Actephila Blume

1. Actephila alanbakeri Welzen & Ent in Van der Ent et al., Botanical Studies 57 (2016) 2; --Type from Borneo. Borneo, Philippines. MINDORO, NEGROS (Danjugan Isl.). Photos
   
2. Actephila excelsa (Dalz.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 78; --Type from India. --Actephila javanica Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 12 (1859) 359; --Actephila javanica var. javanica (Miq.) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 81 (1822) 192; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 390; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 52; --Type from Java. --Actephila dispersa (Elmer) Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 276; --Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1273; --Pimeleodendron dispersum Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 308; --Pax in Engl. Pflanzenreich 52 (1912) 56; --Type: Elmer 7245 (PNH, holo, lost; K, L, iso), Leyte: Leyte prov., Palo, Jan-1905. --Actephila gitingensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 903; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; --Type: Elmer 12141 (PNH, holo, lost; A, E, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, US, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes (=Magdiwang), Mt Gitinggiting, “in stony gravelly soil along the Pauala riverbed at 1250ft, Apr-1910. --Actephila magnifolia Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 904; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 390; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; --Type: Elmer 12303 (PNH, holo, lost; A, E, G, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, US), Sibuyan: Magallanes (=Magdiwang), Mt Giting-giting, “compact fertile soil of a forested incline at 1000ft”, Apr-1910. --Actephila gigantifolia Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19 (1897) 625; --Merr. in Philip. Bur. Forestry Bull. 1 (1903) 29; --Type from Indonesia.  Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and off-shore islands, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, PALAWAN, BANCALAN, SIBUYAN, LEYTE, JOLO, MINDANAO, SIARGAO, DINAGAT. Low and medium elevation primary forests. Photos

Antidesma L.

1. Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng., Syst. 1 (1825) 826; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 287; EPFP 2 (1923) 412; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 74, Fig. 7; Map 6; --Stilago bunius L., Mant. Pl. 1 (1767) 122; --Antidesma stilago Poir., Encycl. suppl. 1 (1811) 403, pro parte, nom. illeg. --Antidesma ciliatum C Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1849) 234; --Type: Cuming 1446 (PRC, holo; CGE, E, FHO, G, K, L, P, iso), Luzon: Batangas prov. --Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. var. cordifolium (C Presl) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 262; --Antidesma cordifolium C Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1849) 235; --Type: Cuming 474 (PRC, holo; iso: CGE, E, G, FHO, K, L 2 sheets, MEL, P), Luzon: Laguna prov., Calauang. .Antidesma crassifolium (Elmer) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 383; --Sapium crassifolium Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 485; --Lectotype: Elmer 10312 (US, holo; iso: A, BM, E, G, K, L, MO, NY), Negros: Negros Oriental prov., Cuernos Mtns, open, dry grassy ridges at 1000ft , Jun-1908. Photos
   • var. bunius. India (incl. Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Sri Lanka, S China (Hainan and Guangdong prov.), Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Sumatra, Singapore, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, New Guinea, Christmas Islands (Indian Ocean, Australia), Tahiti, Hawaiian Islands. As Antidesma bunius is widely cultivated as a fruit tree, it is impossible to distinguish truly wild occurrences and to establish the natural geographic distribution of the species. In wet evergreen forest, dipterocarp forest and teak forest; on river banks, at forest edges, along roadsides; in bamboo thickets; in semi-cultivated and cultivated areas; in shady or open habitats; usually in secondary but also in primary vegetation. Thrives best in open, sunny places, and is said to be common in the early stages of secondary forest succession, invading marginal grassland (Gruèzo in PROSEA 2, 1991: 79). On sand, loam or clay over (coral) limestone or granite bedrock. Up to 2100 m.
2. Antidesma catanduanense Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 549; EPFP 2 (1923) 413; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 81, Map 7; --Lectotype: BS 30515 Ramos (A, holo; K, US, iso), Catanduanes: Mt Mariguidon. Nov/Dec-1917. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES. Along streams in forests.
3. Antidesma curranii Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 466; EPFP 2 (1923) 413; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 97, Map 11; --Lectotype: FB 5087 Curran (US), Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO, DINAGAT, BUCAS GRANDE. In (dry) dipterocarp forest; in primary or secondary vegetation; in shady or half-shady habitats. On clay soil, also reported from ultrabasic soil. 50-700m.
4. Antidesma digitaliforme Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, 15 (1851) 191; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 413; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 103, Map 12; --Lectotype: Callery 42 (P, holo; iso: A, G), Luzon, apud Igolotas, in sylvis montium, prope Manillam. --Antidesma lucidum Merr., PJS 1 suppl. (1906) 78; --Lectotype: Whitford 1135 (US, holo; iso G, K, NY), Luzon: Bataan prov., Lamao Forest Reserve. --Antidesma luzonicum Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 464; EPFP 2 (1923) 415; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6; --Lectotype: Ramos (Phil. Pl.) 1555 (L, holo; iso: A, BO, G, NY, SING), Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Mt Isarog. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, BUCAS GRANDE. Understorey of dipterocarp and elfin/montane forest; in primary or secondary vegetation; sometimes on exposed ridges. On clay-loam or loose rocky soil. 10-1600m.
5. Antidesma edule Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 26; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 418, pro syn. A. spicatum Blanco; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 106, Map 13; --Type: FB 167 Barnes (US, lecto, designated by Petra Hoffman, 2006; iso: BM, K, NY), Luzon: Bataan prov., Lamao River. Endemic to the Philippines.
   • var. edule. LUZON, POLILLO, MINDORO, SAMAR, MINDANAO. In mixed lowland to hill forest; sometimes in damp forests by streams. On rocky volcanic/ultrabasic soil, 70-400m.
   • var. apoense Petra Hoffm., Kew Bull. 54 (1999) 350; Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 107, Fig. 11, Map 13; --Type: Co 3142 (A, holo), Mindanao: North Cotabato prov., Kidapawan municipality, Mt Apo Geothermal Project Site B, 7°05'N, 125°14'E. Montane forest with average canopy height of c. 20 m, 1400m. MINDANAO: North Cotabato (Mt Apo Geothermal Project Site). Known only from the type locality.
6. Antidesma excavatum Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 1 (1864) 218; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 112, Fig. 5d-f, Map 14; --Type from Sulawesi. --Antidesma sarcocarpum Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 288; Euph. New Guinea (1980) 218; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Lectotype from Papua New Guinea. ?BS 39026 Ramos & Edaño.
   • var. excavatum. Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea incl. Bismarck and Louisiade Archipelagos, Solomon Islands, Australia (Queensland, Cape York Peninsula), Caroline Islands (Kusaie), Fiji (Rotuma Islands), Wallis & Futuna Islands, Samoa. Its occurrence in Borneo and the Philippines is somewhat doubtful. There are three collections from the Philippines: BS 39026 Ramos & Edaño from Mindanao is the only typical specimen; BS 24836 Barbos and BS 33057 Ramos from Luzon are doubtful. Habitat & Ecology: In (rain) forest, associated with Anisoptera, Araucaria, Calophyllum, Castanopsis, Cunoniaceae, Eucalyptopsis, Eugenia, Hopea, Melaleuca, Quercus, Semecarpus and Vatica; Agathis forest; low shrubby forest; coastal plain forest; gallery forest; sometimes on alluvial, swampy or seasonally flooded ground; on grassland; in mangrove forest with Bruguiera, Rhizophora, Sonneratia, Xylocarpus; at back of beaches, associated with Pandanus and Cocos; on coral shores; on an extinct volcano; on semi-cultivated and cultivated land; in lowland to mid-montane, primary or secondary vegetation. On white sand, sandy loam soil, alluvial soil derived from granite, volcanic and ultrabasic soil, limestone rock. Up to 3600 m.
7. Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn., Fruct. 1 (1788) 189, t. 39; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 287; EPFP 2 (1923) 414; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5. --Antidesma ghaesembilla var. vestitum (C Presl) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 251; --Antidesma vestitum C Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1849) 232; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 414; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5; --Type: Cuming 986 (PRC, holo; iso: CGE, E, G, K, L, MEL, NY, TCD), Luzon: Pangasinan prov. India, Nicobar Isls, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Burma, S China (Guangdong), Hainan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Kalimantan, Sabah), Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, New Guinea, northern Australia. Throughout the Philippines at low and medium elevation, a common charcteristic tree of open cogonales (grasslands) at low and medium elevation. In pyrogenous grassland, scrubby ‘parang’ vegetation, vine thickets, early stage re-growths associated with Macaranga and other fast-growing weed-tree pioneers, along roadsides, on various soil types including limestone and ultramafics-derived, 0-1250m. Photos 
8. Antidesma japonicum Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3) (1846) 212, repr. as Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. 2 (1846) 88; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 134, Map 18; --Lectotype: Siebold & Zuccarini s.n. (L, herb. No. 903154-234, holo; iso: L, LE?), Japan. --Antidesma acuminatissimum Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 159; --Lectotype: BS 45189 Ramos & Edaño (A, holo; iso: B, K, P, US), Luzon: Aurora prov., Casiguran.
   
   • var. japonicum. Japan (Kyushu), Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, S China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang provinces, not in Yunnan province), Hainan, Burma (Tenasserim & Thaton distr.), Vietnam, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Perak, Pahang), Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO. Habitat & Ecology: In (evergreen) forest; in virgin forest, dipterocarp forest and dry thickets; on limestone cliffs; along roadsides; in primary or secondary vegetation; on wet or dry ground. On sandy soil, clay, limestone, over granite bedrock. Up to 1700 m. Photos 
9. Antidesma leucopodum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. (1861) 465; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 212; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 145, Fig. 18a-c, Map 22; --Lectotype from Sumatra. --Antidesma clementis Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 465, non Merr. 1917; EPFP 2 (1923) 413; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5; --Lectotype: MS Clemens 884 (G), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Camp Keithley. Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. In lowland to lower montane (mixed) dipterocarp forest up to 50 m tall; in mossy forest; in riverine forest; usually in damp understorey, associated with Castanopsis, Dipterocarpus, Durio, Shorea; also along roadsides; in primary or secondary vegetation. On loam and clay over sandstone and shale, alluvial soil and limestone rocks. Up to 2200 m.
10. Antidesma macgregorii C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 207; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 415; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 145, Map 21; --Lectotype: BS 10280 McGregor (US, holo; iso: K), Polillo. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Tayabas, Camarines, POLILLO, CATANDUANES, SIBUYAN, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR. The specimen Curran 3477(A) from Masamba, southern Sulawesi, is the only collection of Antidesma macgregorii from outside the Philippines. It matches the Philippine specimens but bears only very young fruits and is therefore here regarded as doubtful. In dipterocarp forest; along forest edges; primary or disturbed vegetation. On brown clay and ultrabasic soil. 50–900 m.
11. Antidesma microcarpum Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 487; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 415; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 150, Map 23; --Type: Elmer 9668 (E, lecto; G, isolecto), Negros: Negros Oriental prov., Cuernos Mtns, Dumaguete. --Antidesma santosii Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 550; EPFP 2 (1923) 417; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Type: FB 26300 Santos (US, lecto; K, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna prov., Mount Banahaw. --Antidesma maesoides Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.xv (1922) 164; --Type: Ramos 15251 (A, lecto), Leyte: Leyte prov., Dagami. --Antidesma fru[c]tiferum Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3731; invalid name, no Latin diagnosis; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5; --Voucher: Elmer 14508 (BM, BO, G, GH, K, L, NY, U, US), Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Irosin, Mt Bulusan. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, PANAY, NEGROS, BOHOL, BILIRAN, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Mainly in secondary forest. 60–1050 m. Photos
12. Antidesma montanum Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 1124, non Thwaites 1861; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add.  Ser. 4 (1975) 213; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 154, Fig. 14, Map 24, 25; --Lectotype from Java. Photos
    • var. montanum. --Antidesma leptocladum Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., Sér. 3, 15 (1851) 199; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 88; EPFP 2 (1923) 414; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 6; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6. --Antidesma leptocladum Tul. var. genuinum Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 253, nom. inval; --Lectotype: Cuming 1513 (CGE, holo; iso: A, CGE, E, G, G-DC [microfiche], L, K, NY, P, PRC), Luzon: Batangas prov. --Antidesma leptocladum Tul. var. nitidum (Tul.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 253. l; --Antidesma nitidum Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., Sér. 3 (1851) 193; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 416; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6; --Lectotype: Cuming 1511 (P, holo; iso: A, CGE, E, G, G-DC [microfiche], K, L, NY, P, PRC), Luzon: near Manila. --Antidesma rostratum Tul. var. genuinum Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 257, nom. inval; --Lectotype: Perrottet s.n. (P, holo; iso: G, L), Luzon, circa Manillam. --Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. var. lobbianum (Tul.) Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 463; EPFP 2 (1923) 416; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Antidesma rostratum Tul. var. lobbianum Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., Sér. 3 (1851) 219, in adnot. (“lobbiana”); --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Antidesma lobbianum (Tul.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 254; --Lectotype: Lobb 460 (CGE [Hb. Lindl.], holo; iso: BM, G, G-DC [microfiche], K, L, OXF), Java or Luzon. --Antidesma leptocladum Tul. var. glabrum Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 254; --Lectotype: Cuming 1820 (G-DC [microfiche], holo; iso: CGE, FHO G, K, P, PRC, TCD), Philippines. --Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 462; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 219; EPFP 2 (1923) 416; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Cansjera pentandra Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 73 (“Cansiera”); Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 53 (“Cansiera”); --Neotype: Merrill Species Blancoanae 31 (A, holo; iso: GH, K, L, NY, P, US), Luzon: Rizal prov., Pasay (but “Bulacan prov., Angat” in Merrill, Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 219. --Antidesma leptocladum Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 88, non Tul. var. pentandrum. --Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. var. barbatum (C Presl) Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 463; EPFP 2 (1923) 417; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7. --Antidesma rostratum Tul. var. barbatum (C Presl) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 257; --Antidesma barbatum C Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1849) 233; --Lectotype: Cuming 1246 (PRC, holo; iso: CGE, E, G, K, L, MEL, P, PRC), Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov. --Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. var. angustifolium Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 464; --Antidesma angustifolium (Merr.) Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.xv (1922): 165; --Lectotype: Elmer 6327 (US, holo; iso: G, K, NY, P), Luzon: Benguet prov., Twin Peaks. --Antidesma ramosii Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 468; EPFP 2 (1923) 417; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.  Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. var. ramosii (Merr.) Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.xv (1922) 126; --Lectotype: BS 1002 Ramos (US, holo; iso: NY, P), Luzon, Rizal prov., Bosoboso. --Antidesma salicifolium C. Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1849) 233, non Miq. 1861; --Type: Cuming 1316 (PRC, holo; iso: CGE, E, G, FHO, K, L, MEL, P), Luzon: Cagayan prov. --Antidesma mindanaense Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 383; EPFP 2 (1923) 415; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6; --Lectotype: Williams 2117 (NY, holo; iso: K, NY), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax R., San Ramon. --Antidesma obliquinervium Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 466; EPFP 2 (1923) 416; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6; --Lectotype: Merrill 9294 (A, holo; iso: BM, GH, L, NY, P, US), Palawan: Palawan prov., Taytay-Lake Manguao trail, May 1913. --Antidesma palawanense Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 467; Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.xv (1922) 131; --Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 416; --Airy Shaw, Euphorb. Philippines (1983) 6; --Neotype: Elmer 12808 (K, holo; iso: A, E, G, L, NY, U, WRSL), Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar [=Thumb Peak]. --Antidesma agusanense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2632; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 412; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 29; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; --Type: Elmer 13549 (GH, lecto, designated by Petra Hoffman, 2006; iso: BISH, E, G, K, L, MO, NY, P, U, US), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, “in good humus-covered soil of a deeply wooded flat at 750ft, Aug 1912. --Antidesma angustifolium (Merr.) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 81 (1922) 165; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 412; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; --Antidesma pentandrum Merr. var. angustifolium Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot 464; --Type: Elmer 6320. --Antidesma phanerophlebium Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 59; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7. Sulawesi and the Philippines.Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda isls, Moluccas. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Zambales, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Albay, Apayao, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Camarines, Rizal, Sorsogon, Isabela, BATANES, BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, BASILAN, MINDORO, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, PALAWAN. In thickets and forests at low and medium elevation.
13. Antidesma pleuricum Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. Sér. 3, 15 (1851) 213; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 417; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 196, Map 33; --Lectotype: Callery 38 (P [“38bis”]), Calawanio. --Antidesma obliquicarpum Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2633; --Lectotype: Elmer 13277 (NY, holo; iso: A, E, G, GH, K, L, P, US), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta. --?Antidesma tenuifolium Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.xv (1922) 137; --Lectotype: Curran 10736 (K, holo; iso: NY, US), Luzon: Camarines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, Albay, ALABAT, MINDORO, BURIAS, TICAO, CATANDUANES, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, MINDANAO. In forests, often in damp, dense habitats or near streams, on deep, fertile red soil, brown loam, limestone, 10–600 m. Photos 
14. Antidesma puncticulatum Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 468; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 198, Fig. 9c-g, Map 34; --Type from Sumatra. --Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. var. thwaitesianum (Müll.Arg.) Trimen, Syst. Cat. Pl. Ceylon (1885) 81; --Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. var. b Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1861) 289, nom. inval.; --Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 263; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 217; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 8; --(Lecto)type from Sri Lanka. Nicobar and Andaman Islands, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, north-eastern Borneo (East Kalimantan, Sabah), SW Philippines. PALAWAN, BANCALAN, BALABAC. In evergreen primary, sometimes disturbed forest; in swamp forest; along river banks; at the inner edge of the mangrove; in secondary vegetation with Dillenia and Melastoma. On brown to black soil, sandy loam or peat, over sandstone. Up to 500 m. 
15. Antidesma riparium Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 282; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 207, Map 36.
    
    • subsp. riparium. Sumatra (one doubtful specimen from Padang province), Borneo, Philippines (Palawan), Sulawesi. In primary or secondary vegetation; in riverine and swamp forest; in mixed (dipterocarp) forest. On sandy or clay soil, over shales. 60–1000 m. 
16. Antidesma stipulare Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826–27) 1125; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 216; Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 215, Map 37; --(Lecto)type from Nusa Kambangan. --Antidesma cordatostipulaceum Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 275; EPFP 2 (1923) 413; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5; --Lectotype: McGregor 311 (K), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., Baco River. --Antidesma cordatostipulaceum Merr. var. lancifolium Merr., Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 413 (“cordato- stipulaceum”); --Lectotype: BS 40732 Ramos & Edaño (A, holo; iso: K, P, US), Mindoro. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas (Ambon, Buru, Seram, Sula Islands). MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN?, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, MINDANAO. In primary and secondary vegetation; in lowland to hill dipterocarp forest up to 40 m tall; in mossy upper montane forest; in riverine and swamp forest; in Agathis forest; usually in shady understorey. On clay, loam, peat and sandy soil, often acidic, sometimes on ultrabasic soil, over limestone, basalt, sandstone and shale. Up to 1800 m. 
17. Antidesma subcordatum Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 275; EPFP 2 (1923) 418; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 218, Fig. 13a-d, Map 39; --Lectotype: BS 1114 Ramos (NY, holo; iso: BO, GH, K, P, US), Luzon: Rizal prov., Bosoboso. --Antidesma fusicarpum Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3081; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 414; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5; --Lectotype: Elmer 18083 (GH, holo; iso: BM, BO, G, K, L, NY, US), Luzon: Laguna prov., Los Baños (Mt Maquiling). --Antidesma subcordatum Merr. var. glabrescens Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.xv (1922) 157; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 418; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Lectotype: Merrill 2860 (NY, holo; iso: K, US), Luzon: Pangasinan prov.. Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls (Flores; Timor). LUZON: Laguna, CORRIGIDOR, CORON, PALAWAN, MASBATE. The disjunction might indicate an adaptation to drier habitats than its presumed sister taxon Antidesma ghaesembilla, or it might simply be a collecting artefact. Habitat & Ecology: forested ravines. 20–300m. 
18. Antidesma tomentosum Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 1126; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 8; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 218; --Petra Hoffm., Antidesma Malesia Thailand (2006) 224, Map 41. --Antidesma cumingii Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 249; --Type: Cuming 1300 (G-BOISS, holo; iso: BM, G, G-DC [microfiche], CGE, FHO, K), Luzon: Albay prov. --Antidesma membranifolium Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 313 (“membranaefolium”); --Lectotype: Elmer 9088 (L, holo; iso: A, E, G, K), Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban. --Antidesma subolivaceum Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1272; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 418; --Airy Shaw,  Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 8; --Lectotype: Elmer 12883 (NY, holo; iso: A, BM, BO, E, G, K, L, P, US), Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar [=Thumb Peak]. --Antidesma samarense Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 469; --EPFP 2 (1923) 417; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 7; --Lectotype: Ramos (Phil. Pl.) 1665 (US, holo; iso: BM, BO, G, GH, L, NY, P, SING), Samar. --Antidesma urdanetense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2635; --Lectotype: Elmer 13971 (A, holo; iso: BM, BO, E, G, K, L, NY, P, U, US), Mindanao, Agusan del Norte prov., Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta. --Antidesma ilocanum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 549; EPFP 2 (1923) 414; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5; --Lectotype: BS 32998 Ramos (A, holo; iso: BM, K, US), Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov., between Bangui and Claveria. --Antidesma impressinerve Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 548; EPFP 2 (1923) 414; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 5; --Lectotype: BS (Ramos & Edaño) 31409 (A, holo; iso: K, US), Panay: Capiz prov., Jamindan. --?Antidesma megalophyllum Merr., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 207; EPFP 2 (1923) 415; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 6; --Type: FB 26642 Velasco (not located), Babuyan Isls, Calayan. Photos       
    • var. tomentosum. Great Nicobar Is, Peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Anambas, Borneo, W Java, Philippines, N & C Sulawesi. BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Isabela, Ilocos Norte, Quezon, Laguna, Camarines, CATANDUANES, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Agusan, Surigao. In primary and secondary evergreen vegetation; in mixed lowland to hill dipterocarp forest, on clay, sand and ultrabasic soil, over limestone, or sandstone, from sea level up to 800 m. Antidesma tomentosum is a very variable species. 

Dubious species

1. Antidesma spicatum Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 794 (“spicata”); --Type: Blanco?, Llanos? (not located), Philippines. No original material located in MA. 

Aporosa Blume

1. Aporosa banahaensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 410; --Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004)  214, Fig. 3.5g; map 10.1; --Baccaurea banahaensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1475; --Type: Elmer 9106 (BM, BO, L, iso), Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban. Aporosa similis Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 472; --Type: FB 7279 Everett (P, iso), Negros. --Aporosa agusanensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2636; --Type: Elmer 13415 (A, BM, BO, L, P, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta. ?North Borneo, Philippines. Primary or secondary forest or old logging areas; in lower storey. On (brown) clay, 35–380m. Flowering Feb-Apr; fruiting Apr-Sept and Nov. The fruit is recorded odorless and edible.
2. Aporosa basilanensis Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) 471; EPFP 2 (1923) 410; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.  Euph. Philip. (1983) 8; --Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 324, Fig. 3.6o, 3.8f, 4.5b; map 10.53; --Type: BS 16168 Reillo (K, holo; BM, P, iso; photo A), Basilan. Borneo and SW Philippines. BASILAN. Primary, mixed dipterocarp forest and in logging areas; on hill sides, hill tops, flat land, and along river banks. On basalt or clayish yellow soil, 30–1450 m. Flowering Mar-May; fruiting Feb-Dec.
3. Aporosa benthamiana Hook.f, Icon. Pl. 16 (1887) t. 1583; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.  Philip. (1983) 8; --Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya 1 (1940) 237; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 33; --Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 276,  Fig. 3.7n, 3.8q, 3.11g, 4.7b; map 10.34; --(Lecto)type from Peninsular Malaysia (Malacca). --Aporosa lunata (Miq.) Kurz var. stipulosa (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 410, nom. illegit.; --Aporosa stipulosa  Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 547. --Aporosa lunata (Miq.) Kurz var. philippinensis Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.xv (1922) 82; --Type: MS Clemens 968 (not seen by L.L.Co), Mindanao. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo (Sabah), Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Agusan del Norte. Lowland primary and seconadry forests, ascending to 800m. Flowering May-Nov; fruiting Mar-Dec. Photos
4. Aporosa frutescens Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 514; --Pax & K Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.xv  (1922) 91; --Corner, Wayside Trees Malaya 1 (1940) 237; --Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964)  457; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 216 (excl. A. banahaensis); --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.  Euph. Philip. (1983) 9; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 59, 60; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit.  Ser. 4 (1975) 216; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 255, 37 (1982) 7; Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 220, fig.  3.5i, 3.6v, 3.7c, 3.8p, 3.11l, 4.6c, 4.7a; map 10.4; Schot & Welzen in Chayamarit & Welzen, Fl.  Thailand 8, 1 (2005) 88, fig. 17; --Lectotype: from Java. --Aporosa fruticosa (Blume) Muell.Arg. in DC., Prod. 15, 2 (1866) 475; --Leiocarpus fruticosa Blume, Bijdr.  (1825) 582; --(Lecto)type: from Java. S Burma (Tenasserim), Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas.
5. Aporosa leytensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 368; EPFP 2 (1923) 410; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.  Philip. (1983) 9; --Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 452; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 301, Fig. 3.6n, 3.8e; --Type: Wenzel 614 (A, holo; BM, L, iso). --Aporosa alvarezii Merr., PJS 9c (1914) Bot. 470; EPFP 2 (1923) 301; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.  Philip. (1983) 8; --Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 324, Fig. 3.6o, 3.8f, 4.5b; --Type: FB 21245  Alvarez (K, iso). Philippines, Sulawesi. BILIRAN, LEYTE. Forests, 500-600m. Photos
6. Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D Don) Vickery, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3 (1982) 193; --Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 259.
   
   • var. malesiana Schot, Blumea 40 (1995) 452; Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 263, Fig. 3.5a, 3.6b. --Aporosa dioica (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 472; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 8. --Aporosa aurita (Tul.) Baill., Etud. Gen. Euph. (1858) 645; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 409; --Type: Cuming 860 (P, holo; A, BM, K, L, iso). E Himalayas to S China, Andaman Isls, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Banka, Borneo, Philippines, Java, Sulawesi. LUZON: Isabela, POLILLO, LEYTE, SAMAR. Lowland forests.
7. Aporosa sphaeridiophora Merr., PJS suppl. 1 (1906) 76, `sphaeridophora' (corr. Airy Shaw, 1969);  EPFP 2 (1923) 410; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 9; --Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 348, Fig. 3.7j, 3.8j; --Lectotype: FB 146 Barnes (BO, K, iso). --Aporosa acuminatissima Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 546; EPFP 2 (1923) 409; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. (1983) 9; --Type: FB 26185 Amarillas (A, holo; K, P, iso), Bornean materials so-named by Merrill (1929) represent A. falcifera Hook. f. and A. subcaudata Merr. var. sphaeridiophora. Sumatra, Java, Philippines, Moluccas.
   
   • var. sphaeridiophora. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Zambales, Bataan, Quezon, Laguna, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. In primary forests at medium elevation ascending to 1600m. Photos
8. Aporosa symplocifolia Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 77 (`symplocosifolia'); EPFP 2 (1923) 410; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 9; --Schot, Blumea Suppl. 17 (2004) 268. --Aporosa elliptifolia Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 472; EPFP 2 (1923) 410; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.  Philip. (1983) 9; --Type: Merrill 9609 (A, GH, L, NY, SING, US, iso), Palawan: Silanga, May-1913. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Low and medium elevation primary forests, common.
9. Aporosa spec. G (aff. A. caloneura Airy Shaw/ A. sphaeridiophora Merr.); Voucher: PNH  10029 Sulit (staminate, A, BM, L), Mindanao: Bukidnon prov., Mt Kitanglad; PNH 9899 (pistillate, A, L). idem. MINDANAO: Bukidnon.

Baccaurea Lour.

1. Baccaurea bakeri Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 412. Endemic to the Philippines.
   
2. Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg., in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 457; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)  411; --Fernando, Kalikasan, Philip. J. Biol. 8 (1979) 302, Fig. x; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. (1983) 9; --Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12 (2000) 119, Fig. 3.10, photo 2, 3;  --Hedycarpus lanceolatus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1, 2 (1859) 359; --Type from Java. --Baccaurea glabriflora Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV. 147.xv (1922) 59; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)  411; --Type: Merrill 853 (US, holo; iso in K), Palawan: San Antonio Bay, Feb. 1903. Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan), Philippines. PALAWAN, JOLO (according to Merrill (1923) probably cultivated on account of edible fruits). Lowland forests.
3. Baccaurea odoratissima Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1276; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 411; --Fernando,  Kalikasan, Philip. J. Biol. 8 (1979) 307, Fig. 3; --Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12 (2000) 141, Fig. 3.17; --Type: Elmer 13160 (PNH, holo, lost; lecto at L, designated by Haegens; isolecto in GH, K, MO,  NY US; syntype: Elmer 12864 (L, MO, NY), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (=Thumb  Peak), forests, c. 225m. Borneo (Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak, Kalimantan). PALAWAN: Mt Pulgar. Lowland forests.
4. Baccaurea philippinensis (Merr.) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 275; EPFP 2 (1923) 411; --Fernando, Kalikasan, Philip. J. Biol. 8 (1979) 303, Fig. 2; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph.  Philip. (1983) 9; --Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12 (2000) 157, Fig. 3.19, Map 3.27; --Everettiodendron philippinense Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 279; --Type: Everett 7282 (K, lecto; isolecto in US), Negros: Himugaan River, 1907. Philippines, Moluccas (Halmaheira). LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Zambales, Quezon, Laguna, Camarines Sur, CALAMIANES, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN, MASBATE, PANAY, NEGROS, BILIRAN, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur, DINAGAT. Primary and secondary lowland forests, 80-450m. Flowering Apr-Aug; fruiting Jan-Jun; Aug, Oct, Dec.
5. Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 465; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)  411; --Fernando, Kalikasan, Philip. J. Biol. 8 (1979) 307, Fig. 4; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.  Euphorb. Philip. (1983) 10; --Haegens, Blumea Suppl. 12 (2000) 185, Fig. 3.26, Map 3.41, Photo  12; --Type: Cuming 982 (L, lecto, chosen by Haegens, 2000; isolecto: NY, P, US), Philippines. --Baccaurea terminalifolia Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1277; --Type: Elmer 13089 (DS, lecto, chosen by Haegens,  2000; isolecto in GH, K, L, MO, NA, NY (2 sheets), US), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (=Thumb Peak), Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas (Halmahera). LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Zambales, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Cotabato, Davao, Surigao. Primary and secondary lowland and medium elevation forests, also swamp forests. Photos

Bischofia Blume

1. Bischofia javanica Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1168; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 288; EPFP 2 (1923) 418; --Type from Java. Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, Cook Isls., Fiji, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Solomon Isls., Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Philippines. Throughout the Philippines. Pioneer species up to 1500(-2350)m. Photos

Breynia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

1. Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 19 (2012) 120; --Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr., Bull. Bur. For. Philip. Is. 1 (1903) 30; EPFP 2 (1923) 405; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph., Philip. Is. (1883) 44; --Welzen, Blumea 48 (2003) 340, Map 3. --Sauropus scandens C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 72; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 405; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph., Philip. Is. (1983) 44. India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh?, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Cocos Is, Christmas Is (Indian Ocean), Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea (Irian Jaya). LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Camarines, MINDORO, LEYTE, SAMAR. Lowland thickets, forests and forested ravines. Photos
2. Breynia cernua (Poir.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 439; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 286;  EPFP 2 (1923) 404; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 10. Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea and Australia. BATAN and N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. Common in thickets at low and medium elevation ascending to 1500m. Photos
3. Breynia lanceolata (Hook.f.) Welzen & Pruesapan, Blumea 59 (2014) 92; --Sauropus lanceolatus Hook.f., Fl. Br. India 5 (1887) 333; --Type from India. --Sauropus rhamnoides Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 596; --Welzen, Blumea 48 (2003) 367, Fig. 1b-c, 3a, 8, Map 16; --Type from Indonesia. India, Burma, SE and Peninsular Thailand, Cambodia, S Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls (Sumbawa; Flores). 
4. Breynia macrantha (Hassk.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr., Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 19 (2012) 121; --Sauropus macranthus Hassk., Retzia 1(1855) 166; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph., Philip. Is. (1983) 44; --Welzen, Blumea 48 (2003) 358, Fig. 3b; Map 12. --Sauropus robinsonii Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 407; EPFP 2 (1923) 405; --Type: Elmer 6441 (PNH, holo, lost; BM, K (2 sheets, iso), L, P), Luzon: Benguet prov., Kias [=Baguio]. Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea. LUZON, MINDORO, CALAMIANES, PALAWAN, MINDANAO.
5. Breynia racemosa (Blume) Muell.-Arg.in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 441; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born.  (1975) 62; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 10. --Breynia acuminata (Muell.-Arg.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 442; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 404. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea. LUZON (Cagayan to Laguna, common), MINDORO, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR. In thickets and forests at low and medium elevation, ascending to 1200m. Photos
6. Breynia villosa (Blanco) Welzen & Pruesapan, Blumea 59 (2014) 93; --Sauropus villosus (Blanco) Merr., Contrib. Arn. Arb. 8 (1934) 86; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum.  Euph., Philip. Is. (1883) 44; --Welzen, Blumea 48 (2003) 380, Map 21; --Kirganelia villosa Blanco,  Fl. Filip. (1837) 712; ed. 2 (1845) 493; ed. 3 (1879) 116, t. 399; --Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 217; --Neotype (Welzen, 2003): Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 931 (L, holo; isoneo: A, BM, K, NSW, NY, P,  US), Luzon: Rizal prov. --Glochidion llanosii Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 68; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 400. SE and Peninsular Thailand, Vietnam (Annam), Sumatra, N Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, PANAY, BOHOL, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental). Open forests at low elevation. Fl. fr. Sept-Jun. Photos
7. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) CEC Fischer, Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew (1932) 65; --Airy Shaw, Kew  Bull. 26 (1971) 227; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 11. --Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 440; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 286; EPFP 2 (1923) 404. India to China, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Sulawesi, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea and Australia. BATAN and N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. Common in thickets at low and medium elevation ascending to 1500m. (Merr 2:404) (B rhamnoides)

Bridelia Willd.

1. Bridelia glauca Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 597; --Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.viii (1915) 74; --Merr.,  EPFP 2 (1923) 423; --Salvosa, Lex. Philip. Trees (1963) 89; --Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964)  475, in clavi; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 64; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 43; --Airy  Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 273; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 10; Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983) 11; --S.Dressler, Kew Bull. 51 (1996) 606, Map 3; Blumea 41 (1996) 311, Fig. 4, Map 10; --(Lecto)type: from Java. --Bridelia lauraefolia Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2637; --Type: Wenzel 411 (BM, lecto, designated by S.Dressler, 1996; isolecto: GH), Leyte: Dagami, 8 September 1913. --Bridelia glauca forma laurifolia Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 65 (1915) 75; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 423; --Type: FB 18195 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke (L, lecto; designated by S.Dressler, 1996; isolecto in  K, NY, US), Luzon: Benguet prov., Mt Pulag. --Cleistanthus myrianthoides C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 325; --Type: FB 10679 Curran (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Caramoan, San Roque. --Bridelia lauraefolia Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2637; --Lectotype: Wenzel 411 (BM holo; GH, iso), Leyte: Leyte prov., Dagami. --Bridelia glauca Blume forma laurifolia Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.viii (22 June 1915) 75; --Salvosa, Lex. Philip. Trees (1963) 89; --Lectotype: FB 18195 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke (L holo; K, NY iso), Luzon: Benguet prov., Mt Pulog (=Mt Pulag). --Bridelia glauca var. acuminatissima (Merr.) S.Dressler, Blumea 41 (1996) 314; --Bridelia acuminatissima Merr.,  PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 473; EPFP 2 (1923) 422; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 11; --Type: Philip. Pl. 1551 Ramos (iso in A, BM, L, NY, SING), Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Mt  Isarog, along streams in forests, 25-Nov-1913. India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Burma,Thailand, Laos, Taiwan, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines (not found on Palawan), Sulawesi, Moluccas (Talaud Is, Morotai, Halmahera, Obi, Bacan, Taliaboe Is, Ambon, Seram), New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain). In (sometimes disturbed) primary and secondary forests, often near rivers, reported on well-drained volcanic as well as from sandy, loamy, or clayey soil; over sandstone, limestone, grey schists, or granite; scattered to common, up to 1500m. Photos
2. Bridelia insulana Hance, J. Bot. 15 (1877) 337; Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.viii (1915) 63; --S.Dressler, Kew Bull. 51 (1996) 605, 606, Map 3; Blumea 41 (1996) 315, Map 11; --Type from  Phukok Is, S Vietnam. --Bridelia penangiana Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1887) 272; --Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.viii (1915) 75; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 229; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 44; Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 602; Muelleria 4 (1980) 223; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 273; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 11; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 75, in clavi; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 11; --Type from Penang, Malaysia. --Bridelia minutiflora Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1887) 273; --Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.viii (1915) 76; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 423; Holthuis & HJ Lam, Blumea 5 (1942) 200; --Salvosa, Lex. Philip. Trees  (1963) 89; --Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 475, in clavi; --Type from Tenasserim, Burma. --Bridelia ovata Merr., Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 1 (1903) 30 (sec. Merrill, 1923), auct. non Decne. --Bridelia platyphylla Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 384; --Type: FB 11167 Aguilar (US, type fragment), Luzon: Bulacan prov., Angat. Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Nicobar Isls, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Palau Isls, Lesser Sunda Isls (Bali, Flores, Sumbawa), Moluccas (Morotai), New Guinea, Bougainville, Solomon Isls, Sta Cruz Group, New Hebrides (Espirito Santo), Reef Is, Malalaika, Guadalcanal/San Cristobal, Choiseul, New Georgia Group, NE Australia (Queensland). LUZON: Cagayan, Tayabas, Laguna, Batangas, Camarines, PALAWAN, TABLAS, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis, Cotabato, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Primary and secondary rainforests, often along rivers, but also on dry land, sandy to loamy or clayey soil, or on limestone, 0-1500m. Photos
3. Bridelia pustulata Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1887) 271; --Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.viii (1915)  74; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 67; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 74, in clavi; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 74, in clavi; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 64; Kew  Bull. 36 (1981) 274; --S.Dressler, Blumea 41 (1996) 320, Fig. 5, Map 12; --Type from Malacca. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and the Philippines. Primary forests, 0-350m. LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Davao.
4. Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 597; --Fern.-Villar in Blanco, Fl. Filipp., ed. 3, Nov. App. 4  (1880) 186; --Vidal, Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 38, t. 82, Fig. F; Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 141; Rev.  Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 233; --Merr., PJS 1, Suppl. (1906) 78; Fl. Manila (1912) 284; Sp. Blancoanae  (1918) 220; EPFP 2 (1923) 424; --FC Gates, PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 426; --Corner, Wayside Trees  Malaya, ed. 3, 1 (1988) 279; --Backer & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 475; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 230; Kew Bull., Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 65; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 274; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 11; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 11; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 74, in clavi; --S.Dressler, Blumea 41 (1996) 2, Fig. 1, Map 5; --Clutia stipularis L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 127; --Blanco,  Fl. Filip. (1837) 818; ed. 2. (1845) 564, ed. 3, 3 (1879) 229 (as Clutya). --Bridelia stipularis ssp. philippinensis Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.viii (19i5) 57; --Lectotype: (S.Dressler, 1996): FB 1884 Ahern's collector (US, holo; iso in BO, K, NY), Luzon: Rizal prov., Bosoboso. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, SE Asia mainland, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, N Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali, Lombok, Sumba, Flores, Alor, Timor). LUZON: Cagayan to Laguna and Quezon, common; MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO, PANAY, CEBU, BOHOL. Apparently unknown from MINDANAO. Primary and secondary forests, often near wet places (rivers, swamps, seashore, mangrove); mostly reported from sandy soil, but also from limestone or loamy soil above igneous rocks. 0 to 400(–1100)m. Photos
5. Bridelia tomentosa Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 597; --Fern.-Villar in Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 3, Nov. App. 4  (1880) 186; --Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.viii (1915) 58, Fig.11A; --Corner, Wayside Trees  Malaya, ed. 1 (1940) 243, ed. 2, 1 (1951) 243, Fig.72; ed. 3, 1 (1988) 280, Fig. 78; --Airy Shaw,  Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 231; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 65; Kew Bull. 31 (1976) 382; --Hsieh, Fl.  Taiwan 3 (1977) 452; ed. 2, 3 (1993) 430; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 45; Kew Bull.  35 (1980) 602; Muelleria 4 (1980) 223; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 274; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 11; Alphab.  Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983) 11; --S.Dressler, Kew Bull. 51 (1996) 607, Map 2; Blumea 41  (1996) 297, Fig. 2, Map 6; --(Lecto)type from Java. --Bridelia monoica Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 142, vix Clutia monoica Lour. (sec. Corner, 1939: 291 f.); EPFP 2 (1923) 423; --Salvosa, Lex. Philip. Trees (1963) 89; --Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964)  475, in clavi; --Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 228, 231, in clavi; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2  (1973) 74, in clavi. var. tomentosa India (Madras, Bengal, Assam-Khasi Hills, Bihar, Orissa), E Nepal, Sikkim, S China, Hainan, Taiwan, Burma, Indochina, Thailand, Andaman Isls (Middle and South) and Nicobar Isls, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo (SE Kalimantan), Philippines (unknown from Mindanao), Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls (Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Alor, Timor), Moluccas (Tanimbar & Kei Is.), New Guinea, N Australia; common throughout its range, but rare in Borneo. Deciduous to evergreen forests, primary to secondary vegetation; reported from sandy or loamy soil, limestone, and over granite bedrocks. 0-1000m.
   
   • var. glabrescens Benth. in Hook. J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6 (1854) 8; S.Dressler, Blumea 41 (1996) 302; --Type from Hongkong. --Bridelia tomentosa Blume var. glabrifolia (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 31 (1976) 383; Kew Bull. 35 (1980)  603; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 11. --Bridelia glabrifolia Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 422. – Salvosa, Lex. Philip. Trees (1963) 88. --Bridelia tomentosa Blume var. lanceaefolia sec. Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 502 (non Bridelia  lanceaefolia Roxb.). --Bridelia lancaefolia sec. Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich IV.147.viii (1915) 60, (non Bridelia lanceaefolia Roxb.); --Lectotype (Airy Shaw, 1980): Gaudichaud s.n. (G-DC; IDC  microfiche Candolle Prodromi Herbarium 2510.20), Phlippines, Manila. Note – The first description of a glabrous form of B. tomentosa has unfortunately been overlooked, so that the commonly known name (var. glabrifolia) has to be changed to var. glabrescens. The type could not be traced in Kew. Distribution and habitat as with the preceding.

Cleistanthus Hook.f. ex Planch.

1. Cleistanthus angustifolius Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 386; EPFP 2 (1923) 419; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 114. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, BUCAS GRANDE. On forested ridges and slopes at low elevation.
2. Cleistanthus brideliifolius C.B.Rob., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 191; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 419; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 115. Java, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls.
   
   • var. brideliifolius. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Zambales, Tayabas, Camarines), ALABAT, GUIMARAS, NEGROS. In forests at low elevation.
3. Cleistanthus decurrens Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 278; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 117. --Cleistanthus decipiens C.B.Rob., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 195; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14. --Cleistanthus ovatus C.B.Rob., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 194; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 421; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15. Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls. BABUYAN ISLS, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO, PANAY, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland primary forests.
4. Cleistanthus erycibifolius Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 389; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 120, Fig. 1. Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. NEGROS.
5. Cleistanthus everettii C.B.Rob., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 194; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 121, Fig. 2; --Type: FB 7274 Everett. --Cleistanthus samarensis Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 475; EPFP 2 (1923) 422; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16; --Type: Merrill Philip. Pl. 1685. Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, NEGROS, BILIRAN, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Agusan. Lowland primary forests.
6. Cleistanthus glaber Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21 (1968) 366; Euph. Born. (1975) 80; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 70; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 124. Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO.
7. Cleistanthus isabellinus Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 911; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 125;  --Type: Elmer 12268. Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea. SIBUYAN. Lowland forests.
8. Cleistanthus megacarpus C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 323; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 126, Fig. 3. Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Philippines. MINDORO, SIBUYAN, NEGROS, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao. Lowland primary forests.
9. Cleistanthus oblongifolius (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2.2) (1866) 506; --Clutia oblongifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3 (1832) 730. --Cleistanthus myrianthus (Hassk.) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. A (1875); For. Fl. Brit. Burma (1877) 370; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 421;--Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 82; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 129. --Cleistanthus mindanaensis C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1908) Bot. 324; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15; --Type: FB 9474 Whitford & Hutchinson. --Cleistanthus misamisensis C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 325; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15; --Type: FB 15463 Pray. --Cleistanthus apiculatus C.B.Rob., PJS 3 (1908) 189; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 419; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14; --Type: RS Williams 2356. Andaman Isls, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Isls., Australia. LUZON: Isabella, MINDORO, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis Occidental. Lowland forests, sometimes in thickets. Photos
10. Cleistanthus pedicellatus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 281; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 80; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 132. --Cleistanthus integer C.B.Rob., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 196; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 420; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14. --Cleistanthus quadrifidus C.B.Rob., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 197; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15. China, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea. LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Rizal, Quezon, Camarines, SIBUYAN, CEBU, LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Surigao. Lowland primary forests.
11. Cleistanthus pilosus C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 326; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 421; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 135. Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland primary forests.
12. Cleistanthus robinsonii Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 909; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 422; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 15; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 136; --Type: Elmer 12540. Endemic to the Philippines. SIBUYAN, PALAWAN.
13. Cleistanthus rufescens Jabl., in Engl., Pflanzenreich 65 (1915) 30; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 137. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.
14. Cleistanthus sumatranus (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 15, 2 (1866) 504; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 82; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 139; --Leiopyxis sumatrana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 446. --Cleistanthus vidalii C.B.Rob., PJS 3 (1908) 193; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 422; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16. --Cleistanthus orgyalis (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 27 (1905) 75 (1905); --Gluta orgyalis Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 45, nom. rej.; --Cleistanthus blancoi Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 315, nom. illeg. --Cleistanthus blancoi Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 234 (1886), nom. illeg. --Cleistanthus oligophlebius Merr., PJS c 13 (1918) 80. --Cleistanthus saichikii Merr., PJS 23 (1923) 248. Hainan, Indochina, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas. LUZON: Bataan, PALAWAN. Lowland forests.
15. Cleistanthus venosus C.B.Rob., PJS 3 (1908) 192; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 422; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 141. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland forests up to 300m.
16. Cleistanthus vestitus Jabl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich Heft 65 (1915) 32; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16; --Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 83; --S.Dressler, Blumea 44 (1999) 143. --Cleistanthus barrosii Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 400; EPFP 2 (1923) 419; --Airy Shaw,  Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 14. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Isabela. Lowland primary forests.
    

Flueggea Benth. & Hook.f.

1. Flueggea flexuosa Müll.Arg.; --Securinega flexuosa (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 450; --Merr., EPFP 2  (1923) 390. Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea. LUZON: Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, NEGROS, CEBU, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO: Misamis, Bukidnon, Davao, Agusan, Surigao. Low elevation primary forests. Photos
2. Flueggea gracilis (Merr.) Petra Hoffm., Kew Bull. 61 (2006) 44; --Baccaurea gracilis Merr., PJS 1, Suppl. 3 (1906) 203. PALAWAN. In forests near seashore.
   
3. Flueggea virosa (Roxb.) Baill., Étud. Gén. Euphorb. (1858) 593; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 289; EPFP 2 (1923) 390; --Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill., Étud. Gén. Euph. (1858) 593; Adansonia 6 (1866)  334, excl. descr.; --Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 196. Photos
   • ssp. virosa. Tropical Africa through India, China, Thailand, across Malesia (Sumatra to the Moluccas) to tropical Australia. Throughout the Philippines in dry thickets at low and medium elevation. Common.

Glochidion J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

1. Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 3 (1900) 275; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 397. Taiwan, Philippines and Sulawesi. LUZON: Cagayan to Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, DINAGAT, MINDANAO. In primary forests at low and medium elevation ascending to 1200m. Photos
2. Glochidion angulatum C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 91; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 397; --Type: FB 9487 Whitford & Hutchinson. Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea. PANAY, LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao del Sur, Davao. Low elevation thickets and forests.
3. Glochidion benguetense Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 304; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 398; --Type: Elmer 8770. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Laguna. Forests and forested ravines, 600-1400m.
4. Glochidion brachystylum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 543; EPFP 2 (1923) 398; --Type: BS 31374 Ramos & Edaño. PANAY: Capiz (Jamindan). Forest along small streams at low or medium elevation. Possibly a synonym of Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl.
5. Glochidion cagayanense C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 328; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 398; --Type: BS 7390 Ramos. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan. In forests at low elevation.
6. Glochidion camiguinense Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) 414; --C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) 100; --Merr.,  EPFP 2 (1923) 398; --Type: BS 4108 Fenix (US, iso), Camiguin de Babuyanes, 21-Jun-1907. Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES. On slopes.
7. Glochidion canescens Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3082; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 398; --Type: FB 25397 Mabesa (US, iso), Luzon: Laguna prov. Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas. LUZON: Laguna. Low wet places along the lakeshore of Laguna de Bay.
8. Glochidion cauliflorum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 545; EPFP 2 (1923) 398; --Type: FB 25183 Alvarez  (not seen by L.L.Co), Mindanao: Lanao District, near Camp Vickers, in dipterocarp forests, c. 900m, 17-Mar-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami, Mt Buraui), MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao. Medium elevation primary forests.
9. Glochidion cenabrei Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 463; EPFP 4 (1925) 248; --Type: FB 29174 Cenabre (US, iso), Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, Feb-1923. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Low elevation forests.
10. Glochidion coronulatum C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 94; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 398; --Type: FB 13937 Merritt & Darling (not seen by L.L.Co). --Glochidion balsahanense Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1289; --Type: Elmer 12856 (MO, NY, US, iso), Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, ‘gravelly soil of the densely wooded banks of the Balsahan River’, c. 250ft [=76m], Mar-1911. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, Benguet, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, PALAWAN, LEYTE. Low elevation second-growth forests.
11. Glochidion curranii C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 102; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 398; --Type: FB  3502 Curran (NY, iso), Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa & vicinity, Jan-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. CULION, PALAWAN. Low elevation thickets.
12. Glochidion dolichostylum Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) 483; EPFP 2 (1923) 399; --Type: Merrill 9408. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Low elevation forests.
13. Glochidion falcatilimbum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 542; EPFP 2 (1923) 399; --Type: FB 30056 Fenix (P). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan. Open slopes, c. 60m.
14. Glochidion gigantifolium (Vidal) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 399; --Type: FB 3374 Ahern’s Collector. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low and medium elevation primary forests.
15. Glochidion glaucescens Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) 381; EPFP 2 (1923) 399; --Type: Wenzel 188. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. Low elevation forests.
16. Glochidion humile Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 544; EPFP 2 (1923) 399; --Type: BS 26112 Fenix. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Open grasslands, medium elevation.
17. Glochidion lanceolatum Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20(3) (1904) 16. Nansei-shoto, Taiwan, Philippines.
    
18. Glochidion lancilimbum Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 462; EPFP 4 (1925) 248; --Phyllanthus lanceilimbus (Merr.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 30 (1926) 402; --Type: BS 37012 Ramos & Edaño, Mindanao: Zamboanga. Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low elevation secondary forests.
19. Glochidion latistylum C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 93; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 399; --Type: Clemens 340. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. On slopes, c. 800m.
20. Glochidion ligulatum C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 329; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 399; --Type: BS 7746 Ramos. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. In forests.
21. Glochidion littorale Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 585; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 399. Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls. LUZON: Quezon, POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, LEYTE, JOLO, MINDANAO. Coastal thickets and along tidal streams. Photos
22. Glochidion longistylum C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 96; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 400; --Type: BS 5057 Ramos. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Zambales. Low elevation.
23. Glochidion lucidum Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 584; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 29. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea.
24. Glochidion lutescens Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 585; --Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 29. --Glochidion breynioides C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 95; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 398. S China, SE Asia and Malesia: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, LEYTE, DINAGAT. In forests, ascending to 1300m. Photos
25. Glochidion luzonense Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 301; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 400. Sumatra and the Philippines. LUZON Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, La Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna. In forested ravines at low and medium elevation ascending to 1400m. Photos
26. Glochidion malindangense Merr. ex C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 101; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 400; --Type: FB 4696 Mearns & Hutchinson. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental. Forests, c. 1600m.
27. Glochidion merrillii C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 100; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 400; --Type: RS  Williams 1356. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna (Mt Banahaw). Montane forests, 1500-2000m. Photos
28. Glochidion mindorense C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 98; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 401; --Type: FB 12031 Merritt. Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas. LUZON: Quezon, POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, LEYTE, SAMAR. Low elevation thickets and forests.
29. Glochidion molle Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 586; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 401. Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas. PALAWAN, JOLO, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Davao del Sur (Mt Apo). Low elevation thickets and forests.
30. Glochidion palawanense Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1290; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 401; --Type: Elmer 12804. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Forests along streams, c. 150m.
31. Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 103; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)  401. Taiwan to Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, and New Guinea. N LUZON (Cagayan) to MINDANAO and PALAWAN. Common in thickets and forested ravines at low and medium elevation.
32. Glochidion phyllanthoides Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 541; EPFP 2 (1923) 402. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas. Dry slopes at low elevation
33. Glochidion psidioides C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 92; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 402. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Mountain Province, Benguet, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya. In thickets on ridges and about boulders and ledges, 1200-2000m.
34. Glochidion pubicapsa Airy Shaw, Euphorb. Born. (1975) 130; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.  (1983) 31. --Glochidion pubicarpum Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3733, invalid name, no Latin descr. Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. Photos
    • var. pubicapsa. Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.
35. Glochidion pulgarense Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1291; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 402; --Type: Elmer  13215 (L, MO, NY, US, iso), Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, low rigid shrub on  summit of Mt Pulgar (=Thumb Peak), c. 1300m, May-1911. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN: Mt Pulgar (=Thumb’s Peak). Exposed ridges, c. 1300m.
36. Glochidion reticulatum Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 302; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 402; --Type: Elmer 8188 (not seen by L.L.Co), Luzon: Laguna prov., Los Baños, Apr-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Cavite. Low elevation thickets.
37. Glochidion robinsonii Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2643; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 402. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Benguet, Rizal, Laguna, Sorsogon, PANAY, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Agusan, Davao. Low and medium elevation thickets and second-growth forests.
38. Glochidion rubrum Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 586; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 286; EPFP 2 (1923) 402. Photos
    • var. rubrum. Tropical and subtropical Asia, Philippines. N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. In thickets and secondary forests at low and medium elevation. 
39. Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 305; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 402; --Type: Elmer 8915  (A, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, open dry hot ridge west of Sablan Falls, Mar-1907. Photos
    • var. nitidum Chakrab. & M.Gangop., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19 (1995) 232; --Glochidion nitidum Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 483; EPFP 2 (1923) 401. Borneo and the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, POLILLO, SAMAR. Forested slopes at low and medium elevation.
    • var. subfalcatum. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Pangasinan. Dry ridges at medium elevation.
40. Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 92; --Merr., Sp. Blancoanae  (1918) 217; EPFP 2 (1923) 403; --Phyllanthus triandrus (Blanco) Müll.Arg., Flora 48 (1865) 379; --Kirganelia triandra Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 711; ed. 2 (1845) 492;  ed. 3, 3 (1879) 115; --Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae  309 (US, neo). Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., foot of Mt Isarog, c. 80m, 18-Nov-1913. --Glochidion eleutherostylum Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 69; --Type: Cuming 509 (P, lecto; GDC, isolecto). --Glochidion quinquestylum Elmer, LPB 1(1908) 303; --Type: Elmer 8916 (K, lecto; NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet Prov., W of Sablan Falls, Baguio, Mar-1907. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Benguet, Zambales, Bataan, Quezon, Pampanga, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines Sur, Albay, POLILLO, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, NEGROS, GUIMARAS, BILIRAN. In thickets and forests at low and medium elevation. Photos
41. Glochidion trichogynum Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 66; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 403; --Phyllanthus trichogynus (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Flora 48 (1865) 380; --Type: Cuming 1610, Mindanao: Misamis prov. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Baco; Pola; Bongabong River), PALAWAN (Thumb Peak), LEYTE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Sax River), Zamboanga del Sur (Port Banga), Misamis, Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Davao. Low and medium elevation forests.
42. Glochidion trichophorum Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 484; EPFP 2 (1923) 403; --Type: BS 20831  Escritor (US, iso), Luzon: Quezon prov., Mt Cadig, near Guinayangan, in forests, 7-Mar-1913. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Camarines. Lowland forests along small streams.
43. Glochidion urophylloides Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 300; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 403. --Glochidion lanceifolium (`lanci-') C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 90; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 399. Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Rizal to Camarines, POLILLO, MINDORO, PANAY, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Davao, BASILAN. In forests and forested ravines at low and medium elevation. Photos
44. Glochidion weberi C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 330; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 403. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao, Davao, Agusan del Norte. Forests along streams, up to 500m.
45. Glochidion williamsii C.B.Rob., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 199 (excl. descr. capsulae); PJS 4 c (1909)  Bot. 95 (descr. capsulae); --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 400.  LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Zambales, Bataan, Laguna. Forested ravines and on ridges, 1000-1500m.
46. Glochidion wisselense Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 27 (1972) 38; --Type from New Guinea. Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea.
47. Glochidion woodii Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 465; EPFP 4 (1925) 249. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis, Lanao del Sur, Davao. In thickets.
48. Glochidion xerocarpum (O Schwarz) Airy Shaw, Muelleria 4 (1980) 212; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 32; --Phyllanthus xerocarpus O.Schwarz, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24 (1927) 87. Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea.

Leptopus Decne.

1. Leptopus australis (Zoll.) Pojark., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 20 (1960) 270. LUZON: Cagayan prov. Photos

Margaritaria L.f.

1. Margaritaria indica (Dalz.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 387; Euph. Born. (1975) 175; --Webster, J. Arnold Arb. 60 (1979) 425; --Phyllanthus indicus (Dalz.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863)  52; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 392; --Prosorus indicus Dalz. in Hook., Kew J. Bot. 4 (1852) 346.
   
   • forma indica. Tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia, Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Sur (Mapid), PALAWAN (Aborlan), MINDANAO: Agusan (Tipgon River). Low elevation primary forests.
2. Margaritaria luzoniensis (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 387; Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 492;  --Webster, J. Arnold Arb. 60 (1979) 424; --Phyllanthus luzoniensis Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 404;  EPFP 2 (1923) 393. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bataan, Cavite, Batangas. Dry slopes at low elevation.

Phyllanthus L.

1. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, US Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 148 (1909) 17; --Cicca acida (L.) Merr., Interpret. Herb. Amb. (1917) 314; EPFP 2 (1923) 396. --Cicca disticha L., Mant. 1 (1767) 124; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 396. India, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Moluccas, to Polynesia, common in cultivation. Where native is not certain. Of prehistoric introduction to the Philippines from Malaya, widely grown in the archipelago on account of its acid edible fruits.
2. Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Kongl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 4 (1829) 195. --Phyllanthus niruri Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 75; Fl. Manila (1912) 284; EPFP 2 (1923) 394, non L (1753). Pantropic, but probably introduced in the Neotropics. Throughout the Philippines. A common weed at low and medium elevation. Photos
3. Phyllanthus anisophyllaeoides Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 465; EPFP 4 (1925) 249; --Type: BS 40585 Ramos & Edaño (L, US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., Mt Halcon, Mar-1922. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon). In forests, 1000m.
4. Phyllanthus apiculatus Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 540; EPFP 2 (1923) 391; --Type: BS 33813 Ramos & Edaño (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte prov., Paracale, damp forests at low elevation, 29-Nov-1919. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte (Paracale). Lowland forests.
5. Phyllanthus balgooyi Petra Hoffm. & AJM Baker, Blumea 48 (2003) 195; --Type: PNH 178 Edaño (K, holo; iso L), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Bacungan. Borneo (Sabah) and Philippines. PALAWAN, restricted to ultramafics, in scrub or very stunted open forests, 150-200m. Sometimes locally common (Mt Bloomfield). In Sabah at 600-1000m. Photos
6. Phyllanthus benguetensis C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 78; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 391; --Type: RS Williams 966. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet. Dry open banks, 1200-1600m.
7. Phyllanthus blancoanus Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 49; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 391; --Type: Not extant, “Illustrative specimen”: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 160. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bataan, Rizal. Forested slopes and ridges, 600-1000m.
8. Phyllanthus buxifolius (Blume) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 50; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 391. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls. LUZON: Pangasinan, Mountain Province, Benguet, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, ALABAT, CEBU, LEYTE. Lowland primary forests, usually along streams, in Benguet ascending to 1800m. Photos
9. Phyllanthus caudatifolius Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 403; --Type: BS 43867 RC McGregor (NY, iso), Samar: Loquilocon, Jun-1924. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR: Loquilocon. 
10. Phyllanthus chamaepeuce Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3 (1893) 345. Indo-China to Philippines.
    
11. Phyllanthus cordatulus C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 76; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 392; --Type: BS 5106 Ramos (US, iso), Luzon: Zambales prov., 14-Dec-1907. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Zambales.
12. Phyllanthus curranii C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 77; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 392; --Type: FB 10889. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal. Primary forests, 700-900m.
13. Phyllanthus dumosus C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 79; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 392. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Exposed ridges, c. 1100m.
14. Phyllanthus erythrotrichus C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 80; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 392. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Benguet, Ifugao, Cagayan, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, PANAY. Open slopes at low elevation, ascending to 1300m.
15. Phyllanthus everettii C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 80; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 392; --Type: FB 4301 Everett. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, NEGROS. Forested stream banks, low and medium elevation.
16. Phyllanthus glochidioides Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1302; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 392; --Type: Elmer 13104 (US, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa (Mt. Pulgar), Apr-1911. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Along streams in shaded ravines at low elevation.
17. Phyllanthus greenei Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 929; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 392; --Type: Elmer 12399. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, SIBUYAN. In ravines about boulders, sea-level to c. 500m. Very local.
18. Phyllanthus laciniatus C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 84; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 393. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Albay, BATAN (off Albay province not in Batanes Group of islands). Lowland forests.
19. Phyllanthus lamprophyllus Muell.-Arg. in DC, Prodr. 152 (1866) 324; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 393. Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea. PALAWAN. Along streams at low elevation.
20. Phyllanthus lancifolius Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) 489; EPFP 2 (1923) 393; Ramos BS 17465 (US, iso), Samar, Mar/Apr-1914. Endemic to the Philippines. SIQUIJOR, SAMAR. On dry slopes.
21. Phyllanthus leytensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 307; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 393; --Type: Elmer 7267. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. Lowland forests.
22. Phyllanthus macgregorii C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 334; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 393; --Type: BS 10128 RC McGregor. Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS (DALUPIRI).
23. Phyllanthus megalanthus C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 335; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 393. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Quezon. Lowland and medium elevation thickets and forests. Photos
24. Phyllanthus microcarpus (Benth.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 51; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 393. China to W Malesia, Philippines?
    
25. Phyllanthus mindorensis C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 82; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 394. Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, MINDORO. Primary forests up to 800m elevation.
26. Phyllanthus nigrescens (Blanco) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15 (1866) 348; --Kirganelia nigrescens Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 712. Endemic to the Philippines.
    
27. Phyllanthus panayensis Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 539; EPFP 2 (1923) 394; --Syntypes: BS 35655 Martelino & Edaño (L, US) & BS 35679 Martelino & Edaño (L, US), Panay: Capiz prov., Mt  Bulilao, in forests near the summit, c. 650m, 20-Jun-1919. Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas. PANAY: Capiz (Mt Bulilao). Medium elevation forests. Photos
28. Phyllanthus pumilus (Blanco) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15 (1866) 349. Endemic to the Philippines.
    
29. Phyllanthus ramosii Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 160; --Type: Ramos BS 47336 (US, iso), Luzon: Isabela, Mt. Moises, Mar-1926. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela (Mt Moises, Palanan). Along forested streams, near sea level to c. 1400m. Photos
30. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 5 (1804) 298; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 284; EPFP 2 (1923) 394. India to S China and Taiwan, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea. Throughout the Philippines, in lowland and medium elevation thickets, ascending to 1400m. Photos
    • var. glaber (Thwaites) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 12. Tropical and subtropical Asia, Philippines.
    • var. reticulatus. Tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia, Philippines.
31. Phyllanthus robinsonii Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 405; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 395; --Type: BS 11058 Ramos. Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU. On dry slopes.
32. Phyllanthus rupicola Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 927; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 395; --Type: Elmer 12240. Endemic to the Philippines. SIBUYAN, PANAY, CEBU. Shaded cliffs and on boulders along streams, 100-225m.
33. Phyllanthus samarensis Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 73; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 395; --Type: Jagor s.n. (not seen by L.L.Co). Philippines, Sulawesi. SAMAR. Damp ravines along streams at low elevation.
34. Phyllanthus securinegioides Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) 490; EPFP 2 (1923) 395. --Phyllanthus urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2650; --Elmer 14163 (US, isosyn), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran (Mt. Urdaneta), Oct-1912; Elmer 13936 (US, isosyn), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran (Mt. Urdaneta), Sep-1912. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Lowland forests in Quezon, ascending to 1500m in Mindanao.
35. Phyllanthus sericeus (Blume) Müll.Arg., Flora 48 (1865) 390; --Glochidionopsis sericea Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 588. Indo-China to W Malesia, Philippines. PALAWAN.
    
36. Phyllanthus sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 928; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 395; --Type: Elmer 12113. Endemic to the Philippines. SIBUYAN. Forested slopes along streams, c. 225m.
37. Phyllanthus stipularis Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 75; EPFP 2 (1923) 395. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan (Mt Mariveles). Ridges and slopes in primary forest, 500-900m. Photos
38. Phyllanthus tenuipes C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 78; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 396; --Type: Merrill 4419. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. On cliffs, ravines, and on banks, 1200-1500m.
39. Phyllanthus triphlebius C.B.Rob., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 82; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 396; --Type: LeRoy Topping 510. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon. On boulders and cliffs in shaded ravines along streams at low and medium elevation.
40. Phyllanthus urinaria L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 982; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 285; EPFP 2 (1923) 396. Pantropic. Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea. Throughout the Philippines. A weed in open waste places at low and medium elevation. Photos
    • ssp. nudicarpus Rossignol & Haicour, Amer. J. Bot. 74 (1988) 1861. China to Vietnam and Philippines.
    • ssp. urinaria. Tropical and subtropical Asia and Australia, Philippines.
41. Phyllanthus virgatus G Forst. , Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. (1786) 65. --Phyllanthus simplex Retz., Obs. 5 (1789) 29; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 285; EPFP 2 (1923) 395.
    
    • var. virgatus. Tropical and subtropical Asia to SW Pacific. Throughout the Philippines. Lowland and medium elevation grasslands, fallow rice paddies, etc. Common.

Non-naturalized

1. Phyllanthus emblica L. Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Moluccas.

Sauropus Blume = Breynia

Synostemon F.Muell.

1. Synostemon bacciformis (L.) G.L.Webster, Taxon 9 (1960) 26; --Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. ser. 8 (1980) 221; --Welzen, Blumea 48 (2003) 345, Map 5. Mauritius, Maldives, India, Sri Lanka, S China, SE Asia mainland, W Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls (Timor).

Acknowledgements

Benigno Resurreccion kindly provided some of the photos on this webpage.

Literature

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Chen, S-H & M-J Wu. 1997. A revision of the herbaceous Phyllanthus L. (Euphorbiaceae) in Taiwan. Taiwania 42: 239-261.

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Last updated 17 June 2017