Anacardiaceae

Anacardium L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 17 April 2024
  1. Anacardium occidentale L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 383; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 299; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 469; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 421. Distribution: S America. APULIT, LUZON: Rizal (photos), MANAMOC, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: Introduced from Tropical America during the Spanish colonial times. Widely cultivated in the tropics for its nut, the cashew. Naturalized throughout the seasonal parts of the Philippines in settled areas at low and medium elevation, often on sandy soils in villages near seacoasts. Cashew. Naturalized.

Buchanania Spreng.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 16 July 2026
  1. Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 183; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 300; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 465; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 415; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 986; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Coniogeton arborescens Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826-1827) 1156; Type: from Java. = Buchanania platyphylla Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 33; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 467; Type: Miranda [Forest. Bur.] 20274 (PNH, holo, lost; US, K, iso), Mindanao: Misamis, Mar-1913. = Buchanania pseudoflorida Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 24; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 467; Type: Merrill 2061 (NY, iso), Quezon: Tayabas. = Buchanania lucida Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 184. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. APULIT, BAGUAN, BALABAC, BASILAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, CULION, DALUPIRI, DANJUGAN (photos), DINAGAT, GENERAL ISLAND (photos), GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LAGEN, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MALAMAWI, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Misamis, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, PONEAS, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, SIBUTU, SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI, TICAO, TINAGO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines, chiefly in lowland forests, along river banks, near beaches, secondary forests, etc. 0-300(-1280)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Buchanania heterophylla K.Schum., Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1905) 300; Buhay et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 3085; Type: from New Guinea. = Campnosperma philippinensis Merr., PJS 60 (1936) 31; Type: Wenzel 3199, Mindanao: Surigao, near Placer, 28-Mar-1928. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls. BILIRAN, DINAGAT (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur (photos), Surigao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Note by James V. LaFrankie (pers. comm., 9-Apr-14): "Ding Hou considered that name [Buchanania heterophylla K.Schum.] a synonym of B. amboinensis. Both are still widely used in New Guinea, but heterophylla seems always to be used for plants with really big thick-stalked leaves where the blade comes broadly right to the twig. B. amboinensis is much more like insignis.". Native.
  3. Buchanania insignis Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 184; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 415; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 24; Type: from Borneo. = Buchanania nitida Engl., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 193; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 466; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 418; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 25. = Buchanania acuminatissima Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 34; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 465; Type: Ramos 10932, Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio, 1910. = Buchanania conglomerata Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 467; Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3679, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Buchanania sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3681, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, BUCAS GRANDE, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. Occasionally on limestone. Note by P.B. Pelser (6-Aug-19): Buchanania nitida is here considered a synonym of Buchanania insignis following LaFrankie (pers. comm. 9-Apr-14). 0-450(-975)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Buchanania microphylla Engl., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 185; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 466; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 4; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 413; Type: Cuming 1125 (K, holo; L, iso), Luzon: Albay. Distribution: China, Philippines. CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Albay, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Zambales, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: In seasonal parts of the archipelago, on dry slopes, thickets and secondary forests. 0-815m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

  1. Buchanania sessilifolia Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1851) 184, as 'sessifolia'. Distribution: Borneo, India, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, ?Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. ?LUZON: ?Bulacan, ?Quezon. Notes: Note by P.B. Pelser & J.P. Collantes (13-Sep-20): Ridsdale 1905 (L) and Romero et al. PPI 15638 (L) possibly represent this species in the Philippines. 18-1372m.

Campnosperma Thwaites

Possibly present

  1. Campnosperma squamatum Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1933 (1933) 197. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, ?Philippines. ?LEYTE. Notes: Note by P.B. Pelser & J.P. Collantes (13-Aug-20): PPI 8620 Barbon, Alvarez & Fuentes (L) possibly represents this species in the Philippines. 5-1036m.

Dracontomelon Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 July 2025
  1. Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 108; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 471; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 470, excl. syn. D. edule, D. lamiyo, & D. brachyphyllum; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Paliurus dao Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 174. = Dracontomelon sylvestre Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 231; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 472. = Dracontomelon mangiferum Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 231. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, GUIMARAS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Norte, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: In Luzon from Cagayan and Ilocos Norte to Sorsogon. Common in primary and secondary forests. In high rainfall areas, although sometimes with a short dry season. 0-500(-1840)m. Common name: Dao. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Incertae sedis

  1. Dracontomelon edule (Blanco) Skeels, Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 261 (1912) 52; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 471; ≡ Paliurus edulis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 173. Distribution: CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, PALAWAN, SAMAR, TABLAS. Notes: Common in lowland primary forests, along riverbanks and on hills. This species is widely considered a synonym of Dracontomelon dao, but is considered distinct in the Philippines. It is mostly a smaller tree with larger fruits, and lacks the great sweeping buttresses of Dracontomelon dao. Common name: Lamio. Native.

Koordersiodendron Engl.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 18 August 2017
  1. Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blanco) Merr., Bull. Bur. Forest. Philipp. Islands 1 (1903) 33; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 470; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 486; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. = Odina speciosa Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 206. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BILATAN, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales (photos), MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, TICAO. Notes: Luzon (Cagayan) to Palawan and Mindanao. Forests, on dryland or occasionally inundated areas. 0-460(-1219)m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Mangifera L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 27 June 2026
  1. Mangifera altissima Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 181; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 467; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 24; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 430; Kumar & Chakrabarty, Rheedea 31 (2021) 93; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 831 (L, neo; A, CAL, GH, K, NY, US, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Angat, Dec-1913; Ahern's collector 2442 (CAL, epi), Luzon: Rizal, Jan-March-1905. = Buchanania reticulata Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1499, nom. illeg. ≠ Mangifera parvifolia auct. non Boerl. & Koord.; Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 401; EPFP 2 (1923) 469. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LAGEN, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Lanao, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Chiefly in lowland primary forests whether inland or sometimes coastal. Common. 0-540m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  2. Mangifera caesia Jack, Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 2 (1824) 441; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 468; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 24; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 438; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Misamis, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN. Notes: Primary forests, swamp or periodically inundated areas along rivers. Also in semicultivated state. 0-450m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Mangifera indica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 200; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 300; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 468; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 427. Distribution: China, India, Myanmar, Thailand. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Batangas (photos), Cagayan (photos), Mountain Province (photos), Zambales (photos). Notes: Probably a native of Indo-Myanmar region and widely cultivated throughout the tropics of both hemispheres. Generally planted as a village tree and cultivated commercially in Peninsular Malaysia, Java and the Philippines. Seemingly indigenous or naturalized in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina and some islands of West Malesia. Generally cultivated below 500m. Naturalized.
  4. Mangifera laurina Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 195; Kostermans, Blumea 33 (1988) 347. = Mangifera longipes Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4 (1854) 419; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 468; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 428. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam. NEGROS, PALAWAN, SIASI. Notes: Lowland forests. 0-400(-1500)m. Fl./fr. Feb-Nov. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  5. Mangifera merrillii Mukherji, Lloydia 12 (1949) 108. ≠ Mangifera parvifolia auct. non Boerl. & Koord.; Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 401. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Zambales, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forest. 170-200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Endangered. Native.
  6. Mangifera monandra Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 28; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 468; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 432; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10. = Mangifera philippinensis Mukherji, Lloydia 12 (1949) 108. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, SAMAR, TABLAS, TICAO. Notes: Lowland primary forests. 30-736m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  7. Mangifera odorata Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4 (1854) 417; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 468; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 26; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 437. Distribution: ?Laos, ?Thailand, ?Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, JOLO, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga. Notes: Native country not known, possibly of cultivated (hybrid?) origin, sometimes found in lowland forest in Sumatra, Borneo and Java, but possibly from planted or naturalized trees. Chiefly found in cultivation. 8-488m. Cryptogenic.

Possibly present

  1. Mangifera pajang Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1965) 20. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: John Edward Matulina Villasis (2-Feb-25): Reported by locals to grow in the wild, chiefly in lowland dipterocarp forests, but the identification needs verification, because plants might be misidentified and instead represent Mangifera foetida (Everette James Bacosa Escubin, 30-Aug-26). In addition, this species might be introduced for cultivation, perhaps dispersed by early humans. Rare within its native range, except the west coast plains of Sabah, thus possibly extending to S Palawan. 35-950m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Cryptogenic.

Parishia Hook.f.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 20 May 2018
  1. Parishia maingayi Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 2 (1876) 30; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 543. = Parishia oblongifolia Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 413; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 473. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland primary forests including ultramafics and inundated riverbanks. 600-1450m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Parishia malabog Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 281; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 472; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 545. = Spondias romblonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3683, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LUZON: Aurora, Quezon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDORO, NEGROS, ROMBLON, SIBUTU, SIBUYAN, TABLAS, TICAO. Notes: Forested slopes or coastal rocky cliffs. 0-747m to 822m (photos). Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Pistacia L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 August 2012
  1. Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Enum. Pl. China Bor. (1833) 15; Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 2 (1835) 89; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 472; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 547. = Pistacia philippinensis Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 107. Distribution: China, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO. Notes: 0-1350(-2475)m. Native.

Pleiogynium Engl.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 October 2017
  1. Pleiogynium timoriense (DC.) Leenh., Blumea 7 (1952) 159; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 474; ≡ Icica timoriensis DC., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 2 (1825) 78. = Pleiogynium solandri (Benth.) Engl., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 255; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 472, as ‘solanderi’; ≡ Spondias solandri Benth., Fl. Austral. 1 (1863) 492. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls. LUZON: Rizal. Notes: 0-560(-970)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Rhus L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 July 2026
  1. Rhus taitensis Guill., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 2nd Sér. 7 (1837) 361; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 473; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 537. = Melanococca tomentosa Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 236. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BOHOL, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: La Union, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Sur (photos), NEGROS (photos). Notes: Note by P.B. Pelser (24-Sep-19): sometimes included in Melanococca when Rhus is more narrowly defined. 0-1950m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Semecarpus L.f.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 July 2026
  1. Semecarpus bunburyanus Gibbs, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42 (1914) 67; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 512. = Semecarpus subsessilifolius Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 411, as 'subsessilifolia'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 475. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Usually at low and medium elevation. 0-1524m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 220; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 299; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 473; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 517; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10. = Semecarpus anacardium Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 21, nom. illeg., non L.f. = Semecarpus perrottetii Marchand, Rév. Anacardiac. (1869) 169. = Semecarpus sideroxyloides Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 28; Type: Merrill 2160, Mindoro: Pinamalayan. = Semecarpus elmeri Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 26; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 473; Type: Merrill 1176, Mindoro: Baco, Jan-1902. = Semecarpus taftianus Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 28, as 'taftiana'; Type: Merrill 734, Palawan: (Island of Paragua) E-wi-ig River, Feb-1903. = Semecarpus ferrugineus Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 412, as 'ferruginea'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 474; Type: BS 30756 Ramos & Edaño, Panay: Capiz, Mt. Macosolon, 22-Apr-1918. = Semecarpus megabotrys Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 285, as 'magabotrys'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 474; Type: FB 22359 Alvarez, Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Jan-1911. = Semecarpus pilosus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 287, as 'pilosa'; Type: BS 11435 McGregor, Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, Dupax, Mar-1912. = Semecarpus merrillianus Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 27, as 'merrilliana'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 474; Type: Merril 851, Palawan: (Island of Paragua) San Antonio Bay. = Semecarpus micranthus Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 27, as 'micrantha'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 474; Type: Merrill 20709, Palawan: (Island of Paragua) Ewiig River, Feb-1903. = Semecarpus obtusifolius Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 286, as 'obtusifolia'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 475; Type: BS 512 Mangubat, Balabac: 4-Mar-1906. = Semecarpus philippinensis Engl., Monogr. Phan. 4 (1883) 481; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 475. = Semecarpus thyrsoideus Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3179, as 'thyrsoidea'; Type: Elmer 21965, Luzon: Pampanga, Zambales Mts, Mt Pinatubo, May-1927. = Semecarpus whitfordii Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 288; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 475; Type: FB 11774 Whitford, Mindanao: Cotabato, Lebak, 4-Mar-1912. ≠ Semecarpus microcarpus auct. non Wall. ex Hook.f.; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 55. ≠ Semecarpus pubescens auct. non Thwaites; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 55. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. BALABAC, BILIRAN, CEBU, DINAGAT, GIGATANGAN, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIBUYAN. Notes: In dry thickets, primary and secondary forest. 0-600(-1245)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Semecarpus densiflorus (Merr.) Steenis, PJS 91 (1962) 508; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 516; ≡ Oncocarpus densiflorus Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 191; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 476; Type: BS 24546 Ramos, Samar: Catubig River, Cagmanaba, 29-Feb-1913. Distribution: Cambodia, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Isabela, Sorsogon, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests, open woods, near the shore, sometimes on limestone. 0-800m. Native.
  4. Semecarpus forstenii Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 188; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 509. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. LUZON: Bataan, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Notes: 0-800(-1200)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Semecarpus glauciphyllus Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1501; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 474; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 35; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 518. = Semecarpus acuminatissima Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 282. = Semecarpus oblongifolius Quisumb., PJS 76 (1944) 43, nom. illeg., non Thwaites. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: In forests, sometimes along rivers. 0-200(-1000)m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Semecarpus longifolius Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 188; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 507; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973. = Semecarpus euphlebius Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 283, as 'euphlebia'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 473; Type: BS 13163 Foxworthy & Ramos, Luzon: Tayabas, Quinatacutan River, Mar-1911. = Semecarpus lanceolatus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 284, as 'lanceolata'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 474; Type: BS 7083 Ramos, Luzon: Abra subprov, Dolores, Feb-1909. = Semecarpus gigantifolius S.Vidal, Sin. Gen. Pl. Leños Filip., Atlas (1883) 22, as 'gigantifolia'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 474. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. CORREGIDOR, DALUPIRI, DANJUGAN (photos), LUZON: Abra, Aurora (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAUI (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Forests. 0-300(-610)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Semecarpus macrophyllus Merr., Bull. Bur. Forest. Philipp. Islands 1 (1903) 33; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 36; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 516; ≡ Oncocarpus macrophylla (Merr.) C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 340; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 475. = Semecarpus surigaensis Merr., PJS 17 (1921) 272; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 475. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ?LEYTE (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Sur (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Norte (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Forests on dryland, along streams. Low elevation. 200m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Semecarpus paucinervius Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 286; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 475; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 36; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 510. = Semecarpus obtusatus Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1752, as 'obtusata'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 475; Type: Elmer 13003, Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Iwahig River, Apr-1911. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland primary forests, along streambank. Fl. Feb, fr. May. 0-550m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
  9. Semecarpus stenophyllus Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 407; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 37; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 507. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela, SAMAR. Notes: Riverbank thickets. 84-400m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Semecarpus trachyphyllus Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 29, as 'trachyphylla'; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 508; ≡ Oncocarpus trachyphyllus (Perkins) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 476, as 'trachyphylla'; Type: Warburg 11796, Luzon: Malunu. = Semecarpus macrothyrsus Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 26, as 'macrothyrsa'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 474; Type: Merrill 2447, Luzon: Tayabas, Malicboi. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, SAMAR. Notes: Primary lowland forests. 30-1219m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Incertae sedis

  1. Semecarpus obovatus (Elmer) Steenis, PJS 91 (1962) 508, nom. illeg., non Moon ex Thwaites; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 37; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 518; ≡ Oncocarpus obovatus (Elmer) Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 413; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 476; ≡ Dichapetalum obovatum Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 483. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Notes: It cannot be properly placed from the descriptions and no material has been traced. Ding Hou (1978): Described from a specimen with one immature fruit from Mt Banahao, Lucban, Tayabas, Luzon (Elmer 7931), later supplemented with a male flowered collection from the type locality (Quisumbing 1346). Native.

Solenocarpus Wight & Arn.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 24 November 201
  1. Solenocarpus philippinensis (Elmer) Kosterm., New Crit. Malaysian Pl. 3 (1955) 1; Mitchell & Daly, PhytoKeys 55 (2015) 4; ≡ Spondias philippinensis (Elmer) Airy Shaw & Forman, Kew Bull. 21 (1967) 15; Ding Hou, Blumea 24 (1978) 38; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 485; ≡ Phlebochiton philippinensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 472, as 'philippinense'; ≡ Pegia philippinensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3100. Distribution: Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Cavite, Laguna, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: 5-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Spondias L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 May 2026
  1. Spondias dulcis Parkinson, J. Voy. South Seas (1773) 39; Mitchell & Daly, PhytoKeys 55 (2015) 22. = Spondias cytherea Sonn., Voy. Indes Orient. (Sonnerat), 1st Ed. 3 (1782) 242; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 481. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Isls. Notes: Cultivated in the Philippines and other tropical countries. Lowlands. Naturalized.
  2. Spondias malayana Kosterm., Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 34 (1981) 108; Soejarto et al., Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan (1995). Distribution: Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand. LAGEN, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Known from Lagen Isl in Palawan from SMHI 825 (L, PNH). 200-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu App. A (1875) 44; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 470; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 483; ≡ Mangifera pinnata L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1786) 156. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. APULIT, CATANDUANES, CORON, CULION, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Indo-Malesia, especially in Java and the Philippines, but difficult to ascertain where it is precisely native because of its wide cultivation and tendency to naturalize. Besides in the cultivated state, found in both primary and secondary forests, clearings, and in dry areas, sometimes on limestone, typically in the lowlands. 0-500(-900)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Cryptogenic.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Spondias mombin L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 371; Mitchell & Daly, PhytoKeys 55 (2015) 34; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 484. Distribution: Neotropics. Notes: Widely cultivated in Malesia. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Spondias purpurea L., Sp. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1762) 613; Mitchell & Daly, PhytoKeys 55 (2015) 41; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 301; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 471. = Spondias negrosensis Kosterm., Kedondong, Ambarella, Amra (1991) 28; Type: Merrill 639, Luzon: Rizal, Pasay, Apr-1913 (US, iso). Distribution: Neotropics. LUZON. Notes: Cultivated throughout the tropics. Cultivated, not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Swintonia Griffith

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & John Edward Matulina Villasis, 17 August 2024
  1. Swintonia acuta Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1 (1880) 44; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 444. = Swintonia luzoniensis Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3c (1908) 109; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 470. = Swintonia acuminata Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 35; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 469. = Swintonia foxworthyi Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1752; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 469; Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 8 (1978) 443. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Quezon, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary lowland forests, along riverbanks, on coral limestone, ultrabasic rocks. 0-750(-2000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Toxicodendron Mill.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 20 May 2018

Possibly present

  1. Toxicodendron borneense (Stapf) Gillis, Rhodora 73 (1971) 164; ≡ Rhus borneensis Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4 (1894) 142. Distribution: Borneo, ?Philippines. ?LUZON: ?Zambales. Notes: 300-2350m.

References