgos, Jul-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, ?Isabela (photos), Quezon, Sorsogon. Notes: In dry forests at low elevation; on riverbank in forest. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Polyalthia microtus Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2 (1865) 13; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 647; Type: from Borneo. = Polyalthia rubra (Merr.) Bân, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59 (1974) 1779.; ≡ Desmos ruber (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 159, as 'rubra'; ≡ Unona rubra Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 224; Type: BS 480 Mangubat (US, lecto; BO, NY, isolecto), Balabac, Mar/Apr-1906. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, PALAWAN. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  6. Polyalthia mindorensis Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 161; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 648; ≡ Phaeanthus acuminatus Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 11; Merrill, PJS 2c (1907) 273; Mols & Kessler, Blumea 45 (2000) 228; Type: Merrill 4050 (NY, lecto; K, isolecto), Mindoro: Baco River, 14-Mar-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ?GUIMARAS (photos), MINDORO. Notes: The name Polyalthia acuminata is occupied by Polyalthia acuminata Thwaites. Low elevation forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  7. Polyalthia minutiflora Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1730; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 648; Type: Elmer 13055 (NY, lecto; A, BISH, BO, E, GH, HBG, L, P, MICH, NSW, NY, U, US, Z, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, 250ft, Apr-1911. = Polyalthia pulgarensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1731, as 'pulgarense'; Type: Elmer 13100 (NY, lecto; A, BISH, BM, BO, CAS, E, HBG, K, L, MICH, MO, NY, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN, ?PANAY (photos). Notes: 76-457m. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  8. Polyalthia obliqua Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 138; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 161; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 650; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 290; Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. = Polyalthia similis Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 371; Type: BS 15185 Ramos (K, lecto; BM, US, isolecto), Leyte: Dagami, Aug-1912. Distribution: Borneo, India, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BALABAC, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Lanao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864) 398; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 209; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 162; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 298; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 654; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2220; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 24 (2023) 5432; ≡ Uvaria suberosa Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 1 (1795) 35. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal (photos), Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato. Notes: In Luzon from Cagayan to Laguna. Rather common in lowland and medium elevation thickets. 50-110m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Polyalthia venosa Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 222; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 163; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 656; Type: FB 9108 Whitford & Hutchinson (K, lecto; US, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Port Banga, Nov/Dec-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Misamis, Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Low elevation forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Popowia Endl.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 June 2025
  1. Popowia lanceolata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 252; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 164; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 660; Type: BS 35186 Ramos & Pascasio (K, lecto; A, BM, BO, L, P, US, iso), Dinagat Island, low elevation forest, 12-May-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT. Notes: Perhaps not specifically distinct from the next entry. Low elevation forests. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl. ex Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. (Walpers) 1 (1842) 74; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 164; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 661; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2221; ≡ Guatteria pisocarpa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 21; Type: from Java. = Bocagea polyandra C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2 (1835) 77; ≡ Popowia polyandra (C.Presl) Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 224; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, lecto; HAL, PR, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BASILAN, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 60-366m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Pseuduvaria Miq.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 November 2021
  1. Pseuduvaria luzonensis (Merr.) Y.C.F.Su & R.M.K.Saunders, Blumea 46 (2001) 590; Su & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 79 (2006) 101; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 670; ≡ Orophea luzonensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 224, as 'luzoniensis'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 167; Type: FB 2389 Borden (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; B, E, K, SING, US, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, Jan-1905. = Pseuduvaria grandiflora Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 392; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Type: BS 27514 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; A, BM, BO, L, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Bangui, 9-Mar-1917. ≠ Orophea maculata auct. non Scort. ex King; Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 11. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 90-100m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Pseuduvaria macgregorii Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 392; Su & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 79 (2006) 105; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 670; Type: BS 43714 McGregor (PNH, holo, lost; NY, lecto; UC, isolecto), Samar: Western Samar, Loquilocon, c. 250m, Jun-1924. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: 100-250m. Conservation status: Endangered. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  3. Pseuduvaria mindorensis Y.C.F.Su & R.M.K.Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 79 (2006) 117; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 671; Type: BS 46374 Ramos (BM, holo; B, BM, NY, iso), Mindoro: Puerto Galera, Nov/Dec-1925. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO. Notes: Dry deciduous forests and secondary growth. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Pseuduvaria pamattonis (Miq.) Y.C.F.Su & R.M.K.Saunders, Blumea 46 (2001) 591; Su & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 79 (2006) 137; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 673; ≡ Orophea pamattonis Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1858) 24; Type: from Borneo. = Hydnocarpus unonifolius Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1779, as 'unonifolia'; Type: Elmer 12936 (NY, lecto; A, BISH, BM, E, GH, L, US, Z, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Primary lowland to upper montane mixed dipterocarp forest, on limestone and clay soils. 70-550(-670)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Pseuduvaria philippinensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 256; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Su & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 79 (2006) 146; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 674; Type: FB 20182 Aguilar (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Hinabaan, 22-Apr-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevations. 50m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered A1(d). Native.
  6. Pseuduvaria unguiculata (Elmer) Y.C.F.Su & R.M.K.Saunders, Blumea 46 (2001) 592; Su & Saunders, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 79 (2006) 176; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 678; ≡ Orophea unguiculata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1724; Type: Elmer 13286 (PNH, holo, lost; G, lecto; B, BISH, BM, BO, C, CAS, E, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Jul-1912. = Mitrephora ellipanthoides Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1715; ≡ Orophea ellipanthoides (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 167; Type: Elmer 13987 (PNH, holo, lost; BO, lecto; B, BISH, BM, BO, BRIT, C, CAS, E, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, NSW, NY, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Oct-1912. = Pseuduvaria caudata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 251; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 168; Type: BS 25533 Cenabre (PNH, holo, lost; P, lecto; K, US, isolecto), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Sipocot, forested slopes, c. 80m, 15-May-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Sur, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation primary forest. 80-500m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Pyramidanthe Miq.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 31 July 2022

Excluded

  1. Pyramidanthe prismatica (Hook.f. & Thomson) Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 84(Spec. No.) (1921) 262; ≡ Melodorum prismaticum Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 121. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Notes: Pelser (31-Jul-22): The label on Cumming 2344 (P) reads 'Manille', but the plant was collected in Malay Peninsula fide Hooker & Thomson (1855).

Sageraea Dalz

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 March 2020
  1. Sageraea lanceolata Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2 (1865) 10; Van Heusden, Nordic J. Bot. 17 (1997) 44; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 681; Type: from Borneo. = Sageraea glabra Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 12; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 155; Type: Merrill 4021 (L, lecto; K, NSW, NY, P, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas, Laguimanoc, 12-Mar-1905. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BILIRAN, LUZON: Camarines, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao, Misamis, Surigao, Zamboanga, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevation. 0-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Sphaerocoryne Scheff. ex Ridl.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 March 2020
  1. Sphaerocoryne affinis (Teijsm. & Binn.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 75 (1917) 8; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 684; ≡ Polyalthia affinis Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27 (1864) 37; Type: from Java. = Dasymaschalon scandens Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 238; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 175; Type: Merrill 9277 (K, lecto), Palawan: Taytay-Bantolan trail, forested slopes, c. 150m, May-1913. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, PALAWAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 150m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1, as Dasymaschalon scandens). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Uvaria L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 May 2026
  1. Uvaria alba Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 17; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 155; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 691; Type: FB 50 Barnes (US, lecto; BM, BO, K, NY, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Aug-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Pangasinan, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao de Oro, NEGROS. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 200-244m. Native.
  2. Uvaria concava Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 3 (1852) 331; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 695; Type: from Java. = Uvaria lurida Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 101; Type: from India. = Uvaria stellata Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 14; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 157; Type: Elmer 6322 (K, lecto; NY, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Twin Peaks, May-1904. = Uvaria leytensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 230; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 155; ≡ Unona leytensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1744; Type: Elmer 13880 (L, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, CAL, GH, K, L, NA, NSW, NY, P, U, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Sep-1912. = Uvaria nudistellata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1746; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 156; Type: Elmer 13015 (PNH, holo, lost; L, lectol A, BISH, BM, BO, BP, CAL, GH, K, L, NA(ex MOAR), NSW, NY, P, U, US, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princess, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Laguna, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur (photos), Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 50-750m. Native.
  3. Uvaria elliptifolia Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 229; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 155; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 698; Type: BS 18878 McGregor (L, lecto; K, US, isolecto), Biliran: forests, c. 300m, Jun-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, PANAY (photos). Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 100-275m (photos) to 300m. Native.
  4. Uvaria glabra Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 162; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 700; ≡ Cyathostemma glabrum (Span.) Jessup ex Utteridge, Blumea 45 (2000) 385; Type: from Indonesia. Distribution: Australia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. BANTAYAN (photos), PALAWAN. Native.
  5. Uvaria goloensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 456; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 248; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 700; Type: Merrill 11551 (US, lecto; A, BM, BRI, K, MEL, NSW, NY, P, PNH, isolecto), Golo: Aug-1923. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. GOLO, MINDORO, PANAY (photos), SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Native.
  6. Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. ex Hornem., Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl. (1819) 141; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 202; Attanayake, Syst. Bot. Uvaria Borneo (2010) 127; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 700; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; Type: from Sumatra. = Uvaria rubra C.B.Rob., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35 (1908) 68; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 156; Type: R.S. Williams 3042 (NY, holo; NY, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Sanata Cruz, 29-Jun-1905. = ?Uvaria cardinalis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1748, as 'cardinales'; Type: Elmer 7317, Luzon: Sorsogon Prov. = Uvaria purpurea Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 11; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 156; Type: from Java. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. CAGAYAN DE SULU, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte (photos), Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Surigao, Zamboanga del Sur (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets. 0-750m. Native.
  7. Uvaria lancifolia Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 228; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 155; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 704; Type: Gates 5495, Luzon: Zambales, San Antonio, Jan-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO. Notes: Low and medium elevation thickets and forests. 300m. Native.
  8. Uvaria littoralis (Blume) Blume, Fl. Javae Annon. (1830) 26; Attanayake, Syst. Bot. Uvaria Borneo (2010) 147; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 706; ≡ Unona littoralis Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 16; Type: from Java. = Uvaria cordata (Dunal) Alston, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5 (1931) 4, nom. illeg., non Schumach. & Thonn; ≡ Guatteria cordata Dunal, Monogr. Anonac. (1817) 129. = Uvaria sorzogonensis C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2 (1835) 76; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 157; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, holo), Luzon: Sorsogon. = Unona camphorata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 468; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 1057 (K, neo; BM, L, P, US, isoneo), Alabat Island: Dec-1916. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines. ALABAT, BALABAC, BUSUANGA, CALAYAN, ?CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, ITBAYAT, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Maguindanao del Norte, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low to medium elevation thickets and forests. 0-660m. Native.
  9. Uvaria macgregorii Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 394; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 155; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 708; Type: BS 32249 McGregor (US, lecto; A, isolecto), Panay: Antique, Batbatan Isl, opposite Culasi, May to Aug-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATBATAN, MINDANAO: Misamis, ?PANAY. Notes: Low elevation thickets. Native.
  10. Uvaria micrantha (A.DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 103; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 155; Attanayake, Syst. Bot. Uvaria Borneo (2010) 163; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 709; ≡ Cyathostemma micranthum (A.DC.) J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14 (1955) 225; ≡ Guatteria micrantha A.DC., Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 5 (1832) 218; Type: from Myanmar. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, LUZON: Batangas, Bulacan, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Low elevation thickets and open forests, on or near the seashore. 0-210m. Native.
  11. Uvaria monticola Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2 (1865) 5; Attanayake, Syst. Bot. Uvaria Borneo (2010) 168; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 709; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 2221; Type: from Borneo. = Uvaria scandens C.B.Rob., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35 (1908) 69; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 157; Type: R.S. Williams 2764 (NY, holo; NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Santa Cruz, 5-May-1905. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 0-1350m. Native.
  12. Uvaria musaria (Dunal) Oken, Allg. Naturgesch. 3 (1841) 1255, as 'T. musaria'; A.DC., Mém. Annon. (1832) 29; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 156; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 710; ≡ Unona musaria Dunal, Monogr. Anonac. (1817) 100; Type: from Moluccas. Distribution: Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls. LUZON: Camarines, MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: Forested slopes at low elevations. Native.
  13. Uvaria panayensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 393; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 156; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 711; Type: BS 31367 Ramos & Edaño, Panay: Capiz, Jamindan, 22-May-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: Forests along small streams. Low and medium elevation. DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
  14. Uvaria rufa (Dunal) Blume, Fl. Javae Annon. (1828) 19; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 206; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 156; J.Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 211; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 712; ≡ Guatteria rufa Dunal, Monogr. Anonac. (1817) 129. = Uvaria solanifolia C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2 (1835) 76; Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, lecto; HAL, isolecto), Luzon. = Unona setigera Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 468; ≡ Uvaria setigera (Blanco) Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 323; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 199 (US, neo; BM, K, L, isoneo), Luzon: Pangasinan, Umingan, 7-May-1914. Distribution: Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BUSUANGA, CALAYAN, JOLO (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Misamis, Misamis Oriental, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, ?PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SICOGON (photos). Notes: N Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Low and medium elevation thickets. 5m (photos) to 10-747m. Native.
  15. Uvaria valderramensis Cabuang, Exconde & Alejandro, Philipp. J. Syst. Biol. 6 (2012) 7; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 717; Retuerma-Dioneda & Alejandro, Biodiversitas 24 (2023) 5432; Type: Cabuang, Exconde & Lemana VI011 (USTH, holo; PNH, USTH, iso), Panay: Antique, Valderrama, Brgy Bugnay, 14-May-2011. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, NEGROS (photos), PANAY. Native.
  16. Uvaria zschokkei Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 292; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 157; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 719; Type: Elmer 7647 (NY, lecto; A, E, K, LE, MO, NSW, US, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas, Lucban, May-1907. = Uvaria subverrucosa Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1745; Type: Elmer 13274 (NY, lecto; BM, E, HBG, L, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Jul-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BILIRAN, LUZON: Isabela (photos), Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Native.

Needs name

  1. Uvaria peninsula Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3691, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 735; Type: Elmer 16852 (PNH, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Aug-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Sorsogon. Native.

Xylopia L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 July 2022
  1. Xylopia dehiscens (Blanco) Merr., Bull. Bur. Forest. Philipp. Islands 1 (1903) 20; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 171; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 722; ≡ Unona dehiscens Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 466; ≡ Xylopia blancoi S.Vidal, Sin. Gen. Pl. Leños Filip., Atlas (1883) 12, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Type: Vidal 2027 (K, neo; L, MA, isoneo), Masbate. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Batangas, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: From Luzon (Cagayan) to Mindanao. In forests at low and medium elevations. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Xylopia densifolia Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1749; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 172; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 723; Type: Elmer 12471 (NY, lecto; A, BISH, BO, CAL, DS, E, HBG, K, L, NSW, P, US, isolecto), Sibuyuan: Magallanes, Mt Giting-Giting, May-1910. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Isabela, MINDORO, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevations. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

  1. Xylopia ferruginea (Hook.f. & Thomson) Baill., Hist. Pl. (Baillon) 1 (1868) 225; Rojo, FORPRIDE Digest 4 (1975) 26-35; Rev. Lex. Philip. Trees (1999) 22; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 724; ≡ Habzelia ferruginea Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. (Hooker f. & Thomson) 1 (1855) 124; Type: from Malay Peninsula. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines, Singapore. Notes: Not reported for the Philippines by Turner (2018).
  2. Xylopia sumatrana (Miq.) D.M.Johnson & N.A.Murray, Gard. Bull. Singapore 67 (2015) 361; ≡ Unona sumatrana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 377; Turner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 70 (2018) 730. Distribution: Borneo, Malaysia, ?Philippines, Sumatra. ?MINDANAO: ?Surigao del Sur. Notes: Not reported for the Philippines by Turner (2018). 50-1000m.

References